anglicky: Title of the thesis: Myth and Literature: The Werewolf Keywords: myth, literature, mythology, mythodology, mythanalysis, mythocriticism, werewolf Abstract: This thesis deals with the relation between literature and myth. Literature transcribes the myth from a language of symbols to the language of literature. This process limits the multiplicity of meaning and the variety of renderings of a myth but at the same time makes it possible to preserve the elemental message and make it comprehensible for the socio-cultural reality of the author and subsequently for the reader. The objective of this thesis is to show on the example of the werewolf how a myth works in literature. After researching into the domain of mythology and mythocriticism, Gilbert Durand's method, called mythodology, was chosen as the principal route to approach the subject of this thesis. Mythodology comprises of two phases: mythanalysis and mythocriticism. The method is used for the study of the myth of the werewolf in four literary works from the different periods and of the different genres. In the final part are studied and analysed some socio-cultural consequences of the psychological nature of myth and its transcription into literature.

The aim of this thesis is the visual identity of the brand Staropramen analysis based on the theory of archetypes applied in marketing science. The theoretical part is focused on the archetypal theories of Jung. He marked twelve archetypes in his work, which include four main categories based on the desire they want to satisfy. The yearning for paradise: The Innocent, The Explorer and The Sage, archetypes that want to leave a thumbprint on the world: The Hero, The Outlaw and The Magician, a group that knows no man or no women is an island: The Regular Guy / Gal also known as The Everyman, The Lover and The Jester, group desiring to provide structure to the world: The Caregiver, The Creator and The Ruler. This theory is related to the use of the knowledge of psychology in marketing practice. I focused on the differences between the various archetypes on one desire too, but also the on the theoretical basis of storytelling. In the practical part I analyse the visual identity of the brand Staropramen, that I take apart to single symbols. Their importance I found in sources in the field of heraldry, mythology, botany, psychology and etymology. On the basis of identified associations I do a comparative analysis of the theoretical basis for describing the use of archetypes in marketing, describing points...

The diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the selected protectorate and socialist propaganda posters from the forties and early fifties of the 20th century. The analyzed period ends with year 1953. This particular piece of work strives to set the whole subject in a larger theoretical framework. Furthermore the characteristic features of the given ideologies, the theory of semiotics and a brief description of the given historical period is also encompassed. Within the theory of semiotics the main inspiration is drawn from the works of Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles Sanders Peirce and Charles Morris. The most crucial source for the semiotic analysis is the book Mythology from Roland Barthes, especially its second theoretical part of Myth today, from which the methodological approach was gathered. The semiotic analysis allows one to uncover and expose the hidden meanings of texts. Ten posters were chosen in total for the analysis, five from the protectorate era and five from the late forties and early fifties. This was carried out in order to juxtapose pairs of images which portray the same motif or theme. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the applied semiotic components of the individual posters and then to compare the respective motifs and elements within the two ideologies and the extent to...

Medea’s powerful ability to inspire and confuse is at the core of this study. The contradiction concerning Euripides’ character of Medea as a murderer and a victim will be explored in order to understand what implications this would have held for an ancient Greek audience. Thus the irregularities in this female character will be used to indicate the inconsistencies within the society from which Euripides was writing. Women’s lack of freedom in ancient Greece, their confinement to the house and their lack of opportunity to voice their opinions and concerns produced an imbalance in society. This masculine community led to extremes in behaviour. Male heroes overemphasised traits which stressed their physical prowess and masculine bravery. As a hero, Jason’s all-consuming ambition was to succeed in endeavours such as the quest for the Golden Fleece, and to reclaim his title of king. He took advantage of Medea’s gifts until she was no longer of any use to him and then left her for a younger, more beneficial princess to accomplish his subsequent task of gaining a kingdom. Medea’s excessive behaviour was a protest against her position as supportive wife when she found that Jason had neglected his obligation as a protective husband. Euripides’ tragedy was a rebellion against a cultural definition of men and women which did not work. Men were pressured into being the sole providers and authorities over a whole household, whereas women were relegated to the status of possessions. The situation generally suited men, but women were not given a choice of career and had their marriage prearranged by their fathers. More importantly they were not provided with an opportunity to voice their displeasure and were in the hands of fate, whether they attained a kind or a cruel husband. This study argues that by challenging the definition of heroes and victims, Euripides questioned the preconceived perceptions of the nature of women and foreigners. He was also commenting on social restriction and the possible consequences of restraining women’s behaviour and their opinions. / Prof. J.L.P. Wolmarans

Peut-on parler de « poétique » pour un phénomène aussi mouvant que l’exil ? Cette notion qui, dans ses diverses acceptions, ne se laisse pas fixer tout à fait, peut-elle faire apparaître un langage spécifique ? Il s’agira de voir par quels mécanismes cette éprouvante manifestation d’interculturalité peut mener à la création d’une langue qui dépasse le cadre de la nation (même en prenant sa source dans celle-ci), et rejoint des invariants et des structures d’expression transnationales et universelles. Pour ce faire nous prenons appui sur trois auteurs choisis dans des aires géographiques et des époques différentes : Hölderlin (aire germanique), Rimbaud (aire latine) et Sarafian (aire arménienne). L’exil se manifeste avant tout par rapport au pays d’origine, conformément à la définition. Mais il devient rapidement un phénomène linguistique, que ce soit dans le choc avec le monde étranger (Sarafian) ou dans la formulation d’une quête esthétique avec la création verbale pour enjeu (Rimbaud), liée pour une bonne part à la recherche d’une nouvelle mythologie et à la confrontation avec l’étranger pour retrouver ce qui appartient en propre à la nation (Hölderlin). Le pivot est ici la nation, originelle et actuelle, dont les poètes sont exilés. L’exil géographique et l’exil de la langue mènent finalement à l’exil spirituel et à la recherche d’une patrie plus élevée, tiers espace pouvant accueillir ou façonner une parole. Ce nouveau lieu serait celui d’une hybridation (ou du moins d’un questionnement) où le verbe de l’exil pourrait se dire, sous des formes différentes chez les trois auteurs, avec toutefois des similitudes frappantes. / Is it possible to speak about « poetics » with respect to a phenomenon which is as fluctuating as exile? May the latter, which, in its various meanings, cannot be totally defined, allow the emergence of a specific language? It is up to us to find out through which mechanisms such a trying expression of interculturalism might lead to the creation of a language which goes beyond the framework of the nation (even when it emanates from the latter) and which reaches out towards transnational and universal invariants and word structures. In order to achieve this, we rely upon three authors which were chosen in different geographic areas and in different periods : Hölderlin (Germanic area), Rimbaud (Latin area) and Sarafian (Armenian area). Exile is primarily defined with respect to the country of origin, in conformity with the definition. But it becomes a linguistic phenomenon, as in the shock with the foreign word after the genocide of the Armenians (Sarafian), or in the formulation of an aesthetic quest with verbal creation at stake (Rimbaud), or in the essential search of a new mythology, along with the confrontation with the foreign world in order to redefine that which belongs specifically to the nation (Hölderlin). Both the geographic exile and the linguistic exile lead to a spiritual exile and to the search for a loftier fatherland. This new spatial entity would result from a hybridization process (or at least from questioning), whereby the word of the exile could be expressed in different formats for the three authors, with, however, some striking similarities.

Orientador: Maria Celeste Consolin Dezotti / Banca: João Batista Toledo Prado / Banca: Monica de Oliveira Faleiros / Resumo: Ao lermos Caim (2009) de José Saramago, para além das desconstruções do texto bíblico já esperadas de um texto desse autor, somos surpreendidos com uma narrativa que encanta por sua originalidade na forma de narrar e de construir imagens e símbolos. Logo após cometer seu fratricídio, caim (sic), protagonista do romance, é condenado por deus a errar por toda a eternidade. Aproveitando-se disso, o narrador o acompanhará em sua erraticidade em uma jornada entre os mais célebres episódios do Antigo Testamento. Essa jornada, porém, revela-nos uma peculiaridade: a ordem cronológica em que esses episódios são apresentados na Bíblia é subvertida no romance. Parodiando e questionando a pretensão histórica do discurso bíblico, o romance tratará a temporalidade como o principal recurso construtor de sentido. Mas por quê? Por que alterar a ordem bíblica dos episódios? Que sentidos o romance deseja construir com essas alterações? Elas são aleatórias? Quer-se, com isso, apenas desconstruir o texto bíblico? Pistas para respostas a essas perguntas são deixadas a cada episódio visitado por caim (sic), respostas estas das quais tentamos, em nossas análises, aproximar-nos. Estruturamos nosso estudo em cinco capítulos, nos quais analisamos o que a fortuna crítica já estudou sobre a obra; o Romance Histórico e as suas formas de lidar com o passado, predominantemente através da ironia e da paródia; a peculiaridade de Saramago de usar letras minúsculas no início de nomes próprios e os efeitos de se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: When we read Cain (2009) by José Saramago, beyond the deconstructions of the biblical text already expected from a text of this author, we are surprised by a narrative that fascinates for its originality in the way of narrating and constructing images and symbols. Shortly after committing fratricide, cain (sic), protagonist of the novel, is condemned by god to err for all eternity. Taking advantage of this, the narrator will accompany him in his erraticity in a journey among the most celebrated episodes of the Old Testament. This journey, however, reveals us a peculiarity: the chronological order in which these episodes are presented in the Bible is subverted in the novel. Parodying and questioning the historical pretension of biblical discourse, the novel will treat temporality as the main constructor of meaning. But why? Why change the biblical order of the episodes? What senses does the novel want to build with these changes? Are they random? Does it want to just deconstruct the biblical text? Clues to the answers to these questions are left in every episode visited by cain (sic), answers to which we try, in our analyzes, to get closer. We have structured our study into five chapters, in which we analyze what the academic review has already studied about the work; Historical Romance and its ways of dealing with the past, predominantly through irony and parody; Saramago's peculiarity of using lowercase letters at the beginning of proper names and the sense effects that this... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Detta kandidatarbete handlar om hur ämnen som parodi, posthumanism och mytologi kan kombineras för att skapa en spelprototyp där dessa tre agerar som pelare, vare sig dessa manifesteras inom narrativet, estetiken eller mekaniken. Med hjälp av parodi som designperspektiv kan man granska ämnen som mytologi och posthumanism, för att skapa något som länkar samman dem. Denna text går igenom alla projektets utvecklingsfaser, hur själva arbetsprocessen har utvecklats och olika iterationer vi skapade för att ge en klar bild vilka tankebanor det var som ledde till vilka kreativa val och hur slutprototypen kom till. Synopsis: 300 år efter mänsklighetens förfall, världen är bebodd av monster, men en dag släpps de rastlösa själarna av mänskligheten lös, tar över monstren och gör dem mer mänskliga. / This bachelor thesis will cover how the subjects of parody, posthumanism and mythology can be combined to create a game prototype where these three serve as pillars, whether they take the form of design perspective, esthetics or mechanics. By using parody as a design perspective, one can examine subjects such as mythology and posthumanism in order to create something that connects them. This thesis will go through all the stages of development, how the working procedure has evolved and different iterations we created in order to give a clear image of which lines of thought it was that led to which creative choices and how it led to the creation of the final prototype.  Synopsis: 300 years after the fall of mankind, the world is inhabited by monsters, but one day the restless souls of humanity are unleashed, possess the monsters and make them more human.

Essa pesquisa, a partir de construtos da Psicologia Analítica e Psicologia Arquetípica, apresenta uma reflexão teórica sobre vivências de perdas, concretas ou metafóricas, que ocorrem no cotidiano, as mortes simbólicas, seguidas de luto, um trabalho psíquico de desconstrução da presença e da reconstrução da ausência, um processo de transformação, experiências denominadas no senso comum como depressões. Tal termo é empregado, referindo-se aos afetos relativos a essas perdas, seguidas de suas elaborações, e não aos transtornos mentais classificados no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico (DSM) utilizado pela Psiquiatria. A observação dos assim chamados fenômenos da depressão e a reflexão sobre este tema na clínica particular da autora, motivaram a leitura sobre morte e luto na academia e na literatura, além da execução de uma amplificação mítico-simbólica dos conteúdos em filmes contemporâneos (Um Conto Chinês, Cisne Negro, Enrolados, O Show deve continuar e A partida). Compreender a depressão, para além da patologia psiquiátrica, como a noite escura da alma, uma descida ao mundo dos Ínferos, uma possibilidade de introspecção e um acesso ao mundo interno, uma oportunidade de autoconhecimento e uma vivência necessária às transformações de si mesmo nas diferentes etapas da vida, torna indispensável a ancoragem dessas experiências nos processos inconscientes arquetípicos constituintes de nossas psiques. Em cada filme, foi escolhido um personagem, que foi pareado com temas dos divinos gregos respectivamente, Crono, Deméter, Perséfone, Dioniso e Hades. O personagem do filme analisado ilustra um padrão dominante de comportamento referente à vivência de perda, diferenciando essas experiências vitais de transformação como expressões arquetípicas de diversos modelos de morte e luto simbólicos / This research, from Analytical Psychology and Archetypal Psychology constructs, presents a theoretical analysis about loss experiences, concrete or metaphorical, that occurs daily, the symbolical deaths, followed by mourning, a psychic work of presence deconstruction and absence reconstruction, a process of transformation; experiences known as depressions in the common sense. The term depression here refers to the affects related to those losses, followed by its elaborations, rather than to the disorders classified on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) used by Psychiatry. The observation of the so called phenomena of depression and this theme analysis on authors private clinic have motivated the reading of the themes death and mourning in the academy and in literature, and the execution of a mythic-symbolical amplification of the contents in contemporary movies (Chinese Take-Out, Black Swan, Tangled, All That Jazz and Departures). To understand the depression, beyond psychiatric pathology, as a souls dark night, a journey into the Underworld, an introspection and internal world access possibility, a self-knowledge opportunity and a necessary experience for self-transformation over lifes different times, it is necessary to link these experiences to the archetypal unconscious processes constituents of our psychics. In each movie, a character was chosen and he/she was respectively paired to one of the following greek divine themes: Cronus, Demeter, Persephone, Dionysus and Hades. A character illustrates a dominant behavior pattern referring to loss experience, differentiating those vital transformation experiences as archetypical expressions of several symbolical death and mourning models

Atualmente, pelo mundo inteiro vemos ações com o objetivo de revitalizar, manter e popularizar as línguas indígenas e suas tradições culturais, tais como a criação de escolas para o treinamento de professores de tais línguas, o desenvolvimento de projetos com o intuito de coleta e elaboração de materiais para o ensino, aprendizagem e reaprendizagem das línguas pelos próprios indígenas, pesquisas científicas no âmbito de várias disciplinas visando à documentação, ao estudo e à popularização de línguas e culturas minoritárias. Para a população da Rússia, da qual a maior parte não domina outros idiomas além do próprio russo, os conhecimentos sobre as culturas e as línguas dos povos minoritários de locais distantes do planeta, via de regra, são inacessíveis e, por vezes, até mesmo quando transmitidos em inglês, são muito difíceis de serem obtidos. No entanto, levando-se em consideração a crescente tomada de consciência mundial sobre a importância e a atualidade de tais conhecimentos, a tendência a sua popularização vem aumentando a cada ano, inclusive em iniciativas na área de Estudos da Tradução. O nheengatu, ou língua geral amazônica, o idioma indígena escolhido para o presente estudo uma língua do tronco tupi e da família tupi-guarani, originou-se do tupi antigo, o qual era predominante na costa atlântica no momento da chegada dos colonizadores portugueses à América do Sul. Este último e, posterioramente, a língua geral amazônica tiveram um papel relevante na história brasileira, com forte presença em sua toponímia, tendo deixado marcas profundas na língua e na cultura da população do Brasil contemporâneo. Hoje o nheengatu é ainda falado por cerca de 8 mil pessoas, principalmente na bacia do Rio Negro, na fronteira do Brasil com a Venezuela e com a Colômbia. Este trabalho compõe-se da tradução de dez lendas amazônicas do nheengatu para o russo e visa a contribuir para a promoção e a divulgação dos conhecimentos sobre as culturas das populações indígenas da Amazônia na Rússia, facilitando o acesso à literatura sobre tais culturas na língua russa, propiciando, dessa maneira, tanto materiais valiosos para diferentes esferas do conhecimento na Rússia, quanto suporte considerável para as políticas atuais em relação aos povos nativos no Brasil. Além disso a presente dissertação oferece reflexões teóricas preliminares, relacionadas à tradução de mitologia em geral e comentários que acompanham a tradução em questão, como contrubuição modesta para área dos Estudos da Tradução. / Nowadays, all over the world, the actions take place, which target the goal of revitalizing, maintaining and popularizing the Indian languages and cultural traditions. These actions include creation of schools for training teachers of such languages, as well as development of projects which collect and elaborate teaching, learning and re-learning material for the Indians themselves; besides that, there is scientific research in the context of several disciplines, which develops the documentation, study and popularization of various minor tongues and cultures. For the Russian population, which for the most part does not master other languages besides the Russian itself, the knowledge about minor cultures and languages of people from distant places is inaccessible and, sometimes, very hard to find even in English. But, taking into account the constant growth of world conscience about the importance and actuality of such knowledge, the tendency of its popularization is increasing every year, including Translation Studies initiatives. Nheengatu, or língua geral amazônica (Amazonian general language) the Indian language chosen for the present study a language from the Tupi branch and the Tupi- Guarani family, originates itself from tupi antigo (old Tupi, or classical Tupi) which was predominant in the Atlantic coast at the moment of the Portuguese colonizers arrival to the South America. Later, the Amazonian general language had a relevant role in the Brazilian history, with strong presence in its toponymy, and had left deep marks in contemporary Brazilian culture and language. Today the Nheengatu is still spoken by around eight thousand people, mostly in the Rio Negro basin, in the frontier of Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. The present work is composed of the translation of ten Amazonian legends from Nheengatu to Russian and aims to contribute to the promotion and popularization of knowledge about the culture of the indigenous population of Amazon region in Russia, making the access to the literature about these cultures in Russian language easier. Therefore it will not only be valuable material for different spheres of knowledge in Russia, but also a considerable support for the politics with relation to the Brazilian native people. Besides, this study offers preliminary theoretical reflections related to the translation of mythology in general, and commentaries, which accompany the translation in question, as a modest contribution for the Translation Studies field.

Esta pesquisa utiliza a análise do discurso para investigar os valores ideológicos que fundamentam o discurso presente em Kojiki tomo I, a obra mais antiga do Japão. Além de sua antiguidade, sua importância consiste por seu repositório dos primeiros mitos, mitologia japonesa, história e poema-canção (歌謡:Kayō). Nesta pesquisa os mitos são símbolos da nova estrutura que se estabelece neste período, regulando suas práticas sociais. Eles possuem duas funções na narrativa: uma temporal, relacionada ao evento passado e atemporal, cuja importância está sempre presente em sua comunidade. Sua segunda função é criar suas lideranças políticas e um sentimento de pertencimento a uma cultura. Como tal, considera-se três questões: qual o papel da cosmogonia e dos mitos dentro do tomo I? Como se constitui a organização narrativa desses mitos e qual a formação do herói? E, de acordo com essa organização, qual a função que se quis destacar no tomo I? Para responder a essas questões, essa pesquisa analisa, sistematicamente, a construção do discurso nas narrativas utilizando teorias da linguagem e a Nova retórica, desenvolvida por Perelman e Tyteca (2014). Além disso, as relaciona ao contexto político do Japão nos períodos Yayoi (弥生時代: 400 a.C.-250 d.C.) até Nara (奈良時代: 710 - 794 d.C.). Este estudo conclui que a narrativa mítica estabelece o paradigma que rege as relações sociais do país. Isso ocorre porque o mito incorpora os significantes existentes na ordem simbólica japonesa. O primeiro tomo da obra atua como uma alegoria para narrar a origem da família imperial mais antiga do mundo, que hoje está no 125° imperador, Akihito (1989 - presente). Desprovido de suas particularidades do espaço e do tempo, a narrativa ainda preserva sua natureza mítica como um relato teleológico dessa sociedade. / This research uses speech analysis to investigate the ideological values in the discourse present in Kojiki - tome I, the oldest writing in Japan. Besides its antiquity, its importance relies on its repository of the first myths, the japanese mythology, history and poem-chant (歌謡:Kayō). In this research the myths are symbols of the new structure that has been set in this period, which orders the social practices. They have two functions in the narrative: the first is temporal, related to past events and atemporal, which importance is still present in its community. The second one is to create political leaderships and the feeling of belonging to a culture. As such, it is considered three questions: what are the roles of the cosmogony and the myths in tome I? How are the myths arranged in the narrative organization and how is the hero formed? And, according to this organization, what is the highlighted function in tome I? To address these questions this research analyses, systematically, the speech constructions in the narratives using theories of language and the New rhetoric, developed by Perelman and Tyteca (2014). Furthermore, they are connected to the political context in Japan during the Yayoi period (弥生時代: 400 A.D.-250 B.C.) up to the Nara period ((奈良時代: 710 - 794 B.C). This study concludes that the mythical narrative establishes the paradigm that conduct the social relations in the country. This happens because the myth incorporates the existent signifiers into the japanese order. The writings first tome works as an allegory to tell the origin of the oldest imperial family, which is in its 125th emperor, Akihito (1989 - present). Regardless of its time and space particularities, the narrative still maintains its mythical nature as a teleological report of this society.