A produção de fumo na região sul do Brasil, mais precisamente no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), exerce grande importância na atividade econômica e social. Na área econômica, o fumo é responsável pela arrecadação de grandes somas em impostos. No campo social, a atividade fumageira é grande geradora de empregos diretos e indiretos. Os agricultores que trabalham nas lavouras de fumo estão em constante contato com a planta. Consequentemente, estes trabalhadores se expõem tanto aos compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos presentes nas folhas, como aos pesticidas naturais e sintéticos relacionados. “Green tobacco sickness” (GTS) é conhecida como risco ocupacional à saúde de trabalhadores do campo no plantio de tabaco. Os sintomas têm sido atribuídos ao envenenamento agudo por nicotina seguido por contato dermal com as folhas do fumo. Contudo autores salientam que os efeitos sinérgicos da nicotina e dos pesticidas devem ser examinados. Neste trabalho utilizou-se Cantareus aspersus com o objetivo de identificar a ação genotóxica e/ou mutagênica das folhas de Nicotiana tabacum através da exposição dermal. O caracol terrestre tem sido utilizado nos últimos anos devido a sua fácil aclimatação e manipulação em laboratório e por sua sensibilidade e resistência aos testes de genotoxicidade. Nestes animais foram realizados testes de biomonitoramento de exposição: Ensaio Cometa e quantificação dos elementos químicos pela técnica PIXE; bem como, testes de biomonitoramento de efeito: Teste de Micronúcleo e quantificação do Citocromo P450. Nosso estudo dosou a quantidade de nicotina na água, exposta à superfície da folha, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e realizou “screening” fitoquímico de N. tabacum. Trinta moluscos terrestres foram expostos a diferentes tratamentos: dez expostos a folhas de tabaco sem pesticida; dez expostos a folhas de tabaco com pesticida e dez expostos a folhas de Lactuca sativa L. (grupo controle). Células da hemolinfa foram coletadas após 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas de exposição, o dano ao DNA foi avaliado pelo Ensaio Cometa em todos os períodos e a freqüência de micronúcleos somente em 72 horas. Resultados significativos foram encontrados nos grupos expostos a folhas de fumo, através do Ensaio Cometa, no período de 24, 48 e 72 horas de exposição e em 72 horas através doTeste de Micronúcleos, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença significativa entre caracóis expostos a folhas de fumo com e sem pesticida, portanto, podemos afirmar que o pesticida flumetralin não contribuiu com os danos ao DNA observados. “Screening” fitoquímico revelou presença de alcalóide, cumarina, traços de saponina e flavonóides. Inibição da atividade da enzima do Citocromo P450 ocorreu somente no grupo exposto a folhas de fumo sem pesticida. Doze elementos inorgânicos diferentes foram quantificados nas folhas de tabaco e nos caracóis expostos a folhas sem pesticida e, dez nos caracóis expostos a folhas com pesticida. Por cromatografia foram dosados 0,02% de nicotina por folha. A presença de alcalóides (nicotina), cumarinas, saponinas, flavonóides e diferentes metais provavelmente influenciaram o efeito mutagênico e genotóxico em C. aspersus expostos ao fumo. Estes efeitos possivelmente tenham sido causados pela complexa mistura presente nas folhas que podem interagir produzindo efeitos sinérgicos, antagônicos ou influenciando a absorção de um dado composto. As enzimas do sistema Citocromo P450 em C. aspersus expostos a folhas de fumo sem veneno podem ter sido inibidas pela nicotina, pelos flavonóides e pelo cobre. Por fim, nosso estudo providencia dados biológicos e químicos sobre C. aspersus expostos à folha de fumo e confirma a sensibilidade do Ensaio Cometa e do Teste de Micronúcleos na avaliação de misturas complexas, indicando associação entre nicotina, cumarina e interação flavonóide/metal (principalmente cobre e ferro) como principais causadores de dano ao DNA em células de hemolinfa do molusco terrestre C. aspersus por folhas de N. tabacum. / Tobacco production in southern Brazil, precisely in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) play a major role in economic and social activity. Tobacco farmers are routinely exposed to complex mixtures present in tobacco leaves including organic and inorganic compounds. Green tobacco sickness (GTS) is a form of nicotine poisoning that affects workers who have direct dermal contact with tobacco plants during cultivation and harvesting. However, some authors suggest that the synergistic effects of nicotine and pesticide should be examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effect of tobacco leaves, with and without exposure to flumetralin in Cantareus aspersus through dermal exposure. The land mollusk was utilized because of its easy acclimatization and manipulation in the laboratory and for its sensibility and resistance in genotoxicity tests. Biomonitoring exposure test was performed on these animals: Comet Assay and chemical elements quantification by PIXE; biomonitoring tests for effects were also carried out: Micronuclei Test and cytochrome P450 quantification. Nicotine dosage was performed in water exposed to the surface of tobacco leaves, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and screening phytochemistry in Nicotiana tabacum. Thirty land mollusks were exposed to different treatments; ten snails to tobacco leaves with pesticide; ten to tobacco leaves without pesticide and ten snails exposed to lettuce leaves (control group). Hemolymph cells were collected after 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours, the DNA damage was evaluated by single cell gel assay for all these periods, and the frequency of micronuclei only in 72h. Significant results were found in groups exposed to tobacco leaves during 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure by Comet Assay and by Micronucleus Test when compared to the control group. No difference was observed between different periods or between exposure to leaves with and without pesticide. This result shows that no genotoxic effect can be attributed to pesticide. Chemical results found alkaloid, coumarin, saponin traces, flavonoids and different metals. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes occurs only in the group without pesticide. Twelve inorganic elements were found in tobacco leaves and in snails exposed to tobacco leaves without pesticide. Ten inorganic elements were found in tobacco leaves with pesticide. Nicotine dosage found 0.02% of this alkaloid per leaf. The presence of coumarin, saponin traces, flavonoids, alkaloid (nicotine) and different metals probably causes genotoxic effects on land mollusks exposed to tobacco leaves with and without pesticide. This induction of DNA damage by dermal exposure to tobacco leaves was caused by a complex mixture present in the leaves. The enzymes of cytochrome P450 systems were inhibited by nicotine, flavonoids and copper. Our study provided chemical and biological data on C. aspersus exposed to tobacco leaves. The results of our study confirm the sensibility of the Comet Assay and Micronucleus Test for the evaluation of the complex mixture, indicating an association between nicotine, coumarin and flavonoid/metal interaction (mainly copper and iron) as the main causes of DNA damage in hemolymph cells from the land mollusk C. aspersus by N. tabacum.

A eritropoietina (EPO) é um hormônio que pertence a um grupo de fatores de crescimento hematopoiético, controlando a proliferação e a diferenciação de células da medula óssea. Ela age induzindo a elevação da produção de células vermelhas, aumentando a quantidade de hemoglobina e o oxigênio circulante. Este hormônio é principalmente secretado pelo rim, e é amplamente usado na medicina no tratamento de anemias, desordens renais e cardíacas, tumores e diversas outras doenças. A EPO recombinante tem sido produzida em células de mamíferos (COS-1 e CHO) em culturas in vitro e tem sido expressa experimentalmente em células de insetos, leveduras e bactérias. Até o momento, há somente uma descrição da expressão transgênica desta proteína em plantas sem, no entanto, sucesso na regeneração de plantas saudáveis e férteis. No presente trabalho, plantas transgênicas de arroz (Oryza sativa) e tabaco (Nicotiana tabaccum) contendo o gene da EPO foram geradas, nas quais foi avaliada a expressão gênica e detectada a presença da proteína recombinante. O gene recombinante da EPO utilizado foi sintetizado baseado na técnica de “overlapping” de nucleotídeos. Um fragmento de 582 pb correspondente ao cDNA da EPO foi clonado e submetido a seqüenciamento automático. Uma mutação no nucleotídeo 252 (G A) foi identificada, o que não modificou o aminoácido codificado pelo códon, uma glicina. O fragmento foi transferido para o vetor de expressão pWUbi.tm1, o qual contém o promotor do gene da ubiquitina e o terminador tm1'. Este cassete de expressão foi transferido para o vetor binário pWBVec4a, que foi transformado nas cepas AGL1 e LBA4404 de Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Estas cepas foram utilizadas na transformação de arroz e de tabaco, respectivamente. A integração do transgene no genoma da planta foi comprovada por PCR. A expressão da EPO nas plantas de tabaco foi detectada por RT-PCR convencional e quantitiativa, e a presença da proteína foi avaliada por SDS-PAGE e Western blot, provando o sucesso da obtenção de plantas transgênicas de tabaco expressando EPO. Foi obtida por auto-fecundação a geração T1, a qual apresentou segregação mendeliana. Nenhuma das plantas avaliadas apresentou qualquer tipo de deformidade ou mal-formação. Não foi possível a obtenção de plantas de arroz transgênicas devido à deficiência das mesmas no processo de regeneração, possivelmente em conseqüência da super-expressão do transgene em função do promotor escolhido. / Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that belongs to a group of growth hematopoeitic factors, which control the proliferation and differentiation of marrow bone´s cells. It acts inducing the production of blood red cells, increasing the amount of circulating hemoglobin and oxygen. This hormone, mostly secreted by kidneys, is widely used in medicine as a treatment for anaemia, kidney and heart disorders, tumors and numerous diseases. Recombinant EPO has been produced in mammalian cells (COS-1 and CHO) cultured in vitro and has been also experimentally inserted into insect, yeast and bacterial cells. Up to now, to the best of our knowledge, there is only one description of transgenic expression of this protein in plants but without success in the generation of healthy, fertile plants. In the present work we evaluated the expression of human EPO in plants such as rice (Oryza sativa) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum). The recombinant EPO gene was synthesized based on the nucleotide “overlapping” technique. A fragment of 582 bp corresponding to the EPO cDNA was cloned and then submitted to automatic sequencing. At that time, a mutation on nucleotide 252 (G A) was identified. It did not modify the encoded amino acid of the codon, a glycine. This fragment was transferred to the expression vector pWUbi.tm1, armed with the promoter of the ubiquitin gene and the terminator tm1’. This expression cassette was transferred to the binary vector pWBVec4a, which was then transformed into strains ALG1 and LB4404 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These strains were employed in the transformation of rice and tobacco, respectively. Transgenic integration into plant genomes was evaluated by PCR. The expression of EPO in tobacco plants was detected by conventional and quantitative RTPCR and the presence of the protein was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and western blot, successfully proving the generation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing EPO. By selfcrossing it was obtained a collection of T1 plants, which presented mendelian segregation of the transgene, and none of the plants presented any kind of miss-formation or deformity. It was not possible to obtain rice transgenic plants due to their deficiency in the regeneration process, possibly due to the transgene over-expression driven by the ubiquitin promoter.

A eritropoietina (EPO) é um hormônio que pertence a um grupo de fatores de crescimento hematopoiético, controlando a proliferação e a diferenciação de células da medula óssea. Ela age induzindo a elevação da produção de células vermelhas, aumentando a quantidade de hemoglobina e o oxigênio circulante. Este hormônio é principalmente secretado pelo rim, e é amplamente usado na medicina no tratamento de anemias, desordens renais e cardíacas, tumores e diversas outras doenças. A EPO recombinante tem sido produzida em células de mamíferos (COS-1 e CHO) em culturas in vitro e tem sido expressa experimentalmente em células de insetos, leveduras e bactérias. Até o momento, há somente uma descrição da expressão transgênica desta proteína em plantas sem, no entanto, sucesso na regeneração de plantas saudáveis e férteis. No presente trabalho, plantas transgênicas de arroz (Oryza sativa) e tabaco (Nicotiana tabaccum) contendo o gene da EPO foram geradas, nas quais foi avaliada a expressão gênica e detectada a presença da proteína recombinante. O gene recombinante da EPO utilizado foi sintetizado baseado na técnica de “overlapping” de nucleotídeos. Um fragmento de 582 pb correspondente ao cDNA da EPO foi clonado e submetido a seqüenciamento automático. Uma mutação no nucleotídeo 252 (G A) foi identificada, o que não modificou o aminoácido codificado pelo códon, uma glicina. O fragmento foi transferido para o vetor de expressão pWUbi.tm1, o qual contém o promotor do gene da ubiquitina e o terminador tm1'. Este cassete de expressão foi transferido para o vetor binário pWBVec4a, que foi transformado nas cepas AGL1 e LBA4404 de Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Estas cepas foram utilizadas na transformação de arroz e de tabaco, respectivamente. A integração do transgene no genoma da planta foi comprovada por PCR. A expressão da EPO nas plantas de tabaco foi detectada por RT-PCR convencional e quantitiativa, e a presença da proteína foi avaliada por SDS-PAGE e Western blot, provando o sucesso da obtenção de plantas transgênicas de tabaco expressando EPO. Foi obtida por auto-fecundação a geração T1, a qual apresentou segregação mendeliana. Nenhuma das plantas avaliadas apresentou qualquer tipo de deformidade ou mal-formação. Não foi possível a obtenção de plantas de arroz transgênicas devido à deficiência das mesmas no processo de regeneração, possivelmente em conseqüência da super-expressão do transgene em função do promotor escolhido. / Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that belongs to a group of growth hematopoeitic factors, which control the proliferation and differentiation of marrow bone´s cells. It acts inducing the production of blood red cells, increasing the amount of circulating hemoglobin and oxygen. This hormone, mostly secreted by kidneys, is widely used in medicine as a treatment for anaemia, kidney and heart disorders, tumors and numerous diseases. Recombinant EPO has been produced in mammalian cells (COS-1 and CHO) cultured in vitro and has been also experimentally inserted into insect, yeast and bacterial cells. Up to now, to the best of our knowledge, there is only one description of transgenic expression of this protein in plants but without success in the generation of healthy, fertile plants. In the present work we evaluated the expression of human EPO in plants such as rice (Oryza sativa) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum). The recombinant EPO gene was synthesized based on the nucleotide “overlapping” technique. A fragment of 582 bp corresponding to the EPO cDNA was cloned and then submitted to automatic sequencing. At that time, a mutation on nucleotide 252 (G A) was identified. It did not modify the encoded amino acid of the codon, a glycine. This fragment was transferred to the expression vector pWUbi.tm1, armed with the promoter of the ubiquitin gene and the terminator tm1’. This expression cassette was transferred to the binary vector pWBVec4a, which was then transformed into strains ALG1 and LB4404 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These strains were employed in the transformation of rice and tobacco, respectively. Transgenic integration into plant genomes was evaluated by PCR. The expression of EPO in tobacco plants was detected by conventional and quantitative RTPCR and the presence of the protein was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and western blot, successfully proving the generation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing EPO. By selfcrossing it was obtained a collection of T1 plants, which presented mendelian segregation of the transgene, and none of the plants presented any kind of miss-formation or deformity. It was not possible to obtain rice transgenic plants due to their deficiency in the regeneration process, possibly due to the transgene over-expression driven by the ubiquitin promoter.

Plants have evolved many mechanisms to defend against herbivores and pathogens. In many cases, these mechanisms took other duties. One example of such a neofunction- alisation would be carnivory. Carnivory evolved from the defence against herbivores. Instead of repelling the predator with a bitter taste, the plant kills it and absorbs its nutrients. A second example can be found in the pollination process. Many of the genes involved here were originally part of defence mechanisms against pathogens. In this thesis, I study these two examples on a genomic and transcriptomic level. The first project, Genomics of carnivorous Droseraceae, aims at obtaining annotated genome sequences of three carnivorous plants. I assembled the genome of Aldrovanda vesiculosa, annotated those of A. vesiculosa, Drosera spatulata and Dionaea muscipula and com- pared their genomic contents. Because of the high repetitiveness of the D. muscipula genome, I also developed reper, an assembly free method for detection, classification and quantification of repeats. With that method, we were able to study the repeats without the need of incorporating them into a genome assembly. The second large project investigates the role of DEFL (defensin-like) genes in pollen tube guidance in tobacco flowers. We sequenced the transcriptome of the SR1 strain in different stages of the pollination process. I assembled and annotated the transcriptome and searched for differentially expressed genes. We also used a method based on Hidden- Markov-Models (HMM) to find DEFLs, which I then analysed regarding their expression during the different stages of fertilisation. In total, this thesis results in annotated genome assemblies of three carnivorous Droser- aceae, which are used as a foundation for various analyses investigating the roots of car- nivory, insights into the role of DEFLs on a transcriptomic level in tobacco pollination and a new method for repeat identification in complex genomes. / Im Laufe der Evolution haben Pflanzen viele Methoden entwickelt, um sich gegen Fress- feinde und Pathogene zu verteidgen. Viele dieser Methoden wurden im Laufe der Zeit umfunktioniert. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Karnivorie, welche aus der Verteidigung ge- gen Fressfeinde entstanden ist. Anstelle einen Angreifer durch bitteren Geschmack zu vertreiben, tötet die Pflanze das Tier und nimmt seine Nährstoffe auf. Ein weiteres Bei- spiel ist der Bestäubungs- und Befruchtungsprozess. Viele der Gene, die hier involviert sind, stammen ursprünglich aus Mechanismen zur Verteidigung gegen Pathogene. In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich diese beiden Beispiele auf genomischer und transkrip- tomischer Ebene. Die Zielsetzung des ersten Projekts, Genomik von karnivoren Dro- seraceaen, ist es, assemblierte und annotierte Genome von drei karnivoren Pflanzen zu generieren. Ich habe dazu das Genom von Aldrovanda vesiculosa assembliert und dieses, sowie die Genome von Drosera spatulata und Dionaea muscipula annotiert und mit- einander verglichen. Aufgrund des hohen Anteils repetitiver Elemente im D. muscipula Genom habe ich reper, eine Methode zum Detektieren, Klassifizieren und Quantifizieren von Repeats, entwickelt. Mit dieser Methode ist es nun möglich, repetitive Elemente zu untersuchen, ohne diese in einem Genomassembly integrieren zu müssen. Das zweite große Projekt untersucht die Rolle von DEFL (defensin-like) Genen im Pollenschlauchwachstum in Tabakblüten. Dazu haben wir das Transkriptom der SR1 Variante zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten im Befruchtungsprozess sequenziert. Ich habe dieses Transkriptom assembliert und annotiert und darin nach differentiell exprimierten Genen gesucht. Zudem haben wir mit einer auf Hidden Markov Modellen (HMM) ba- sierten Methode nach DEFL Genen gesucht und ich habe die Expression dieser in den verschiedenen Stadien untersucht. Zusammenfassend beinhalten die Ergebnisse dieser Thesis annotierte Genomassemb- lies von drei karnivoren Droseraceaen, Erkenntnisse über die Rolle von DEFL Genen bei der Befruchtung auf einer transkriptomischen Ebene und eine neue Software zur Analyse von repetitiven Elementen in komplexen Genomen.

This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

Stomata sind kleine Poren in der Blattoberfläche, die Pflanzen eine Anpassung ihres Wasserhaushalts an sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen ermöglichen. Die Öffnungsweite der Stomata wird durch den Turgordruck der Schließzellen bestimmt, der wiederum durch Ionenflüsse über die Membranen der Zelle reguliert wird. Ein Netzwerk von Signaltransduktionswegen sorgt dafür, dass Pflanzen die Stomabewegungen an die Umgebungsbedingungen anpassen können. Viele molekulare Komponenten dieser Signaltransduktionketten in Schließzellen von Angiospermen sind inzwischen bekannt und Calcium spielt darin als Signalmolekül eine wichtige Rolle. Weitgehend unbekannt sind dagegen die Mechanismen, die zur Erzeugung von transienten Erhöhungen der Calciumkonzentration führen. Auch die molekularen Grundlagen der Regulierung der Stomaweite in Nicht-Angiospermen-Arten sind bisher nur wenig verstanden. Um zur Aufklärung dieser Fragestellungen beizutragen, wurden in dieser Arbeit Mechanismen zur Erhöhungen der cytosolischen Calciumkonzentration sowie elektrophysiologische Eigenschaften von Schließzellen untersucht. Der Fokus lag hierbei insbesondere auf der Visualisierung cytosolischer Calciumsignale in Schließzellen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde durch die Applikation hyperpolarisierender Spannungspulse mittels TEVC (Two Electrode Voltage Clamp) gezielt eine Erhöhung der cytosolischen Calciumkonzentration in einzelnen Schließzellen von Nicotiana tabacum ausgelöst. Um die Dynamik der cytosolischen Calciumkonzentration dabei zeitlich und räumlich hoch aufgelöst zu visualisieren, wurde simultan zu den elektrophysiologischen Messungen ein Spinning-Disc-System für konfokale Aufnahmen eingesetzt. Während der Applikation hyperpolarisierender Spannungspulse wurde eine transiente Vergrößerung des cytosolischen Volumens beobachtet. Diese lässt sich durch einen osmotisch getriebenen Wasserfluss erklären, der durch die Veränderung der Ionenkonzentration im Cytosol verursacht wird. Diese wiederum wird durch die spannungsabhängige Aktivierung einwärtsgleichrichtender Kaliumkanäle in der Plasmamembran der Schließzellen und durch den Kompensationsstrom der eingestochenen Mikroelektrode hervorgerufen. Mit Hilfe des calciumsensitiven Farbstoffs Fura-2 konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Erhöhung der freien cytosolischen Calciumkonzentration während der Applikation hyperpolarisierender Spannungspulse durch zwei Mechanismen verursacht wird. Der erste Mechanismus ist die Aktivierung hyperpolarisationsaktivierter, calciumpermeabler Kanäle (HACCs) in der Plasmamembran, die schon 1998 von Grabov & Blatt beschrieben wurde. Zusätzlich zu diesem Mechanismus der Calciumfreisetzung, konnte ein zweiter bislang unbekannter Mechanismus aufgedeckt werden, bei dem Calcium aus intrazellulären Speichern in das Cytosol freigesetzt wird. Dieser Mechanismus hängt mit der oben beschriebenen Vergrößerung des cytosolischen Volumens zusammen und ist wahrscheinlich durch die Änderungen der mechanischen Spannung der Membran bzw. der Osmolarität innerhalb der Zelle bedingt. Diese könnten zu einer Aktivierung mechanosensitiver, calciumpermeabler Kanäle führen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den molekularen Grundlagen der Regulierung von Stomata in Nicht-Angiospermen. In Schließzellen von Polypodium vulgare konnten durch die Anwendung der TEVC-Technik ähnliche spannungsabhängige Ströme über die Plasmamembran gemessen werden wie in Angiospermen. Ebenso wurden durch die Applikation hyperpolarisierender Spannungspulse an Schließzellen von Polypodium und Asplenium Erhöhungen der cytosolischen Calciumkonzentration ausgelöst, die auf die Existenz spannungsabhängiger, calciumpermeabler Kanäle in der Plasmamembran hinweisen. Die Diffusion von Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen in die Nachbarschließzellen nach der iontophoretischen Beladung in Polypodium, Asplenium, Ceratopteris und Selaginella zeigte, dass in diesen Arten eine symplastische Verbindung zwischen benachbarten Schließzellen besteht, die an Schließzellen von Angiospermen bisher nicht beobachtet werden konnte. Anhand elektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen von Polypodium glycyrrhiza Schließzellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Verbindung wahrscheinlich durch Plasmodesmata zwischen benachbarten Schließzellen gebildet wird. Durch die Analyse der Calciumdynamik in benachbarten Schließzellen nach hyperpolarisierenden Spannungspulsen stellte sich heraus, dass die Calciumhomöostase trotz symplastischer Verbindung in beiden Schließzellen unabhängig voneinander reguliert zu werden scheint. Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen an Farnschließzellen wurde desweiteren eine Methode zur Applikation von ABA etabliert, die es erlaubt mithilfe von Mikroelektroden das Phytohormon iontophoretisch in den Apoplasten zu laden. Im Gegensatz zu den Schließzellen von Nicotiana tabacum, die auf eine so durchgeführte ABA-Applikation mit dem Stomaschluss reagierten, wurde in Polypodium vulgare auf diese Weise kein Stomaschluss ausgelöst. Da die ABA-Antwort der Farnstomata aber auch von anderen Faktoren wie Wachstumsbedingungen abhängig ist (Hõrak et al., 2017), kann eine ABA-Responsivität in dieser Farnart trotzdem nicht vollkommen ausgeschlossen werden. Die Freisetzung von Calcium aus intrazellulären Speichern, wie sie in dieser Arbeit gezeigt wurde, könnte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulierung der Stomaweite spielen. Zur Aufklärung dieser Fragestellung wäre die Identifizierung der Kanäle, die an der osmotisch/mechanisch induzierten Calciumfreisetzung aus internen Speichern beteiligt sind, von großem Interesse. Weiterführende Studien an Schließzellen von Farnen könnten die physiologische Bedeutung der aus Angiospermen bekannten Ionenkanäle für die Stomabewegungen in evolutionär älteren Landpflanzen aufklären und so maßgeblich zum Verständnis der Evolution der Regulierunsgmechanismen von Stomata beitragen. Außerdem stellt sich die Frage, welche Rolle die hier gezeigte symplastische Verbindung der Nachbarschließzellen durch Plasmodesmata für die Funktion der Stomata spielt. / Stomata are small pores in the leaf surface that allow plants to adapt their water balance to changing environmental conditions. The turgor pressure of the guard cells determines the width of the stomatal aperture and is regulated by ion fluxes in or out of the guard cell. A network of different signal transduction pathways is necessary for the adaption of stomatal movements to ambient conditions. Many of these transduction pathways have been described in detail and many of their components have been identified. It is a well known fact that calcium acts as a second messenger in pathways regulating stomatal movements. However, the mechanisms that lead to transient elevations of the cytosolic calcium concentration are largely unknown. The molecular basis of the regulation of stomatal aperture in non-angiosperm species is also poorly understood. In order to gain new insights into these topics, mechanisms of calcium elevation and electrophysiological properties of guard cells were studied, focussing especially on the visualization of the cytosolic calcium concentration in guard cells. In the first part of this study, the application of hyperpolarizing voltage pulses by means of TEVC (Two Electrode Voltage Clamp) was used to specifically trigger an increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration in individual guard cells in the angiosperm model plant Nicotiana tabacum. To visualize the dynamics of the cytosolic calcium concentration with high temporal and spatial resolution, a spinning disc system for confocal imaging was used simultaneously with the electrophysiological recordings. During the application of hyperpolarizing voltage pulses a transient increase in cytosolic volume was observed. This increase can be explained by an osmotically driven water flux caused by changes of the cytosolic ion concentration. These in turn are caused by the voltage-dependent activation of inward rectifying potassium channels in the guard cell plasma membrane and by the compensating current from the impaled microelectrode. Using the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2, it could be shown that two mechanisms lead to the elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration during the application of hyperpolarizing voltage pulses. The first mechanism is the activation of hyperpolarization-activated calcium permeable channels (HACCs) in the plasma membrane, which has already been described in 1998 by Grabov & Blatt. In addition to this mechanism of calcium release, a second previously unknown mechanism was discovered in which calcium is released into the cytosol from intracellular stores. This mechanism is related to the increase in cytosolic volume we described above and is probably caused by changes in membrane tension or osmolarity within the cell. These changes could lead to an activation of mechanosensitive calciumpermeable channels. The second part of this thesis deals with the molecular basis of the regulation of stomata in non-angiosperms. In guard cells of Polypodium vulgare voltage-dependent currents across the plasma membrane similar to those described in angiosperm model plants could be measured using TEVC. Furthermore, the application of hyperpolarizing voltage pulses induced increases in cytosolic calcium concentration in guard cells of Polypodium and Asplenium indicating the existence of voltage-dependent calcium permeable channels in the plasma membrane. The diffusion of iontophoretically injected fluorescent dyes into the neighboring guard cells in Polypodium, Asplenium, Ceratopteris and Selaginella showed that in these species a symplastic connection between neighboring guard cells exists, which could not be observed in guard cells of angiosperms. Electron microscopic images of Polypodium glycyrrhiza guard cells showed that this connection is probably formed by plasmodesmata between adjacent guard cells. Analysis of the calcium dynamics in neighboring guard cells after hyperpolarizing voltage pulses revealed that calcium homeostasis seems to be regulated independently in both guard cells despite their symplastic connection. As part of the investigations on guard cells of ferns, a new method for the application of ABA was established, which allows the phytohormone to be charged iontophoretically into the apoplast with the aid of microelectrodes. In contrast to the guard cells of Nicotiana tabacum, which reacted with loss of turgor and subsequential stomatal closure to this method of ABA-application, no closure of the stomata could be induced in Polypodium vulgare in this way. However, since the ABA response of fern stomata is also dependent on other factors such as growth conditions (Hõrak et al., 2017), an ABA-responsiveness in this fern species can still not be completely excluded. The release of calcium from intracellular stores, as shown in this work, could play an important role for the regulation of stomatal aperture. To clarify this question, the identification of the channels involved in osmotically/mechanically induced calcium release from internal stores would be of great interest. Further studies on fern guard cells could clarify the physiological significance of ion channels known from angiosperms for the stomatal movements in early land plants, and thus contribute significantly to the understanding of the evolution of stomatal regulation. In addition, the question arises as to what role the symplastic connection of the neighboring guard cells through plasmodesmata plays for the function of stomata.

Tnt1 is a transcriptionally active LTR-retrotransposon, present in over 600 copies in the Nicotiana tabacum genome. Under normal growth conditions, Tnt1 expression is limited to basal levels, but its expression is further induced under biotic and abiotic stresses. Transgenic tobacco plants (HP plants) expressing a Tnt1 reverse transcriptase hairpin were generated. These showed pleiotropic phenotypes such as cell death spots on the leaves and callose deposition and other severe abnormal development in aerial and underground portions. RNA sequencing of leaves with cell death spots revealed a rewiring of transcriptional regulatory networks related to stress responses exclusive to HPs. Among the positively modulated genes were ethylene synthesis and response cascade genes. The objective of the present work was to unravel the relation observed between Tnt1 and ethylene, generating a model. The results obtained suggest that HP seedlings and plants have increased ethylene synthesis when compared to the wildtype. Folding prediction of Tnt1 messenger RNA allowed the identification of ethylene-responsive sequences in putative stem loop locations. Thus it is possible that Tnt1 expression can produce small RNAs targeted to sequences present in the Tnt1 retrotransposon itself as well as at the promoter region of other ethylene responsive genes. Quantification of the expression of Tnt1 and ethylene related genes revealed \"phase opposition\" expression kinetics in the HPs, which led us to hypothesize that there might be an antagonistic relationship between the expression of Tnt1 and the expression of ethylene responsive genes involved in plant defense responses. Our findings suggest that Tnt1 could generate sRNAs that exerts transcriptional control over itself as well as other genes. Our model establishes a completely new biological role for a retrotransposon: Tnt1 would provide feedback control to ethylene-mediated gene regulation in tobacco defense responses, bringing the system back to a homeostatic condition and turning the defense responses down. / Tnt1 é um retrotransposon com LTR transcricionalmente ativo, e está presente em mais de 600 cópias no genoma de Nicotiana tabacum. Em condições normais de crescimento Tnt1 é expresso em níveis basais. No entanto, sua expressão é induzida pelo estímulo de estresses bióticos e abióticos. Plantas de tabaco transgênicas (chamadas de HP) expressando um grampo da transcriptase reversa de Tnt1 foram geradas. Estas apresentaram fenótipos como: pontos de morte celular e deposição de calose nas folhas e severas anomalias de desenvolvimento severas nas porções aérea e radicular das plantas. Sequenciamento de RNA de folhas com os pontos de morte celular revelou uma reorganização de redes de regulação transcricional relacionadas a resposta a estresses. Essas novas redes surgiram exclusivamente nas plantas HP. Entre os genes modulados positivamente estavam genes de síntese e de resposta ao etileno. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elucidar a relação observada entre Tnt1 e o fitormônio etileno gerando um modelo de atuação. Os resultados obtidos permitiram demonstrar que plântulas e plantas HP adultas tem um aumento na síntese de etileno quando comparadas à selvagem. A predição do dobramento do RNA mensageiro de Tnt1 permitiu a identificação de sequências responsivas ao etileno localizadas em posição potencial para formar grampos. Desta forma, é possível que a expressão de Tnt1 leve à produção de pequenos RNAs que tem como alvo sequências responsivas a etileno presentes tanto no próprio elemento quanto em regiões promotoras de outros genes. A quantificação da expressão de Tnt1 versus genes relacionados ao etileno revelou um padrão em \"oposição de fase\" nas HPs, o que nos levou a hipotetizar que talvez ocorra uma relação antagonista entre a expressão de Tnt1 e a expressão de genes responsivos ao etileno envolvidos em respostas de defesa vegetais. Nossos resultados sugerem que Tnt1 pode gerar pequenos RNAs que exercem controle transcricional sobre Tnt1 e outros genes endógenos. Nosso modelo estabelece um novo papel biológico para um retrotransposon: Tnt1 agiria como um modulador da indução de genes mediada por etileno nas respostas de defesa de tabaco, trazendo o sistema de volta à condição homeostática e encerrando as respostas de defesa.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-12-04T18:41:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_final_Adenilson.pdf: 1632453 bytes, checksum: ca3bab925a332585e719109a07462e72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T18:41:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_final_Adenilson.pdf: 1632453 bytes, checksum: ca3bab925a332585e719109a07462e72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-27 / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a obtenção de um mapa genético de alta densidade utilizando marcadores SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) obtidos através de genotipagem por sequenciamento (GBS) e identificar as regiões genômicas ligadas à tolerância à murcha bacteriana (Ralstonia solanacearum Smith) em uma população de duplo-haploides (DH) de tabaco. As linhagens endogâmicas NC95 (tolerante) e NC2326 (suscetível) foram cruzadas entre si gerando a população F1, anteras foram coletadas destas plantas para produção de haploides e posterior duplicação cromossômica através da cultura de anteras, gerando 180 famílias duplo-haploides que foram avaliadas em ambiente controlado quanto à tolerância à murcha bacteriana, após inoculação com R. solanacearum, através de uma escala de notas com amplitude de 0 a 4. As famílias DH foram genotipadas utilizando a metodologia de GBS e os dados resultantes desta genotipagem foram alinhados com o genoma de referência do tabaco para posterior obtenção dos marcadores SNP utilizados na construção do mapa de ligação. O mapa de ligação juntamente com os dados de fenotipagem foram utilizados para realizar o mapeamento de QTLs através do mapeamento por intervalo composto. Foram identificados 6.842 SNPs, utilizados para construção de um mapa de ligação com 70.583 cM, sendo este o maior mapa de ligação utilizando marcadores SNP disponível para tabaco e com o maior número de marcadores. Utilizando este mapa de ligação foram mapeados 13 QTLs para tolerância à murcha bacteriana em oito grupos de ligação, dos quais oito QTLs ainda não tinham sido identificados na literatura especializada. Os locos presentes nos grupos de ligação 3, 17 e 22 apresentaram os maiores efeitos na variação fenotípica. O elevado número de QTLs mapeados nesta população confirma o padrão de herança quantitativa da tolerância de tabaco à murcha bacteriana causada por R. solanacearum. / The objectives of this work were to obtain a high-density genetic map using SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers obtained through Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) and to identify the genomic regions linked to bacterial wilt tolerance (Ralstonia solanacearum Smith) in a tobacco double-haploid (DH) population. The inbred lines NC95 (tolerant) and NC2326 (susceptible) were crossed generating the F1 population, anthers were collected from these plants for haploid production and subsequent chromosomic duplication using anthers culture, generating 180 double-haploid families that were evaluated in a controlled environment for tolerance to bacterial wilt after inoculation with R. solanacearum, using an assessment scale from 0 to 4. The DH families were genotyped using the GBS methodology and the resulting data from this genotyping were aligned with the reference genome and then to obtain the SNP markers used to construct the genetic linkage map. The linkage map jointly with the phenotyping data were used to QTL mapping through the composite interval mapping method. A total of 6,842 SNPs was identified and used to construct a linkage map with 70,583 cM, being the largest SNP-based genetic linkage map available for tobacco and presenting the highest number of markers. Using this linkage map, 13 QTLs were mapped for bacterial wilt tolerance in eight linkage groups, from those eight QTLs had not yet been identified in the specialized literature. The loci present in linkage groups 3, 17 and 22 had the highest effects on phenotypic variation. The high number of QTLs mapped in this population confirms the quantitative genetic control of tobacco tolerance to bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Rosa de Figueiredo Fernandes.pdf: 5291957 bytes, checksum: e9ba6c76361eb4a2e901846a5bb5c2dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / ?The pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyurus on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivar K326 was evaluated in experiments testing different initial population densities of the nematode (Pi = 0; 1,000; 3,000; 9,000 and 27,000 eggs and larvae per plant), in eight replications. The isolate was monoxenically multiplied on carrot discs. At the end of the experiment (70 days after inoculation), the above ground part of each plant was weighed and measured and, the respective root system was processed. The reproduction rate of Pratylenchus brachyurus was estimated by extracting the nematodes of the roots and of the soil. Necroses on the roots of the tobacco plants were observed. Pratylenchus brachyurus caused well-delimited root lesions on tobacco root. None of the analyzed plants died; however plant growth was reduced. Also, it was observed a decrease of the fresh mass of roots and of the dry top weight, mainly under the highest population density (27,000 nematodes per plant). The reproduction rate was low. Besides the interaction between Pratylenchus brachyurus and Ralstonia solanacearum in two tobacco varieties, Virg?nia K326 and Burley By21 was evaluated. Test plants were inoculated with the nematode in the initial population density of 3,000 individuals (eggs and larvae) by plant and, 15 days later, the plants were inoculated with a sample of soil infested by the bacterium, in estimated population density of 106 CFU.g-1 of soil. Besides the mixed inoculation with Pratylenchus brachyurus and Ralstonia solanacearum, tobacco plants were single inoculated. The plants were monitored daily. Dates of the beginning of symptom expression were registered, as well as symptom evolution. When the plants were inoculated with Pratylenchus brachyurus and Ralstonia solanacearum, symptom of wilt that is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum began earlier than in single inoculated plants, and they also evolved quicker, inclusive in the variety Virg?nia K326 that was considered more tolerant. In this case, the presence of Pratylenchus brachyurus, in the root system of these plants, probably favored the infection by Ralstonia solanacearum, even before the symptoms caused by the nematodes could be detected. This study was done in greenhouse and under laboratory conditions. / ?A patogenicidade de Pratylenchus brachyurus em fumo Virg?nia K326 foi avaliada em experimento no qual foram testadas diferentes densidades populacionais iniciais do nemat?ide (Pi = 0; 1.000; 3.000; 9.000 e 27.000 ovos e larvas por planta), em oito repeti??es. O isolado foi multiplicado axenicamente em discos de cenoura. Ao final do experimento (85 dias), as plantas tiveram sua parte a?rea pesada e medida e foi processado o sistema radicular de cada uma. O fator de reprodu??o foi estimado por extra??o dos nemat?ides das ra?zes e do solo. Necroses nas ra?zes das plantas foram observadas. Pratylenchus brachyurus causou les?es radiculares delimitadas nas ra?zes de fumo. N?o houve morte de nenhuma planta analisada, por?m a altura das plantas foi afetada e tamb?m a massa seca da parte a?rea, principalmente sob a densidade populacional mais alta, de 27.000 nemat?ides por planta. O fator de reprodu??o foi baixo. Al?m disto, avaliou-se a intera??o entre Pratylenchus brachyurus e Ralstonia solanacearum em fumo Virg?nia variedade K326 e fumo Burley variedade BY21. As plantas foram inicialmente inoculadas com o nemat?ide na densidade populacional de 3.000 ovos e larvas por planta e 15 dias ap?s, foram inoculadas com uma amostra de solo infestado pela bact?ria, na densidade populacional estimada de 106 UFC.g-1 de solo. Al?m da inocula??o mista com Pratylenchus brachyurus e Ralstonia solanacearum, testemunhas foram inoculadas isoladamente. As plantas foram monitoradas diariamente, anotando-se a data de in?cio e da evolu??o dos sintomas. Quando as plantas foram inoculadas com os Pratylenchus brachyurus e Ralstonia solanacearum, os sintomas de murcha, que s?o causados pela bact?ria se manifestaram mais cedo e tamb?m evolu?ram mais r?pido, inclusive na variedade K326 que foi considerada mais tolerante. Neste caso, provavelmente a presen?a de Pratylenchus brachyurus, no sistema radicular dessas plantas, favoreceu a infec??o por Ralstonia solanacearum, antes mesmo que os sintomas causados pelo nemat?ide pudessem ser observados. Este trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegeta??o e em laborat?rio.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-07T14:51:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA153.pdf: 966411 bytes, checksum: 76076bab2e5f299ad53df33d518a0ef9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T14:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA153.pdf: 966411 bytes, checksum: 76076bab2e5f299ad53df33d518a0ef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Virgínia tobacco is a demanding crop in nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) making necessary fertilization to supply these nutrients as a way to guarantee them in available amounts throughout the cycle. The demand of the consumer market requires a high quality product with balanced chemical contents. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of N and K fertilizers of controlled release in the productivity and quality of the Virgínia tobacco. Two experiments were carried out, in the field, in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 growing seasons, in Ituporanga, SC, Southern of Brazil. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replications. In the 2014/2015 season, nine treatments were used; in the 2015/2016 season, ten. Two fertilizer sources were used in pre-planting fertilization and seven sources in sidedressing fertilization. In the experiment of the 2015/2016 season, two control treatments were used, being one with pre-planting fertilization and another with no fertilization. The productivity (dry mass), the economic yield and the amounts of N and K in the soil and the plant were evaluated in two agricultural years with contrasting climatic conditions. The results showed that the limitation of N and K in the soil reduces the yield potential (kg ha-1) and qualitative (IQS) of Virgínia tobacco, reducing the level of nicotine. The use of controlled release fertilizers such as Sulfammo and Agrodiza Fuerza provided tobacco plants with lower productive and qualitative potential in a period with rainfall above average when compared to fertilizers NKalcio (14-00-15) NIP, NKalcio (14-00-15) SOP, Unifertil (03-15-15), Salitre of Chile (15-00-14) ACF and Salitre of Chile (15-00-14) produced By SQM. The efficacy of the fertilizers NKalcio (14-00-15) NIP, NKalcio (14-00-15) SOP, Unifertil (15-03-15) and Salitre of Chile (15-00-14) ACF was similar of that presented by Chilean Salitre (15-00-14), traditional from SQM / O tabaco Virgínia é uma cultura exigente em nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) fazendo-se necessária adubação de cobertura para repor esses nutrientes, como forma de garanti-los em quantidades necessárias ao longo do ciclo. A demanda do mercado consumidor exige um produto de alta qualidade que ofereça teores químicos balanceados. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados e potássicos minerais de liberação controlada na produtividade e qualidade da cultura do tabaco Virgínia. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, a campo, nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, no município de Ituporanga, SC. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo que na safra 2014/2015 foi trabalhado com nove tratamentos e na safra 2015/2016 com dez. Foram usadas duas fontes de fertilizantes na adubação de pré-plantio e sete fontes na adubação de cobertura. No experimento da safra 2015/2016 foram utilizados dois tratamentos controle, um somente com adubação de pré-plantio e outro sem adubação. Foram avaliados a produtividade (massa seca), o rendimento econômico e as quantidades de N e K no solo e na planta, em dois anos agrícolas com condições climáticas contrastantes. Os resultados mostraram que a limitação de N e K+ no solo reduz o potencial produtivo (kg ha-1) e qualitativo (IQS) do tabaco Virgínia, reduzindo o nível de nicotina. O uso de fertilizantes de liberação controlada, como Sulfammo e Agrodiza Força, reduz a operação de aplicação de fertilizante em cobertura, porém esses dois fertilizantes proporcionaram plantas de tabaco com menor potencial produtivo e qualitativo em um período com chuvas acima da média quando comparado aos fertilizantes NKalcio (14-00-15) NIP, NKalcio (14-00-15) SOP, Unifertil (15-03-15), Salitre do Chile (15-00-14) ACF e Salitre do Chile (15-00-14) produzido pela empresa SQM. Os fertilizantes NKalcio (14-00-15) NIP, NKalcio (14-00-15) SOP, Unifertil (15-03-15) e Salitre do Chile (15-00-14) ACF apresentam potencial similar ao Salitre do Chile (15-00-14), tradicional da SQM