Sammanfattning: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur media konstruerar och normaliserar den mänskliga kroppen samt hur detta skapar identitetskonstruktioner vilka bygger på sättet att se på vad som anses vara en ideal kropp. Genom en diskurs- och bildanalytisk ansats dekonstrueras mediediskursens föreställningar för att urskilja potentiella motsättningar och dolda antaganden vilka kan ha inverkan på människors liv. Resultaten visar på att mediediskursen framställer en orealistisk och orimlig kroppsnorm vilken är ett allmänt genomgående ideal i medias föreställningar av kroppsform och yttre karaktäristika. Publikationer, inslag samt reklam genomsyras kontinuerligt av samma ideal vilket oundvikligen påverkar människan och till följd kan utgöra en risk för hennes välstånd. Bakgrund: Medier utgör en avgörande informationskälla för människor och är därmed en central faktor i formandet av vår världsbild, vilken är grunden för våra tankar och handlingar, samt normkonstruktioner. Mediers framställning av den ideala kroppen utgör därmed en norm vilken i stor utsträckning påverkar människors antagande om hur en normal kvinna respektive man skall se ut. Brister i uppfyllande av denna standard, och avvikelse från, normen kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för människan och hennes liv. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera och beskriva hur svenska livsstilsmagasin, inriktade på mode, hälsa samt skönhet konstruerar och normaliserar den mänskliga kroppen i text och bild. Hur media skapar identitetskonstruktioner vilka auktoriserar vissa företeelser och förkastar andra, och dekonstruera dessa för att urskilja motsättningar och dolda antaganden. Metod: Diskurs- och bildanalys Resultat: Medias framställning av kroppsideal förefaller vara orealistisk perfektion och därmed brister de flesta människor i jämförelse vilket kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för deras livssituation. Vidare kan även motsättningar antaganden och dolda budskap tolkas ur framställningarna vilket ökar risken av en skadlig utgång. / Summary: The purpose of this study is to examine how media construct and normalize the human body and how these create constructions of identity that are built on considered ways of what an ideal body is. The media conceptions are deconstructed through discourse and picture analysis to distinguish potential contradictions and/or hidden messages which can have an impact on people's lives. The results indicate that the media discourse depict an unrealistic and unreasonable norm of the human body which is a general thorough ideal in media depiction of body shape and outward characteristics. Publications, elements and advertising are continuously permeated by the same ideal which inevitably influence people and thus pose a risk for their opulence. Background: Media constitutes a deciding source of information for people and is thus a central factor in the shaping of our conception of the world, which is the foundation for our thoughts and actions, and norm constructions. The media depiction of the ideal body thus pose a norm which highly influence peoples assumption of what normal female and male features should be like. Failure to meet these standards, and deviation from the norm, can induce negative consequences for people and their lives. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe how popular Swedish magazines, targeting fashion, health and beauty, construct and normalize the human body in text and picture. How media create constructions of identity which authorize certain appearances and discard others, and deconstruct these to distinguish contradictions and/or hidden messages. Method: Discourse and picture analysis Result: The media depiction of the body ideal appears to be unrealistic perfection and the majority of people thus fail in comparison which can result in negative consequences for them and their lives. Furthermore, divergence and hidden messages can be interpreted from the depictions which increase the risk of a harmful outcome.

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Frågeställning: Vilken påverkan har attityd, subjektiv norm och eWoM på konsumentens klagomålsintention? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att studera klagomålsintention ur ett konsumentperspektiv. Studien ämnar undersöka vilken påverkan attityd, subjektiv norm och eWoM har på konsumenten klagomålsintention. Undersökningen utgår från en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi av deduktivt anslag.  Metod: Denna studie baseras på en kvantitativ forskningsmetod där primärdata har samlats in via en digital enkätundersökning med frågor utformade från tidigare forskning. Kvantitativa primärdata samlades in med ett resultat av 314 respondenter där 17 respondenter blev bortfall, vilket gav 297 medverkande respondenter. En teorimodell skapade tillsammans med tillhörande hypoteser. Resultatet av studien undersöktes via en korrelations- och multivariat regressionsanalys i IBM SPSS-Statistics. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att attityd-tidigare erfarenhet, attityd-inställning att klaga samt subjektiv norm har en påverkan på klagomålsintentionen. Attityd-inställning till att klaga och subjektiv norm hade störst  påverkan med en mycket säker signifikans på klagomålsintentionen. Studiens resultat visade därmed att attityd-inställning till att klaga hade en större påverkan på klagomålsintentionen än attityd-tidigare erfarenhet. EWoM visade ingen direkt påverkan klagomålsintenitonen. Däremot kan vi konstatera att eWoM visade sig ha en relation till de oberoende variablerna attityd-inställning att klaga samt subjektiv norm. Vilket indikerar att det krävs fortsatt forskning inom detta ämne. / Research questions: Which effect do attitude, subjective norm, and eWoM have on the consumer's complaint intention?          Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine complaint intention from a consumer perspective. The study examines the impact of attitude, subjective norm, and eWoM on the consumer's complaint intention. The study is based on a quantitative research strategy of    deductive funding.               Method: This study is based on a quantitative research strategy where primary data has been collected via a digital survey with questions designed from previous research. Quantitative primary data were collected with a result of 314 respondents where 17 respondents were excluded, which gave 297 participating respondents. A theoretical model was created together with associated hypotheses. The results of the study were examined via a correlation and multivariate regression analysis in IBM SPSS-Statistics.    Conclusion: The results showed that attitude previous experience, attitude to complaining, and subjective norm have an influence on the intention to complain. Attitude to complaining and subjective norm had the greatest impact with a very certain significance on the intention to complain. The results of the study thus showed that attitude to complaining had a greater impact on the intention to complain than attitude to previous experience. EWoM showed no direct impact on the complaint intention. However, we can state that eWoM was found to have a relationship to the independent variables' attitude to complain as well as subjective norm. This indicates that further research is required in this subject.

Neue Normenkonzepte nach ISO /TR 14638 zwingen Unternehmen sich neu zu orientieren, um normgerechtes und wertschöpfendes Toleranzmanagement durchzuführen. INNEO-Produkte können dabei helfen.

Syftet med denna sociologiska undersökning var att studera hur introverta individer har upplevt sin tillvaro innan och under Covid-19 pandemin i relation till en norm om extraversion. Studien har fokuserat på följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever introverta individer normen om extraversion? Hur upplever introverta individer att deras tillvaro har förändrats av Covid-19 pandemins utveckling? Hur upplever introverta individer att normen om extraversion har förändrats av Covid-19 pandemin? Ambitionen var att belysa problematiken med en extravert samhällsnorm vilket har genomförts utefter en hermeneutisk vetenskapsteoretisk ansats. Empiriinsamlingen baserades på åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med individer som identifierade sig som introverta. Studiens teoretiska ramverk bestod av Erving Goffmans (2014) dramaturgiska teori och Thomas J. Scheffs (1990) teori om sociala band vilka låg till grund för analysen av empirin.    Resultaten av studien påvisade att en norm om extraversion finns och påverkar introverta individers tillvaro negativt. Vidare kom studien fram till att introverta individer haft en övergripande positiv tillvaro under Covid-19 pandemin. Avslutningsvis visade studien på att normen om extraversion kvarstod efter det att Covid-19 pandemins restriktioner släppt. Detta innebar att en slutsats kunde dras om att normer har en stark inverkan på vårt samhälle och att förändring av dessa kan ta tid. / The aim of this study in sociology was to examine how introverted individuals have experienced their being before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in relation to a norm of extraversion. The study focused on the following questions: How do introverted individuals experience the norm of extraversion? How do introverted individuals experience that their being have been changed during the Covid-19 pandemic? How do introverted individuals experience that the norm of extraversion have changed due to the Covid-19 pandemic? The ambition was to illuminate the issue of an extraverted social norm, which have been done through a hermeneutic theoretical approach. The empirical collection are based on eight semi-structured interviews of individuals who identify themselves as introverts. The theoretical framework includes Erving Goffman´s (2014) dramaturgical theory and Thomas J. Scheff´s (1990) theory of social bonds.   The result indicated that a norm of extraversion exists and affects introverted individuals negatively. The study also shows that introverted individuals had an overall positive being during the Covid-19 pandemic. Finally, a conclusion was made that norms have a strong impact on our society and that changing them takes time, which refers to the experience that the extraverted norm remains after the Covid-19 pandemic restrictions have been lifted.

Since the end of the Cold War, private military and security companies have gained a prominent place on the international battlefield. In an attempt to reduce monetary and political costs, states have not only outsourced some of the defense functions previously performed by uniformed personnel; they have also partly privatised the provision of security. Traditional accounts of the rise of private military and security companies have explained this evolution in terms of changing demand and supply of military force after the Cold War, in a neoliberal ideological environment. This rationalist account, however, overlooks the role of norms, which, as the constructivist research tradition has demonstrated, constrain state behaviour even in the domain of national security. From this constructivist point of view, the rise of private military and security companies is surprising given the existence of an anti-mercenary norm and a norm on the state monopoly on violence, both of which have precluded the private exercise of violence. How, then, should the rise of private military and security companies be understood in light of this hostile normative environment? Against a realist-constructivist background, this text draws upon models of norm change and epistemic communities to show that private military and security companies have used their pragmatic legitimacy and epistemic power to decisively shape the discursive construction of a new regulatory framework that legitimises the exercise of non-state violence.

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No description available.

In a norm game, under certain conditions, there exist Nash equilibria of mutual cooperation. Experimental work demonstrates that even in one-shot situations the level and proportion of cooperative behavior increases if an punishment option is available to the players of a public goods game. It is therefore important to analyze conditions such that this is consistent with a rational choice approach. The paper is meant as a first step toward this task. The main result will be that nonstandard assumptions about human motivations or preferences can explain norms with sanctions even in one-shot situations. This is shown by an analysis of the norm game with two well-known recent models of fairness from behavioral game theory.

This master thesis analyzes the question, how norm authority constitutes itself in the context of school education. It is based on firsthand data from several adio- and audiovisual recordings of classes in two German schools (trade school and high school). The project provides a description of the mechanism by which the teacher establishes himself as the norm-authority and how he is able to assert this authority towards the student, the norm subject. At the same time, the reaction of the norm subjects towards the intervention of the norm authority into their language production is analyzed. Theoretically, the essay is embedded in the social force field of a standard-variety ("soziales Kräftefeld einer Standardvarietät") by Ulrich Ammon and the language management theory. By following the steps of the language management process, the handling of the language norm is described and an analysis is made of how language norms are actively adopted into the learning process. The analysis and evaluation of the class recordings underline the dynamic character of language norms and show the procedural nature of norm formation and their adoption. Key Words: norm, variety, social force field, language management, macro and micro level, norm authority, norm subject