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Drug abuse often correlates with a criminal career. Compulsory care of addicts aims to motivate the individual to come to terms with their addiction. However, crime can be part of the lifestyle that the addict gets involved in. This essay examines how the preventive treatment at the State Board of Institutions in Sweden works to prevent relapse for both addiction and crime. The issues also concern collaboration in addition to treatment work. The material was gathered through qualitative semi-structured interviews with five people in the treatment staff at one of the State Department Board's LVM homes. The analysis was a thematic analysis and the collection of material resulted in three themes: "treatment work", "lack of knowledge among staff" and "collaboration". The informants believe that the treatment work has a good effect through the social bonds that are created between the client and treatment staff, but also so called “treatment conversations”. Clients are perceived to have high motivation during the time for LVM, but this often decreases after LVM completion. The result of the study shows that there is a lack of knowledge among treatment staff, mainly regarding crime prevention and psychiatry. Collaboration is perceived to work deficient, and informants highlight shortcomings in the provision of information between the actors involved. The results are subsequently attributed to social bond theory, the age-graded theory of informal social control, routine activity theory and to previous research on addiction and crime. The results are intended to be used instrumentally in order to improve the treatment work at the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care, which in turn improves prevention for both substance abuse and crime.

Background: Adolescents in need of care that cannot be provided by Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, or by other aid provided by the Social service can be placed and cared for at the youth facilities of the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SiS). Adolescents being cared for at the youth facilities of SiS have complex needs of care, including both psychiatric conditions and psychosocial issues. At every institution at least one nurse with responsibility of the adolescents' care is employed. There is a lack of research on how these nurses experience the care which they provide at the youth facilities. Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of the nurses caring for adolescents in the SiS. Method: A qualitative interview study was conducted. Eight nurses employed by the SiS were interviewed. The data was then analyzed according to Lundberg and Graneheim's model for qualitative content analysis. Results: The results are presented in three main themes and nine subthemes: Challenges and opportunities with working within SiS. Lack of collaboration and information, resources and competence and the work environment within SiS. The role of the nurse. Experience of working under different laws and assuming different work roles, leading and training other staff. Meeting the care needs of adolescents. To be able to see the entire adolescent, create an alliance and educate the youth about their own health. Conclusion: The nurses experienced an inexplicit health care assignment within SiS. They experienced a lack of health care competence among the staff working at the wards. A better collaboration with other health care departments, such as Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and primary care centers, was considered desirable. The adolescents are considered to present with great suffering and complexcare needs, and their psychiatric needs are considered the most difficult to meet. The nurses need to create an alliance with the adolescents, and to see the individual beyond criminal history, diagnosis and social issues. This essay contributes to the visibility of the nurses' perspective and of how they can contribute to the development of health care within the institutions, but more studies and more extensive research on the subject are sorely needed.

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Today, the strength of the National Rifle Association (NRA) is understood by the general public and many scholars to be dependent on the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the right of individuals to own firearms. This dissertation challenges that understanding by focusing on three organizations, the NRA, the National Guard and the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice (NBPRP). While each organization appears in today's world to be distinct and independent, this dissertation reveals how they garnered strength from a symbiotic relationship. The NRA was founded in 1871, originally as a marksmanship organization. The National Guard, which grew from the nation's militia, was formally established in the early twentieth century. The NBPRP was a small organization that was established in 1903 within the War Department at the encouragement of the NRA. Following passage in 1903 of legislation bringing state militia units under federal control, the newly formed National Guard became dependent on the NRA, which in turn leveraged that dependence to create a nationwide grassroots organization. The NBPRP was headed by the Assistant Secretary of War until 1916 when the position of the Director of Civilian Marksmanship was created, to be held by a U.S. Army or U.S. Marine Corps officer. The NRA acted as the surrogate of the NBPRB outside of the halls of government. At the same time, the NBRPB provided the NRA with a voice within those same halls that aided in the development of federal policy and budget positions related to firearms acquisition, competition, and training. The purpose of this dissertation is to reveal how the NRA was able to employ these two organizations to develop an exceptionally powerful grassroots organization that today is recognized as one of the most powerful special interest groups in America. Understanding how this powerful organization grew offers one perspective of how the bureaucracy that has been developed to support America's federal system of government is uniquely susceptible to special interest influence.

Public concern over the mathematical incompetence of students and adults is longstanding and justified. The No Child Left Behind act has affected the nation’s teachers, their school systems, and their communities. The act required all classrooms have a “highly-qualified teacher” by June, 2006 (United States Department of Education, 2002). Thus, the purpose of this evaluative case study was to understand if the unique National Board Certification (NBC) focused Educational Specialist (EdS) program was effective in creating change in teacher practice of six high school mathematics teachers in a suburban Georgia county. The learning outcomes of the program and perceptions of self-efficacy were evaluated and used as guidelines for the effectiveness of the program. The study was grounded in theories of metacognition, social constructivism, and self-efficacy. Metacognition provided the basis for “thinking about thinking” (McApline, Weston, et al, 1999) but reflection expanded the thought process to thinking about thinking or actions. Reflections were an integral for each of the constructs of the EdS program and this dissertation. Data for the study included written teacher reflections, action research projects, and mentoring manuals; in addition to interviews three years after the program. Data were coded and analyzed through a process of constant comparison using the NVivo 7 software. The findings at each stage of analysis, which were halfway through the program, end of the program, and three years after the program, indicate the five constructs metacognition, social constructivism, self-efficacy, community of learners, and action research were common across data sets. Four of the five constructs became more prevalent at each stage of analysis with only action research peaking prior to the third stage. The patterns developed during the study indicated long-term change in teacher practice and these constructs solidified as part of their teaching philosophy.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [219]-224).

Bakgrund: Det förekommer stora nutritionsproblem på äldreboenden i Sverige och andra delar av världen. Sjukdom och åldrande är riskfaktorer för näringsmässiga störningar. Undernäring hos äldre är associerad med ökad dödlighet och sjuklighet samt en ökad risk för trycksårsutveckling och infektioner. Socialstyrelsen har utfärdat en rekommendation angående nattfastans längd för att motverka undernäring och dess komplikationer, samt för att öka energi- och näringsintaget hos vårdtagarna. Syfte: Att belysa nattfastan på äldreboenden i en stad i södra Sverige samt undersöka kunskap och attityder om nattfasta hos omvårdnadspersonalen på äldreboenden. Metod: Deskriptiv enkätundersökning med kvantitativ ansats. Studien gjordes på tolv äldreboenden där 167 informanter deltog. Urvalet bestod av omvårdnadspersonal från utvalda äldreboenden i en stad i södra Sverige. Datan analyserades i IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 och redovisades i deskriptiv statistik. Resultat: Majoriteten av informanterna hade vetskap om att Socialstyrelsen utfärdat en rekommendation gällande nattfasta. Dock var det knappt hälften som visste hur många timmar nattfastan ej bör överstiga. De flesta informanter uppgav att de erbjöd både förfrukost och ett extra mål på kvällen, men få vårdtagare nyttjar dessa mål. Slutsats: Många vårdtagare riskerar en alltför lång nattfasta då det är få som nyttjar de extra mål som erbjuds. Det är betydelsefullt att undervisa omvårdnadspersonal om de regelverk och rekommendationer som finns samt bedriva undervisning om nutritionsfrågor. Sjuksköterskan är ansvarig att se till att den kompetens som behövs finns. / Background: There are major nutrition problems in nursing homes in Sweden and other parts of the world. Illness and aging are risk factors for nutritional disorders. Malnutrition in the elderly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of pressure ulceration and infection. The Swedish National Board has issued a recommendation regarding the length of night fasting to counter malnutrition and its complications and to increase energy and nutrient intake in the care recipients. Objective: To highlight the night fasting in nursing homes in a city in southern Sweden, and examine knowledge and attitudes about the night fasting in nursing staff in nursing homes. Method: Descriptive survey with quantitative approach. The study was done on twelve nursing homes where 167 informants participated. The sample consisted of nursing staff from selected nursing homes in a town in southern Sweden. The data were analysed in IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 and presented in descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of respondents had knowledge that the Swedish National Board issued a recommendation concerning night fasting. However, it was only nearly half who knew how many hours the night fasting should not exceed. Most informants stated that they offered both pre-breakfast and an extra meal in the evening, but few residents utilize these meals. Conclusion: Many residents run the risk of a long night fasting when there are few residents who use the additional snacks that offers. It is important to educate nursing staff on the rules and recommendations that exist and provide education on nutritional issues. The nurse is responsible to ensure that the skills needed are available.

In the construction sector today, there is a lot of discussion about material reuse tominimize the negative environmental impact. By reuse of precast concreteelements, significant amounts of CO2 emissions can be prevented. In order toreuse a concrete element for structural purposes in a building, the element need tobe assessed to ensure it can withstand the required loads. This report is based on a comparison of different building codes, it describes andcompares three selected building codes and their associated concrete standardsfrom different eras. The purpose of the report is to compare the results obtainedwhen designing predetermined concrete elements and components. The findingswill indicate whether it is possible to reuse concrete elements that were designedaccording to previous standards. The calculations will demonstrate bothsimilarities and, more importantly, differences in the design approaches of thebuilding codes and how they have evolved. An investigation concludes that by employing a chain of checks, it is possible todetermine if an existing component is reusable considering its load capacity. The differences in reinforcement content vary within approximately 0-25% infavor of the previous code, i.e. the older code requires more reinforcement.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of National Board Certified Teachers on student performance on Mississippi’s Subject Area Testing Program (SATP) English II assessment, an end-of-course exam that assesses 10th grade students in Mississippi school districts. The researcher sought to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the SATP English II scores of two groups of students (those taught by National Board Certified Teachers and those who were not). If there was a difference, the researcher sought to determine how the difference could be explained based on selected teacher demographic data (sex, race, highest degree received, years of experience, and National Board Certification status) and selected student demographic data (sex; race; previous scores on the Mississippi Curriculum Test, Second Edition; and free- or reduced-lunch status). The results indicated that students who were taught by National Board Certified Teachers were more likely to have higher SATP English II scores than students who were taught by non-National Board Certified Teachers. Though previous researchers have concluded that teachers’ years of experience and highest degree received play a vital role in the difference in student achievement, this study did not confirm those findings. The results of this study, however, indicated that teacher and student demographic data were potentially important predictors of the language arts standardized test scores. Though these data can be used as predictors, the combined effect of teacher gender, teacher race, and years of experience, along with student race, student gender, student lunch status, and prior Mississippi Curriculum Test, Second Edition Language Arts scores were not found to be statistically significant in this study.