Sverige befinner sig i en situation där omvärldsläget har förändrats. Det började med en pandemi, vilken har följts av militära konflikter i vår närhet. Detta har gjort att både politiker och medborgare har ett nytt omvärldsläge att ta ställning till.  Försvarsmakten har fått i uppgift att öka antalet värnpliktiga som genomgår grundutbildning. Den allmänna värnplikten återinfördes 2017 och gäller nu män som kvinnor. Volymen som behöver genomföra grundutbildning ökar varje år med innebörden att fler ungdomar behöver mönstra. När ungdomarna fyller i mönstringsunderlaget online framgår det att intresset och motivationen för att genomföra värnplikt är låg. Trots förändringarna i omvärldsläget, har ungdomarnas motivation till värnplikt förblivit oförändrad.  Studien fokuserar på att förstå ur ett individperspektiv, vad som motiverar unga människor att själva vilja genomföra mönstring och värnplikt. Genom att förvärva denna kunskap kan författarna utveckla förslag som kan motivera nuvarande och kommande generationer att mönstra och göra värnplikt, och på detta sätt försvara sitt land.  Syftet med denna studie är att söka förståelse och kunskap om vad som motiverar unga till att mönstra och göra värnplikt.  Studien använder en induktiv ansats och kvalitativ metod. Empirin är hämtad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer i huvuddel från ungdomar som står inför kommande värnplikt och anställda inom Plikt- och prövningsverket. Ungdomarna som har intervjuats har delat med sig av sina åsikter om vad mönstring och värnplikt innebär för dem personligen, samt vad som motiverar dem att vilja genomföra dessa skyldigheter. Empirin från intervjuerna kodades med grundad teori och resultatet blev tre kärnkategorier, individens utbildning, individens förebilder och individen i samhället.  Studien resulterade till följande slutsatser:  De viktigaste förebilderna enligt denna studie är respondenternas föräldrar, och de har en betydande inverkan på deras motivation. En högre folklig förankring och en förstärkning av Försvarsmaktens varumärke ökar ungdomars motivation. Individen påverkas av vänners inställning och åsikter, det beror på rädslan att hamna utanför gemenskapen. Detta påverkar motivationen hos unga att mönstra och göra värnplikt. En ökad kunskap och förståelse om hur mönstring och värnplikt bidrar till att skydda landet ger ungdomar en högre motivation. Meriterande utbildning och ekonomiska bidrag ger unga en ökad motivation till mönstring och värnplikt Det som gör ett land värt att försvara är individens eget behov och detta väger tyngre än landets. / Sweden finds itself in a situation where the global context has changed. It began with a pandemic, followed by military conflicts in our vicinity. This has led both politicians and citizens to face a new international situation.  The Swedish Armed Forces have been tasked with increasing the number of conscripts undergoing basic training. General conscription was reintroduced in 2017 and now applies to both men and women. The number of people needing to complete basic training increases each year, meaning that more young people need to be conscripted. When the youth fill in the conscription documents online, it shows that the interest and motivation to carry out conscription is low. Despite the global situation, the motivation among the youth for duty neither increases nor decreases.  This study focuses on understanding, from an individual perspective, what motivates young people to voluntarily undergo conscription and military service. By acquiring this knowledge, the authors can develop proposals that can motivate current and future generations to muster and do basic training, there by defending their country.  The purpose of this study is to seek understanding and knowledge about what motivates young individuals to muster and do basic training.  This study uses an inductive approach with a qualitative method. The empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, primarily from young individuals facing upcoming conscription and employees within the Swedish Defence Conscription and Assessment Agency. The interviewed youth shared their opinions on what conscription and military service mean to them personally, as well as what motivates them to want to fulfill these obligations. The empirical data from the interviews were analyzed using grounded theory, resulting in three core categories: individual education, individual role models and the individual within society.  The study resulted in the following conclusions:  The most significant role models, according to this study, are the respondents’ parents, and they have a significant impact on their motivation. A stronger connection to the public and enhancing the Swedish Armed Forces’ brand increases motivation among young people. The individual is influenced by friends´ attitudes and opinions, which is due to the fear of being excluded from the community. This affects the motivation of young people to muster and do basic training. Increased knowledge and understanding of how conscription and military service contribute to protecting the country led to higher motivation among young individuals. Recognizing educational achievements and providing financial support enhance motivation for mustering and do basic training. What makes a country worth defending is the individual´s own need, and this weighs more than the country´s.

La préservation de la bonne santé du secteur bancaire a toujours été au cœur des préoccupations de la profession bancaire mondiale. La lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux constitue un moyen pour les banquiers de préserver cette santé. En effet, les banques camerounaises et françaises bien qu’assujetties à la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux, ont plus d’un intérêt à mettre en œuvre le dispositif préventif anti-blanchiment. D’une part, au niveau organisationnel, les banques camerounaises et françaises se sont dotées d’un service anti-blanchiment et de dispositifs informatiques qui veillent à stopper leur utilisation à des fins de blanchiment de capitaux. Au plan fonctionnel, les obligations de vigilance imposées aux banques au titre de la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux rejoignent et renforcent les règles bancaires déjà instaurées en vue d’une saine pratique des activités bancaires. Cependant, le dispositif préventif anti-blanchiment n’a pas été bien accueilli au sein de la profession bancaire. Pour cause, celui-ci s’attaquait à des principes chers à la profession bancaire notamment, le secret bancaire et le devoir de non-ingérence. De même, la mise en œuvre du dispositif a fait naître de nouvelles obligations dont la violation fait l’objet de sanctions. / The preservation of the good health of the banking sector has always been at the heart of the concerns of the world banking community. The fight against money-laundering is a way for bankers to preserve this health. Indeed, French and Cameroonian banks though assujetties subject to the fight against money-laundering have more than one interest to implement operative preventive anti-money laundering. Firstly, at the organizational level, Cameroon and French banks have an anti-money laundering service and computer devices that shall stop their use for the purpose of money-laundering. Functionally, the vigilance obligations imposed on banks in respect of the fight against money-laundering join and strengthen banking rules already implemented in practical with a healthy level of banking activities. However, operative preventive anti-money laundering is not well-received within the banking profession. For cause, it was attacking principles dear to the banking profession in particular, secrecy and the duty of non-intervention. Similarly, the implementation of operative has brought new obligations whose violation is the subject of sanctions.

Vivimos en un mundo cada vez más globalizado e interconectado, lo que exige nuevas y mejores destrezas en cuanto al comportamiento en contextos interculturales, es decir, contextos donde se encuentran dos o más culturas de manera igualitaria. Documentos rectores para la educación, tanto nacionales (suecos) como internacionales subrayan la importancia de éstas.        En presente estudio se ha basado en investigaciones internacionales anteriores, para indagar cómo el sistema educativo y especialmente la enseñanza de los idiomas modernos pueden ayudar a fomentar la competencia intercultural en los alumnos, en primer lugar, por medio de una revisión sobre cómo se define dicha competencia; en segundo lugar, investigar cómo se puede crear un clima intercultural en el aula y finalmente, comprobar qué métodos y herramientas didácticas se pueden usar para fomentar la competencia intercultural en los alumnos. El análisis de las investigaciones anteriores se ha llevado a cabo aplicando un enfoque cualitativo, usando el método de la hermenéutica, o más específicamente, la abducción.       El análisis del estudio muestra que, a pesar de varios intentos, todavía no existe una definición unánime de la competencia intercultural. Las definiciones presentadas, sin embargo, tienen varios rasgos en común, por ejemplo, que están compuestas de dimensiones cognitivas, afectivas y de comportamiento. Además, la competencia intercultural se define también como un proceso, usando el modelo de procesamiento de la competencia intercultural de Deardorff (2006). A continuación, el análisis muestra que el clima intercultural en el aula se crea por medio de trabajar interculturalmente, otra vez usando el modelo de Deardorff. Se presentan unos ejemplos concretos de cómo trabajar interculturalmente, entre otros, empleando la conversación coloquial. Finalmente, el análisis, de acuerdo con la crítica hacia el uso de la enseñanza intercultural como un elemento aislado de la enseñanza, propone una perspectiva holística, es decir, que la interculturalidad formara parte de todas las asignaturas de los programas de educación. / Vi lever i en alltmer globaliserad och sammankopplad värld. Detta ställer nya och högre krav på vår förmåga att föra oss och interagera i interkulturella sammanhang, det vill säga sammanhang där två eller flera kulturer möts på lika villkor, vilket understryks i såväl nationella (svenska) som internationella styrdokument för utbildning.      Studien nedan har utifrån tidigare internationell forskning undersökt hur utbildningssystemet och framförallt undervisningen i moderna språk kan verka för att förmedla kunskap om, och färdigheter i, interkulturell kompetens genom att först göra en översyn av hur sådan kompetens definieras och därefter undersöka hur klassrumsmiljön kan få en interkulturell prägel, samt vilka didaktiska metoder och verktyg som kan användas för att förmedla den interkulturella kompetensen till eleverna. Analysen av den tidigare forskningen är genomförd med en kvalitativ ansats och hermeneutisk metod, närmare bestämt abduktion.       Studiens analys visar att det, trots flera försök, ännu inte finns någon enhetlig definition av vad som är interkulturell kompetens. Det finns dock stora likheter i befintliga definitioners grundstruktur, exempelvis att de innefattar kognitiva, affektiva och beteendemässiga dimensioner. Interkulturell kompetens definieras också som en process, varvid Deardorffs (2006) processmodell särskilt lyfts fram. Analysen visar också på att ett interkulturellt klassrumsklimat uppstår då läraren väljer ett interkulturellt arbetssätt, även här visar sig Deardorffs processmodell användbar. I anslutning till detta ges ett antal konkreta exempel på hur ett interkulturellt arbetssätt kan se ut, bland annat undervisning utifrån det vardagliga samtalet. Avslutningsvis lyfter analysen, i samklang med kritik mot att interkulturell undervisning ofta behandlas som ett enskilt moment i undervisningen, fram ett så kallat holistiskt perspektiv, det vill säga att interkulturalitet ska vara en del av all undervisning. / The globalization and interconnectedness of the world is putting new and higher demands on our ability to function and interact within an intercultural context, that is, contexts where two or more cultures meet on equal terms. This is also highlighted in national (Swedish) as well as international documents governing education.       This study has used previous international research, to investigate how the educational system and especially the teaching of modern languages can be a part of student’s acquisition of intercultural competence, by first reviewing how this competence is defined and thereafter investigate how to create an intercultural class space, and also what didactic methods and tools might be used to convey the intercultural competence to the students. The analysis of the previous research has been done, applying a qualitative approach and a hermeneutic method, more specifically the abduction.      The analysis shows that, in spite of several tries, there is still no unanimous definition of intercultural competence. However, there are compelling similarities regarding the basic structure of the existing definitions, for example the existence of cognitive, affective and behavioral dimensions. Also, intercultural competence is defined as a process, highlighting the process model on intercultural competence by Deardorff (2006. Furthermore, the analysis shows that an intercultural class space occurs when the teacher applies an intercultural teaching method, another area where the process model by Deardorff is proven useful. In connection, some examples are given of how an intercultural teaching method might look, including the use of the colloquial conversation. Finally, the analysis, in accordance with the critique on intercultural education used as an isolated element in the education as a whole, proposes a holistic perspective, that interculturality be a part of all education that is.

The evolution of environmental law in Mexico has developed efficient mechanisms for environmental protection. Mexico’s legal system stems from the civil law tradition and therefore is a system of positivelaw. Thus, the Mexican legal system is based in written laws, regulations and other legalprovisions, created by the legislature (Federal Congress) and applicable in the Mexicanterritory, without losing sight of Mexican Official Standards (NOM’s) and Mexican Standards (NMX).The present article will make and overview on the transformation of environmental law since 1987’s constitutional reforms, to the present day. / El tiempo y la experiencia en la aplicación de la Legislación Ambiental Mexicana ha sido detonante para el desarrollo de mecanismos cada vez más eficientes para la protección al medio ambiente.El Sistema Legal Mexicano es un sistema de derecho positivo. Así, el Derecho mexicano se encuentra basado en leyes escritas, reglamentos y otras disposiciones legales, creadas por el Congreso de la Unión y el Ejecutivo Federal; todas, aplicables en el territorio mexicano; sin perder de vista el rol de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM’s) y las Normas Mexicanas (NMX).El presente artículo hará un recorrido en la transformación de la legislación ambiental desde las reformas constitucionales de 1987, hasta el día de hoy.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Este estudo analisa a situação do quadro de trabalhadores do Ministério da Saúde e entidades vinculadas Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) e Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) _ noperíodo de 2000 a 2008, segundo algumas variáveis selecionadas, com destaque para o tipo de vínculo desses trabalhadores. Além da análise da evolução quantitativa da força de trabalho federal em saúde, procurou-se relacionar a situação atual com os condicionantes históricos e as políticas recentes voltadas para o funcionalismo público federal. O institucionalismo histórico é a principal corrente utilizada como referencial teórico do estudo, por reconhecer a importância do Estado como ator político e valorizar os condicionantes históricos, o papel das instituições e dos atores na conformação das políticas. As estratégias metodológicas utilizadas foram: revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e análise de dados primários e secundários sobre o quadro de trabalhadores federais em geral e na saúde. Os resultados sugerem que, no período recente, após o início do governo Lula em 2003, houve uma inflexão na tendência de redução do funcionalismo público federal, a qual vinha sendo observada desde os anos 1990, relacionada ao aumento dos concursos públicos para reposição de quadros. Tal movimento não atinge de forma homogênea todas as áreas,sendo que a saúde apresentou um aumento no quadro de servidores ativos inferior à média total do Executivo Federal. Foram observadas diferenças na situação do quadro de trabalhadores do Ministério da Saúde e entidades vinculadas incluídas no estudo. O nível central do Ministério foi pouco beneficiado com a realização de concursos e o funcionamento de áreas estratégicas do nível central do Ministério permanece dependente de profissionais inseridos como consultores ou por contratos temporários. As agências reguladoras da saúde, criadas no início dos anos 2000, foram beneficiadas com concursos para a contratação de servidores de carreiras específicas, principalmente a partir de 2005, mas ao final do período ainda apresentavam uma quantidade expressiva de trabalhadores com outros tipos de vínculos. Já na FIOCRUZ, observou-se um aumento do número de servidores no período, porém um aumento ainda maior na incorporação de trabalhadores terceirizados. Por fim, discutem-se os desafios de conformação de uma força de trabalho federal na saúde suficiente, estável e adequada para dar conta das atribuições estratégicas do Ministério da Saúde e entidades vinculadas, visto que, no Brasil, a esfera federal tem um papel fundamental para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde, mesmo em um contexto de descentralização político-administrativa. / This study investigates the staffing of the Brazilian Ministry of Health and associated entities – namely, the National Public Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA, National Agency for Supplementary Health Care (ANS) and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) – during the period from 2000 to 2008, in terms of a selected set of variables,with particular focus on the types of employment relation. As well as an analysis of the quantitative growth of the federal work force in health, the study involved relating the current situation to historical factors and recent policies aimed at the federal civil service. Historical institutionalism is the main theoretical branch referenced in the study as it recognizes the importance of the State as a political actor and values the historical conditioning factors and the role of the institutions and actors in policy making. The methodological techniques used were a bibliographical review, documental analysis and analysis of primary and secondary data on federal staffing in general and in health care. The results suggest that since the dawn of the Lula government in 2003, the trend of a shrinking federal civil service observed since the 1990s has been reversed as a result of increased civil service admissions to replenish staffing levels. However, this movement has not affected all the different areas in a uniform manner, and the increase in active public health workers is lower than the average increase of the Federal Executive. Differences were found in the staffing situations of the Ministry of Health and of the associated entities included in this study. The central office of the Ministry benefitted only slightly from the civil service admission examinations conducted and the operations of strategic areas of the Ministry central office remain dependent on professionals hired as consultants or by temporary contracts. The health regulatory agencies, created in the early 2000s, have benefitted from civil service admission examinations for the admission of specific professions, especially since 2005, but at the end of the period there was still a considerable proportion of workers employed under alternative types of engagement. Meanwhile at FIOCRUZ, although an increase was observed in the number of civil servants in the period, there was an even greater increase in the number of workers employed under other types of contracts. Finally, a discussion is developed on the challenges involved in forming a federal work force in health which is large enough, stable and adequate to address the strategic 10 responsibilities of the Ministry of Health and associated entities, bearing in mind that in Brazil the federal governmental sphere plays a fundamental role in consolidating the Unified Health System (SUS), even against the backdrop of political-administrative decentralization.