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Fatores que afetam o interesse de compra de produtos org?nicos em supermercados de Manaus/AM / Factors affeting the purchase interest of orgnizic products in supermarkets of the Manaus/AMGalv?o, An?sia Karla de Lima 19 May 2006 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / Demand for organic foods in the Brazil are growing year last, characterizing itself for if constituting in a new strategical segment of commercialization. In this context, the objective of this research was to investigate the factor that influence the interest of the consumers in the purchase decision of organic products, aiming to characterize the level of competitiveness of these products, assisting in the creation of environmental strategies for the development of the activity and contributing in the increment of the knowledge about the subject, that can assist it in the increase of the commercialization and the consumption of these foods. From data collected in the city of Manaus/AM, it was used a survey research, of exploratory and descriptive character. The sample was obtained using 421 questionnaires, in which was realized the descriptive analysis, analysis of groupings and association analysis among variables using the test qui-square. The results found in this study indicate that the majority the of consumers of supermarkets of the Manaus/AM never to purchase organic foods. Generally the consumers to have few or some knowledge about these foods, however, the level of the interest in to obtain information about the subject is high.The barriers mains in the purchase of organic products are the label fault in the product and the quality no certificate in the product. Among the profile characteristics, the variables income and level scholar are associate to interest level in the obtain information about the subject / A procura por alimentos org?nicos no Brasil vem crescendo nos ?ltimos anos, constituindo-se num novo segmento estrat?gico de comercializa??o. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar os fatores que influenciam o interesse dos consumidores na decis?o de compra de produtos org?nicos, visando caracterizar o n?vel de competitividade desses produtos, auxiliando na cria??o de estrat?gias ambientais para o desenvolvimento da atividade e contribuindo para o incremento do conhecimento sobre o assunto que possa vir a auxiliar no aumento da comercializa??o e no consumo desses alimentos. A partir de dados coletados na cidade de Manaus/AM, utilizou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa do tipo survey , de car?ter explorat?rio e descritivo. A amostra foi obtida atrav?s de 421 question?rios, nos quais foram realizados An?lises Descritivas, An?lises de Agrupamento e de Depend?ncia entre vari?veis. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo indicam que a maioria dos consumidores de supermercados de manaus nunca compram produtos org?nicos. De modo geral os consumidores possuem pouco ou algum conhecimento sobre esses produtos, por?m o n?vel de interesse em obter informa??es sobre o assunto ? alto. As principais barreiras para compra de produtos org?nicos s?o a falta de rotulagem no produto e a qualidade n?o atestada do produto. Dentre as caracter?sticas de perfil, as vari?veis renda e escolaridade est?o associadas ao n?vel de interesse em obter informa??es sobre o assunto
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Fatores que afetam o comportamento de compras impulsivas de cupons de hospedagem em sites de compras coletivas / Factors affecting the behavior of impulsive purchases of hosting coupons on group-buying sitesSena J?nior, Ot?vio Bezerra de 25 April 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A compra impulsiva vem sendo estudada desde a d?cada de 1950, e ao longo desse tempo, tanto os esfor?os para explic?-la quanto o seu pr?prio conceito sofreram significativas evolu??es. Entretanto, ainda existem diversas lacunas que necessitam ser preenchidas, sobretudo no que se refere aos seus antecedentes, especialmente no ambiente do turismo virtual. Nesse contexto, com a emerg?ncia do com?rcio eletr?nico, surgem no mercado os sites de compras coletivas, onde a sua l?gica de funcionamento reside essencialmente em gerar a compra impulsiva. ? luz desse cen?rio, esse novo ambiente de e-commerce tem se voltado para o segmento tur?stico, gerando mudan?as na cadeia produtiva de distribui??o desse setor e no comportamento do consumidor. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetiva analisar os fatores que afetam a compra por impulso de cupons de hospedagem em sites de compras coletivas. A pesquisa foi caracterizada como explorat?rio-descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e a coleta de dados foi aplicada junto aos turistas nas salas de embarque do Aeroporto Internacional Augusto Severo. A composi??o amostral totalizou 220 question?rios v?lidos, atrav?s da aplica??o de um question?rio estruturado, com perguntas fechadas. A estrat?gia de an?lise foi a regress?o linear m?ltipla, operacionalizada atrav?s do software SPSS?. Os principais resultados demonstram que a dimens?o cognitiva exerce forte influ?ncia na impulsividade do turista, e em segundo plano os componentes afetivos. Por outro lado, os constructos ?circula??o? e ?ambiente? n?o exerceram uma indicaram uma rela??o forte com a impulsividade, apesar da not?ria influ?ncia no poder explicativo no modelo final. / The impulse buying has been studied since the 1950s, and during that time, both efforts to explain its own concept underwent significant changes. However, there are still several gaps that need to be fulfilled, especially in respect to a model of antecedents and consequences, particularly in the tourism virtual environment. In this context, the emergence of electronic commerce come on the market of collective shopping sites, where your logic of functioning resides mainly in generating impulsive buying. In light of this scenario, this new environment of e-commerce has focused on the tourism sector, generating changes in the supply chain distribution of this industry and consumer behavior. In this sense, this study aims to analyze Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the factors that affect impulse buying of hosting coupons on group buying sites. The research was characterized as exploratory-descriptive, with quantitative approach to data collection was used among tourists in the departure lounges of the Augusto Severo International Airport. The sample composition reached 220 valid questionnaires, through the application of a structured questionnaire with closed questions. The strategy of analysis was the multiple linear regression, operationalized through software SPSS?. The main results showed that the cognitive dimension has a strong influence on impulsivity tourist, and in the background the affective components. Moreover, the constructs "in-store browsing" and " environment? not exerted indicated a strong relationship with impulsivity, despite the widespread influence on the explanatory power in the final model.
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S?ntese de tensoativos aminados e estudo das suas influ?ncias na molhabilidade de rochas carbon?ticasFernandes, J?ssica Emanuela de Ara?jo 25 April 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram sintetizados dois tensoativos cati?nicos cloreto de dodecilam?nio (DAC)
e cloreto de N,N-dietildodecilam?nio (NNDAC) para investigar sua capacidade de alterar a
molhabilidade de rochas carbon?ticas atrav?s do tratamento com sistemas micelares ou
microemulsionados. A caracteriza??o destes compostos foi feita atrav?s de espectroscopia de
infravermelho, ponto de fus?o e valores de concentra??o micelar cr?tica (c.m.c.). Os sistemas
microemulsionados foram escolhidos de maneira a contemplar pontos ricos em mat?ria ativa,
fase aquosa e fase oleosa e caracterizados por di?metro de got?cula, tens?o superficial,
densidade e viscosidade. Os substratos calc?rio e carbonato de c?lcio utilizados foram
caraterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), an?lise
t?rmica (TG), difra??o de raios X (DRX) e fluoresc?ncia de raios X (FRX). Os sistemas
microemulsionados preparados com DAC e caracterizados por micelas esf?ricas apresentaram
menores di?metros de got?cula se comparados com os mesmos sistemas para o NNDAC, com
valores entre 100 e 225 nm para o primeiro tensoativo e na faixa de 500 a 980 nm para o segundo
tensoativo. O efeito salino proporcionou a redu??o das intera??es eletrost?ticas entre as cabe?as
das mol?culas de tensoativo, ocasionando o empacotamento micelar com menor concentra??o
e reduzindo os di?metros das part?culas. Os resultados de viscosidade e de tens?o superficial
confirmaram os dados de tamanho de part?cula, j? que os sistemas com menores concentra??es
de tensoativo apresentaram valores de viscosidade na faixa de 3 ? 4,5 cP, enquanto os sistemas
com maiores concentra??es de mat?ria ativa, ou seja, que sugerem agregados estruturais
maiores ? lamelas ? exibiram resultados entre 6,5 e 7,8 cP. A caracteriza??o dos substratos
inorg?nicos mostrou a ocorr?ncia da fase calcita e a aus?ncia de subst?ncias ou contaminantes
que comprometessem a rocha calc?ria utilizada. Os ensaios de molhabilidade mostraram que
todos os tratamentos inverteram a molhabilidade da rocha carbon?tica de molh?vel ao ?leo para
molh?vel ? ?gua, mas os menores valores de ?ngulo de contato foram obtidos ao trat?-la com
os sistemas microemulsionados formados com o NNDAC em meio salino. Os sistemas
microemulsionados caracterizados pela ocorr?ncia de lamelas foram os mais eficientes na
diminui??o dos valores de ?ngulo de contato. J? os sistemas com micelas diretas promoveram
menor modifica??o de molhabilidade. / In this work two cationic surfactants were synthesized, dodecylaminium chloride (DAC) and
N, N-diethyldodecylaminium (NNDAC) to investigate their ability to change the of carbonate
rock wettability with treatment with microemulsion systems. The surfactant characterization
was carried out through infrared spectroscopy technique, melting point and critical micelle
concentration values (c.m.c.). Microemulsions with high composition of active matter, aqueous
and oily phase and phase were characterized by droplet diameter, surface tension, density and
viscosity. The limestone and calcium carbonate used were characterised by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TG), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray fluorescence
(FRX). Microemulsion systems prepared with DAC and characterized as spherical micelles
showed smaller droplet diameters compared with similar systems for the NNDAC, with values
between 100 and 225 nm for the first surfactant and between 500 and 980 to the second. The
salt effect caused the reduction of electrostatic interactions between the polar heads of
surfactant molecules, causing the micelle packaging with lower concentration and reducing the
diameters. Viscosity and surface tension results confirmed the particle size data. The systems
with lower surfactant concentrations presented viscosity values in the range of 3-4.5 cP, while
the systems with higher concentrations of active matter, i.e. that suggest larger structural
aggregates - lamella - exhibited results between 6.5 and 7.8 cP. The characterization of
inorganic substrates showed the occurrence of calcite phase and the absence of substances or
contaminants that compromise the limestone used. The wettability tests showed that all
treatments have reversed the carbonate rock wettability of oil wet to water wet, but the lower
contact angle values were obtained through treatment with microemulsion systems formed with
the NNDAC in saline media. Microemulsion systems characterized by the occurrence of
lamella were the most effective to reduce the contact angle values while systems with direct
micelle promoted smaller micelles wettability change.
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M?todo Buteyko para crian?as com asma: estudo controlado randomizadoFreitas, Diana Am?lia de 03 November 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-11-03 / Introdu??o: A asma ? a doen?a cr?nica mais comum em crian?as e se tornou um problema de sa?de p?blica devido aos seus grandes custos em cuidados de sa?de. O m?todo Buteyko ? um exerc?cio respirat?rio, constituindo uma interven??o n?o farmacol?gica de baixo custo que vem sendo utilizada por fisioterapeutas em diferentes pa?ses no tratamento de pacientes asm?ticos. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do m?todo Buteyko como terapia adjunta no tratamento de crian?as asm?ticas. M?todos: Estudo controlado randomizado simples-cego, devidamente cadastrado no ClinicalTrails.gov, que avaliou 32 crian?as de 7 a 12 anos com diagn?stico cl?nico de asma. As crian?as participantes foram aleatoriamente randomizadas em dois grupos: grupo Buteyko e grupo controle. O grupo Buteyko foi formado por 16 crian?as que realizaram 3 semanas de tratamento presencial (2 sess?es semanais) com o M?todo Buteyko. As crian?as tamb?m realizaram o M?todo Buteyko em casa diariamente durante o per?odo do tratamento. O grupo controle foi formado por 16 crian?as que receberam, juntamente com seus pais e/ou respons?veis, interven??es educativas em rela??o ? asma. Foram realizadas avalia??es antropom?tricas, de qualidade de vida por meio do question?rio PAQLQ (Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire), de fun??o pulmonar (espirometria) e de capacidade de exerc?cio (teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos ? TC6M). Al?m disso, foram coletadas informa??es quanto ? ocorr?ncia de hospitaliza??es, visitas ao pronto-socorro, faltas na escola por exacerba??o da doen?a, crises al?rgicas e de asma e uso da medica??o para al?vio de sintomas. As avalia??es ocorreram em dois momentos: antes do in?cio do treinamento e ap?s as 3 semanas de tratamento. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software SPSS 20.0, com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. As vari?veis cont?nuas com distribui??o normal foram apresentadas como m?dias e desvios padr?es. Aquelas com distribui??o n?o normal como medianas e intervalos interquartis. As vari?veis categ?ricas foram apresentadas como frequ?ncia. Os testes Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon foram utilizados para comparar os escores do PAQLQ entre os grupos e intragrupos, respectivamente. A compara??o das vari?veis iniciais e finais para espirometria e dist?ncia percorrida no TC6M dentro do mesmo grupo foi realizada por meio do teste t de student pareado e entre os dois grupos por meio do teste t de student n?o pareado. O teste Exato de Fisher foi realizado para comparar, entre os grupos controle e Buteyko, a ocorr?ncia de crises al?rgicas e de asma, faltas na escola por exacerba??o da doen?a e uso de medica??o de al?vio. Resultados: A compara??o intragrupos mostrou melhora para todos os escores de qualidade de vida em ambos os grupos e melhora no pico de fluxo expirat?rio (PFE) no grupo Buteyko. A compara??o entre os grupos mostrou melhora para dois par?metros de fun??o pulmonar (rela??o do volume expirat?rio for?ado no primeiro segundo com a capacidade vital for?ada - VEF1/CVF e fluxo expirat?rio for?ado entre 25% e 75% da capacidade vital for?ada - FEF25-75%) e menor ocorr?ncia de crises de asma, uso de medica??o para al?vio dos sintomas e faltas na escola por exacerba??o da doen?a no grupo Buteyko. Conclus?o: Dados do presente estudo mostram que o M?todo Buteyko otimizou par?metros de fun??o pulmonar (VEF1/CVF, FEF25-75% e PFE) e relatos de sintomas (crises de asma, uso de medica??o para al?vio dos sintomas e faltas na escola) na popula??o estudada. Tanto o M?todo Buteyko quanto a educa??o sobre asma foram capazes de melhorar a qualidade de vida nas crian?as avaliadas. / Introduction: Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children and became a public health problem due to its high cost in health care. The Buteyko method is a breathing exercise and a low cost and non-pharmacological intervention that has been used by physical therapists in different countries in the treatment of patients with asthma. Objective: To assess the effects of the Buteyko method as an adjunct therapy to medical treatment of children with asthma. Methods: Single-blind randomized controlled trial registered on ClinicalTrails.gov that assessed 32 children aged 7 to 12 years old with asthma diagnose. Children were randomized into two groups: Buteyko group and control group. Buteyko group consisted of 16 children who underwent three weeks of treatment (two sessions per week) with the Buteyko method. Children also performed the Buteyko Method daily at home during the treatment period. Control group consisted of 16 children who received, along with their parents and / or guardians, educational interventions on asthma. We assessed quality of life by the PAQLQ (Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire), lung function (spirometry) and exercise capacity (six-minute walk test). Moreover, we collected data regarding occurrence of admissions to hospital, visits to the emergency room and days off school due to asthma exacerbations, episodes of allergy and asthma exacerbations, and reliever medication usage. Assessments were held in two moments: before and after the three weeks of treatment. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software with a significant level of 5%. Data normality was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as means and standard deviations. Those with a non-normal distribution as median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency. The Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the scores of PAQLQ between and intragroups, respectively. Between and intragroup comparison of the spirometry variables and the 6-minute walk test distance was performed by the paired and unpaired t test. The Fisher exact test was used to compare the occurrence of visits to the emergency room and days off school due to asthma exacerbations, episodes of allergy and asthma exacerbations, and reliever medication usage between groups. Results: Intragroup analysis showed an improvement in all quality of life scores in both groups and in peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the Buteyko group. Between-group analysis showed an improvement in two lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1s / forced vital capacity ratio - FEV1/FVC and forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity - FEF25-75%) and fewer occurrence of episodes of asthma exacerbations, reliever medication usage and days off school due to asthma exacerbations in the Buteyko group. Conclusion: Data from the present showed that the Buteyko Method was effective to improve some lung function (FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75% and PEF) and symptoms parameters (episodes of asthma exacerbations, reliever medication usage and days off school due to asthma exacerbations). Both the Buteyko Method and asthma education improved quality of life in the children assessed.
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Papel das c?lulas B e dos anticorpos na patog?nese da hansen?ase e das rea??es hans?nicasAmorim, Francianne Medeiros 28 April 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A hansen?ase ? uma doen?a de evolu??o espectral causada pelo Mycobacterium
leprae. Pacientes podem apresentar desde les?es ?nicas, com pequena carga bacilar
(paucibacilares - PB) a les?es disseminadas e alta carga bacteriana (multibacilares -
MB). Os primeiros apresentam uma forte resposta imune celular e os ?ltimos uma
resposta predominantemente humoral. O Brasil ? o segundo pa?s em n?mero de
casos, com ?reas hiperend?micas em diversos estados, incluindo o Rio Grande do
Norte. A alta morbidade da doen?a est?, em parte, relacionada a ocorr?ncia de
rea??es hans?nicas: a rea??o reversa (RR) e o eritema nodoso hans?nico (ENH).
Essas ocorrem predominantemente em pacientes MB. Nosso objetivo foi determinar
o papel de c?lulas B e de anticorpos na patog?nese da hansen?ase e das rea??es
hans?nicas. Para isto, o trabalho foi subdividido em dois estudos: 1. Determina??o do
perfil de anticorpos espec?ficos utilizando os ant?genos recombinantes LID-1 e LIDNDO
ao longo do espectro cl?nico da hansen?ase e em comunicantes; 2. An?lise de
altera??es envolvidas na regula??o da produ??o de anticorpos em c?lulas B de
pessoas com diferentes formas cl?nicas. Neste ?ltimo foram avaliadas: a frequ?ncia
de diferentes subpopula??es de c?lulas B, a express?o de CD32 e CD21 nestas
c?lulas, subclasses de imunoglobulinas presentes no sangue, complexos imunes (IC)
e prote?nas envolvidas na via cl?ssica de ativa??o do sistema complemento. No
estudo 1, observou-se um aumento na quantidade de anticorpos espec?ficos ao longo
do espectro cl?nico da doen?a e este foi correlacionado com o ?ndice bacilosc?pico.
Al?m disso, foi verificado que mais de 82% dos comunicantes haviam sido expostos
? infec??o pelo M. leprae. Esse achado mostra que a quantifica??o de anticorpos
espec?ficos pode ser utilizada para estimar o risco para o desenvolvimento de
hansen?ase. No estudo 2, observou-se que a exacerbada resposta imune humoral de
e pessoas com MB est? associada a altera??es num?ricas e funcionais em c?lulas B,
com aumento na frequ?ncia de plasmoblastos e reduzida express?o de CD32 nestes.
Pessoas com hansen?ase MB apresentaram maior concentra??o de IgG1 e
imunocomplexos (IC) no sangue perif?rico quando comparados a PB. Pessoas com
hansen?ase MB que desenvolveram ENH (durante ou ap?s a poliquimioterapia) j?
apresentavam, ao diagn?stico n?veis mais elevados de IgM, IgG1, anticorpos
espec?ficos e IC quando comparados ?queles que n?o desenvolveram rea??o.
Durante o ENH h? uma expans?o na popula??o de plasmoblastos, contudo h?
diminui??o na concentra??o destas imunoglobulinas no sangue. Indiv?duos com
n?veis elevados de anticorpo anti-LID-NDO, ao diagn?stico, apresentaram um risco
at? 20 vezes maior de desenvolverem rea??o. Nossos resultados mostram que o uso
de ant?genos recombinantes em testes sorol?gicos pode contribuir para um
diagn?stico mais r?pido da doen?a, levando a diminui??o da transmiss?o de M.
leprae. Al?m disso, verificamos que a exacerbada resposta imune humoral de
pacientes MB pode ser, em parte, explicada por altera??es em c?lulas B. A
quantifica??o de anticorpos anti-M. leprae e das subclasses IgM e IgG1 ao diagn?stico
da hansen?ase pode contribuir para identifcar indiv?duos em risco de desenvolverem
rea??o. Do ponto de vista cl?nico, esse ? um dado importante pois pode direcionar
interven??es terap?uticas futuras. / Leprosy is a spectral disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection. Subjects can
present single lesions with a reduced number of bacilli (paucibacillary - PB), but also
disseminated lesions and a high bacterial load (multibacillary - MB). The former present
a strong cellular immune response and the latter have a predominantly humoral
response. Brazil is the second country in number of cases, with hyperendemic areas
in several states, including Rio Grande do Norte. Disease?s high morbidity is directly
associated with the occurrence of leprosy reactions: reversal reaction (RR) and
erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). These reactions occur predominantly in MB
patients. Our aim was to determine the role of B cells and antibodies in the
pathogenesis of leprosy and its immune reactions. For this, the work was subdivided
in two studies: 1. Determination of the profile of specific antibodies to the recombinant
antigens LID-1 and LID-NDO according to the clinical spectrum of the disease and in
household contacts. 2. Analysis of changes involved in the regulation of antibody
production in B cells of patients with different clinical forms of leprosy. For this latter,
the frequency of different B cell subpopulations, the expression of CD32 and CD21 in
these cells, subclasses of immunoglobulins present in the blood, immune complexes
(IC) and proteins involved in the classical pathway of complement activation were
evaluated. In the study 1, it was observed a gradual increase in the level of specific
antibodies along with the clinical spectrum of the disease, and this increase was
correlated with the bacterial index. More than 82% of the household contacts recruited
in the study had been previously exposed to M. leprae infection, with a potential risk of
developing leprosy. This finding shows that the quantification of specific antibodies in
the blood can be used to define groups at risk for leprosy development. MB subjects
presented an exacerbated humoral immune response that was associated with
numerical and functional alterations in B cells, with increased frequency of plasmoblast
and reduced expression of CD32 in these cells. MB patients presented higher
concentrations of IgG1 and IC in the blood when compared to PB. MB patients that
developed ENL (during or after multidrug therapy) presented increased levels of IgM,
IgG1, specific antibodies, and IC in the blood, when compared to those that did not
develop reactions. During ENL, there is an expansion in the plasmoblast population,
however a decrease in the concentration of these immunoglobulins in the blood.
Patients with elevated levels of anti-LID-NDO antibody at diagnosis presented a 20-
fold increased risk of developing reactions. Our results show that the use of
recombinant antigens in serological tests can contribute to an early diagnosis,
decreasing the risk of M. leprae transmission. The exacerbated humoral immune
response of MB patients may be explained, at least in part, by changes in B cells. The
quantification of anti-M. leprae antibodies and IgM and IgG1 subclasses at leprosy
diagnosis may contribute to identify individuals at risk of developing reaction. Clinically,
this is an important data since it can direct future therapeutic interventions.
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A utiliza??o dos mecanismos da an?lise econ?mica do direito ? sa?de: contexto da efetiva??o constitucionalSilva, B?rbara Grayce Carvalho da 29 April 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / A partir da promulga??o da Constitui??o Federal de 1988 o direito social ? sa?de foi consagrado fundamental, com cobertura universal e igualit?ria. Mesmo assim, ainda busca-se uma concretiza??o plena desse direito. Este cen?rio propicia discuss?es em torno do alcance da efetividade e limites do direito ? sa?de, pois a falta de recursos ? problema recorrente no Sistema ?nico de Sa?de. Neste contexto, este trabalho prop?e uma an?lise dos mecanismos da escola da an?lise econ?mica do direito (AED) comprometido com o elemento para atingir os meios e fins sociais, na tentativa de maximiza??o do maior n?mero de interesses ao menor custo. Partindo destas premissas, pretende verificar a viabilidade de utilizar a an?lise econ?mica do direito na aplica??o do sistema de sa?de p?blica brasileira. Para tanto, desponta analisar as suas premissas, em particular, ao Sistema ?nico de Sa?de ? SUS. A expans?o e qualifica??o do SUS depende de aloca??o eficientes de recursos financeiros e a prognose econ?mica ?til na maximiza??o do direito ? sa?de. No intuito de apresentar solu??es ao financiamento do SUS, aborda as compet?ncias or?ament?rias da Uni?o, Estados, Munic?pios e Distrito Federal com vistas ? an?lise dos percentuais m?nimos obrigat?rios destinados ? sa?de. Para efetivar o direito ? sa?de ? necess?ria uma s?rie de medidas por parte do Estado como financiamento suficiente e gerenciamento. Por fim, conclui que a an?lise econ?mica do direito pode ser utilizado como ferramenta econ?mica. Como uma alternativa para aumentar financiamento p?blico em sa?de prop?e a regulamenta??o do imposto sobre grandes fortunas que tem previs?o constitucional. / From the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988, the social right to health was enshrined fundamental, with universal and equal coverage. Still, seeks greater realization of this right. This scenario provides discussions on the scope and limits of the effectiveness of the right to health, as the lack of resources is a recurring problem in the Unified Health System. In this context, this paper proposes an analysis of the school?s mechanisms of economic analysis of law ommitted to the element to achieve the means and social purposes, in an attempt to maximize the greatest number of interests at the lowest cost. Starting from these premises, aims to verify the feasibility of using the economic analysis of law in the application of the Brazilian public health system. Therefore, blunts analyze the premises of the economic analysis of law employed, in particular, The Health System ? (SUS). The expansion and qualification SUS it depends on efficient allocation of financial resources and the useful economic prognosis in maximizing the right to health. In order to provide solutions to financing the SUS, addresses the budgetary powers of the Union, states, municipalities and the Federal District with a view to analysis of mandatory minimum percentage for health. To carry the right to health is necessary a series of measures by the State as sufficient funding and management. Finally, it concludes that the economic analysis of law can be used as an economic tool. As an alternative to increase public funding for health proposes to regulate the wealth tax that has constitutional provision.
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Efeito da administra??o aguda de agomelatina sobre o comportamento de ratos Wistar machos e f?meas no labirinto T elevado / Effect of acute administration of agomelatine on the behavior of male and female Wistar rats in the elevated T mazeSoeiro, Carolina Campelo 24 March 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / A agomelatina N-[2-(7-metoxi-1-naftil)-etil] acetamida (Valdoxan?, Servier) ? um f?rmaco utilizado na pr?tica cl?nica como antidepressivo agindo por vias distintas dos f?rmacos convencionais. Seu mecanismo de atua??o envolve a??o agonista nos receptores de melatonina MT1 e MT2 e a??o antagonista no receptor seroton?rgico 5-HT2C. Esta dupla atividade favorece a regula??o no ciclo sono-vig?lia, desbalanceado em pacientes deprimidos. Pesquisas recentes sugerem a a??o da agomelatina como ansiol?tico em modelos pr?-cl?nicos e cl?nicos, tanto em pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade generalizada como transtorno do p?nico. O objetivo deste trabalho ? avaliar os efeitos da administra??o aguda da agomelatina em ratos Wistar machos e f?meas testados no labirinto T elevado. A locomo??o dos animais foi avaliada no teste do campo aberto. A agomelatina foi dissolvida em solu??o salina (NaCl 0,9%) e administrada atrav?s de gavagem na dose de 75 mg/Kg/mL nos machos e 25, 50, 75 mg/Kg/mL para o grupo de f?meas, na fase do proestro e estro do ciclo estral. Os resultados demonstraram que nenhuma das doses testadas nas f?meas alterou o comportamento das mesmas e que a dose de 75 mg/Kg, quando administrada nos machos, favoreceu um discreto efeito panicog?nico. / Agomelatine N- [2- (7-methoxy-1-naphthyl) -ethyl] acetamide (Valdoxan?, Servier), is a clinically used antidepressant that act by routes other than conventional drugs. It acts as an agonist the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and antagonist of the 5-HT2C serotonergic receptor. This dual activity promotes a balance in the sleep wake cycle, unbalanced in depressed patients. Recent research suggests the action of agomelatine as an anxiolytic drug in preclinical and clinical models, in patients with both generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the acute administration of agomelatine in male and female Wistar rats tested in the elevated T maze. Locomotion of the animals was observed in the open field test. Agomelatine was dissolved in saline and administered through gavage at a dose of 75 mg/kg/mL in males and 25, 50, 75 mg/Kg/mL in females at proestrus and estrus stage of the oestrous cycle. The results showed that none of the doses tested in females altered the behavior of animals. In males, however, agomelatine caused a discrete panicogenic-like effect.
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Din?mica do status epilepticus em dois modelos animais de epilepsia do lobo temporalBessa, Rafael dos Santos de 30 August 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / A epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) ? a forma mais frequente de epilepsia em adultos, caracterizada clinicamente por um quadro progressivo de crises epil?pticas com foco no lobo temporal, em particular no hipocampo. Dentre os modelos animais, os mais utilizados na investiga??o dos mecanismos fisiopatol?gicos desta condi??o geram crises recorrentes espont?neas atrav?s da indu??o inicial de um estado convulsivo sustentado (status epilepticus, SE) ? por administra??o do agonista glutamat?rgico ionotr?pico, ?cido ca?nico (AC) ou do agonista colin?rgico muscar?nico, pilocarpina (PILO). Entretanto, o uso de inje??es sist?micas e a falta de controle preciso sobre a dura??odo SE geram alta mortalidade, morte celular dispersa e grande variabilidade comportamental durante a fase cr?nica da epilepsia, o que difere em v?rios aspectos do quadro humano. A nosso ver, este padr?o decorre da a??o sist?mica da droga e da dificuldade de controlar a atividade eletrogr?fica/tempo de SE a que cada animal ? submetido, influenciando a din?mica da epileptog?nese. Portanto, este projeto teve como objetivo gerar modelos de ELT por infus?o intra-hipocampal de AC e PILO em ratos e analisar seus comportamentos e atividade eletrofisiol?gica durante o SE. Vale ressaltar que ainda n?o h? estudos eletrofisiol?gicos aprofundados sobre o modelo de PILO intra-hipocampal. Para isto, implantamos feixes de microeletrodos bilateralmente no hipocampo e unilateralmente no c?rtex pr?-frontal medial (CPFm), junto a uma c?nula no hipocampo ventral para infus?o de AC ou PILO. Ap?s a indu??o do SE analisamos a progress?o comportamental e eletrofisiol?gica dos animais. O SE foi bloqueado ap?s 2h por um coquetel anti-convulsivante mais potente do que o utilizado na maioria dos estudos atuais e os animais foram acompanhados por registros cont?nuos de v?deo-EEG sincronizado por at? 72h. Sete dias ap?s o SE, os animais foram sacrificados e seus c?rebros retirados para verifica??o histol?gica da posi??o da c?nula e eletrodos. Os registros de v?deo e de EEG foram analisados por inspe??o visual e t?cnicas de an?lise de s?ries temporais. Nossos resultados mostraram que os animais PILO apresentam 1a crise comportamental com menor lat?ncia do que os animais tratados com AC, por?m com severidade mais vari?vel (AC: 90% animais classe 1 vs. PILO: 50% animais ?classe 3, escala de Racine). Animais PILO tamb?m tiveram menor n?mero de comportamentos do tipo wet-dog shakes que os animais AC, associado a um in?cio de SE precoce comparado aos animais AC. Do ponto de vista eletrofisiol?gico, observamos oscila??es de alta frequ?ncia (>150 Hz), comumente observadas na fase cr?nica da epilepsia, logo ap?s a inje??o de ambos convulsivantes (15-40 min antes do in?cio do SE) concomitante ?s primeiras crises eletrogr?ficas. Por fim, identificamos que o SE em ambos modelos exibe uma organiza??o modular da atividade parox?stica com v?rios n?veis de ritmicidade sobrepostos. Nossos resultados indicam uma maior epileptogenicidade da PILO em rela??o ao AC e, que estas drogas produzem SE com din?micas distintas. Pudemos observar uma composi??o com m?dulos de oscila??es sobrepostas repetidos periodicamente, m?dulos de hipersincronia sem oscila??es acopladas e segmentos de atividade ass?ncrona. Nossos dados ressaltam a import?ncia do registro eletrogr?fico durante o SE para melhor controlar as respostas individuais durante este per?odo. / Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epilepsy in adults. It is characterized by a progressive occurrence of epileptic seizures originating in the temporal lobe, particularly in the hippocampal formation (mesial TLE). Among the animal models used to investigate the physiopathological mechanisms of TLE, the most used are those that lead to spontaneous seizures after an initial insult, such as a prolonged convulsive state (status epilepticus, SE). This condition can be induced by the administration of the glutamatergic agonist, kainic acid (KA) or the cholinergic agonist, pilocarpine (PILO). However, the use of systemic injections and the lack of electrophysiological monitoring during SE lead to high mortality rates, widespread cell death and high behavioral variability during the chronic phase of epilepsy, which differs in several aspects from the human condition. These effects are mainly due to the lack of electrographic control of SE duration and the dynamics of the epileptogenesis process during the weeks following SE. Therefore, this project aimed to generate two animal models of TLE by intra-hippocampal injections of KA or PILO, and then, to analyze their behavioral and electrographic progression during SE. It is important to notice that no electrophysiological study has investigated the SE dynamics in animals infused with PILO into hippocampus so far. For that, we implanted two bundles of microelectrodes in the hippocampus bilaterally, one bundle in the medial prefrontal cortex and a cannula above the intermediate hippocampus for KA or PILO infusion. Following SE induction, we analyzed the behavioral and electrophysiological evolution of KA and PILO animals. SE was blocked after 2h by the injection of an anti-convulsant cocktail and the animals were continuously monitored by video-EEG for up to 72h. Seven days after SE, animals underwent euthanasia and had the brains removed for histological localization of cannula and electrodes. Video and EEG recordings were analyzed by visual inspection and spectral decomposition. Our results showed that PILO animals had shorter latency for first behavioral seizure than KA rats after drug injection. However, seizure severity showed higher variability among PILO rats (PILO: 50% animals had class 3 or higher vs. KA: 90% animals had class 1; Racine?s scale). PILO animals had a reduced number of wet-dog shake behaviors and shorter latency to SE onset as compared to KA rats. Electrophysiologically, we observed that high frequency oscillations (>150 Hz) occurred short after the injection of both drugs (15-40min before SE onset), as opposed to what is commonly reported to occur during the chronic phase of epilepsy in rodents. They were usually found within the first electrographic seizures. Finally, we have identified a distinct modular organization of paroxystic activity during the SE in each group, which consisted of blocks of nested rhythms. These findings thus suggest that PILO is more epileptogenic that KA and that these drugs produce distinct SE dynamics, which seem to be organized as periodically repeating modules of nested oscillations, modules of hyper synchrony with no nested oscillations and segments of asynchronous activity. Our data emphasizes the importance to conduct electrophysiological recordings during SE induction in order to better control individual brain responses. This can reduce variability during epileptogenesis and produce a more homogeneous model of chronic epilepsy.
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Comp?sitos Bulk Fill flu?dos versus resinas compostas tradicionais: comportamento mec?nicoChaves, Let?cia Virginia de Freitas 07 July 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-07-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivos: Avaliar a profundidade de polimeriza??o (PP), tens?o de contra??o (TC), resist?ncia flexural (RF), m?dulo de elasticidade (ME) e a resist?ncia de uni?o (RU) de tr?s comp?sitos Bulk Fill fluidos em compara??o a comp?sitos tradicionais de alta viscosidade. Metodologia: Tr?s comp?sitos Bulk fill fluidos (Filtek BKF, Surefil SDR, X-tra Base) e tr?s tradicionais ( Z250 XT, Grandioso, TPH3) foram utilizados. Para RF/ME, 60 amostras (n=10) em forma de barra (7 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm) foram confeccionadas e avaliadas por meio de uma M?quina de Ensaios Universal (MEU). Para PP e RU, cavidades c?nicas (n=10) preparadas em dentina bovina foram restauradas com os materiais. A PP foi analisada atrav?s da raz?o base/topo de microdureza de superf?cie e a RU pelo teste de push-out numa MEU. A TC foi mensurada em incremento ?nico das Bulk Fill e dois incrementos para as tradicionais em MEU acoplada a um extens?metro (n=5). Os dados foram estatisticamente avaliados por meio dos testes ANOVA 2 fatores e Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: Para ME, as resinas convencionais apresentaram maiores valores diante de todas as resinas BKF, no entanto para a RF elas foram iguais, com exce??o apenas da BKF da VOCO que foi inferior. Para a PP convencionais e BKF foram estatisticamente semelhantes. Na TC e na RU as BKF apresentaram-se superiores as convencionais, tamb?m com exce??o apenas da Xtra Base Bulk Fill (VOCO) que foi estatisticamente igual as convencionais na RU. Conclus?o: As resinas Bulk Fill flu?das testadas BKF e SDR apresentaram as propriedades mec?nicas testadas superiores ou iguais aos comp?sitos tradicionais, exceto o m?dulo de elasticidade. / Objectives: To evaluate depth of polimerization (DP), contraction strress (SC), flexural strenght (FS), elastic modulus (EM) and bond strength (BS) of three low-viscosity Bulk Fill composites resin compare as of high-viscosity traditional composites. Methods: Three Bulk fill composites (Filtek BKF, Surefil SDR, X-tra Base) and three traditional ( Z250 XT, Grandioso, TPH3) were used. For FS/ME, 60 (n=10) bar specimens (7 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm) were prepared and evaluated with Universal Testing Machine (UTM). For DP e BS, conical cavities (n=10) were prepared in bovine dentine and restored with materials. DP was analyzed trough the ratio base/top with microhardness of surface and BS on the push-out test in UTM. SC was measured for to increment one of Bulk Fill Resins and two increments of traditional resins in UTM attached to a extensometer (n=5). The data were statistically evaluated by ANOVA 2-way/Tukey (p<0,05). Results: For EM the conventional resins show higher values compare to all the BKF resins, however for the FS they were the same, except for only the VOCO Bulk Fill that was inferior. For the PP, conventional and BKF were statistically similar. In TC and in BS the BKF were superior to conventional, also with the exception of Xtra Base Bulk Fill (VOCO), which was statistically the same as the conventional ones in the BS. Conclusion: The Bulk Fill composites resin BKF and SDR present most of property physical and mechanical higher or similar than traditional composites, except the elastic modulus.
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S?ntese e caracteriza??o das propriedades fotoluminecentes do CaMoO4 com terras raras obtidos pela t?cnica de spray pir?lise ultrass?nicoAlmeida, Cl?udio Romero Rodrigues de 31 August 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Os materiais que pertencem a fam?lia dos molibdatos com estrutura cristalina tipo scheelita t?m sido objeto de pesquisas ao longo do tempo. O amplo interesse nestes compostos reside em suas excelentes propriedades ?pticas, que formam a base de sua utiliza??o como subst?ncias fosforescentes, materiais para lasers, e detectores de cintila??o entre outros. A t?cnica de spray pir?lise ultrass?nica, por sua vez, ? uma t?cnica de produ??o cont?nua de p?s, de apenas uma etapa, de f?cil controle dos par?metros e apesar de ser uma metodologia amplamente utilizada, n?o h? refer?ncias de seu uso para a produ??o de molibdatos de c?lcio puro e com dopagem de terras raras. Neste trabalho foi estudado a obten??o de part?culas de molibdato de c?lcio (CaMoO4) puro, dopado com diferentes porcentagens em mol de 1%, 2% e 4% das terras raras Eu+3, Tb+3, Tm+3, e a mistura das tr?s terras raras (TR) a partir da t?cnica de spray pir?lise ultrass?nico (SPU). O tempo de perman?ncia dentro do reator de fluxo laminar, foi de 27 segundos Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados pelas t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X, espectroscopia de micro Raman, espectroscopia ?tica nas regi?es do ultravioleta-vis?vel, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura com canh?o de el?trons por emiss?o de campo e espectroscopia de fotoluminesc?ncia e coordenadas de cor do CaMoO4 com TR. Os resultados indicaram que a t?cnica de spray pir?lise ultrass?nico produziu material de alta pureza, nas dimens?es nano e micro, com morfologia esf?rica. Com a adi??o das terras raras com diferentes porcentagens em mol de 1%, 2% e 4% e sua TR na estrutura do CaMoO4, foi poss?vel observar as emiss?es de fotoluminesc?ncia caracter?sticas das terras raras e a obten??o de materiais com emiss?es no branco para as amostras de CaMoO4 com 2% e 4% da TR. / The materials belonging to the molybdates family with crystalline structure type scheelite have been object of research over time. The wide interest in these compounds lies in their excellent optical properties, which form the basis of their use as phosphors, materials for lasers, and scintillation detectors among others. The ultrasonic pyrolysis spray technique is a technique of continuous production of single-step powders, easy to control parameters and although it is a widely used methodology, there are no references of its use for the production of calcium molybdates and with rare earth doping. In this study, the preparation of pure calcium molybdate (CaMoO4) particles with different mole percentages of 1%, 2% and 4% of the rare earths Eu+3, Tb+ 3 , Tm+ 3, and their respective mixtures (TR) were studied from the ultrasonic pyrolysis spray technique. The residence time inside the laminar flow reactor was 27 seconds. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques, micro Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible optical spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with field emission electron gun and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results shown that the ultrasonic pyrolysis spray technique produced high purity material in the nano and micro dimensions with spherical morphology. With the addition of rare earths with different percentages of 1%, 2% and 4% mol and their mixture in the structure of CaMoO4, it was possible to observe the photoluminescence emissions characteristic of rare earths and to obtain materials with white emissions for the samples of CaMoO4 with 2% and 4% TR.
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