Since the effects caused by drugs and criminality puts a strain on society's resources it is important to find ways of preventing individuals from starting these behaviours and to find out how people who already developed them, are able to desist from them. The processes that cause life to take positive or negative turns are very complex and hard to understand. The best way of exploring these processes were by asking the people who have experienced them to explain their perception of them. If recurring factors between these processes could be found, it could be of great meaning for the development of new treatment methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if there were recurring factors in the individual negative and positive turning point processes of people recovering from criminality and substance abuse, by analysing the participants own life stories. A narrative approach was chosen and the sample consisted of members from the local KRIS organization, who all had a history of criminal behaviour and drug addiction. The data collection was conducted through narrative interview method and a holistic-content method was used in the analysis together with an application of the Age-graded theory of informal social control on the results. The study found that there were different sorts of connections between the processes, but that these were individually formed after each person's own life-course. The negative turning point processes showed more similarities between the participants than the positive turning point processes. The conclusion was that attachments to family and the social context one chooses to be a part of, were recurring factors which had important effects on both the negative and the positive turning point process. Informal social control through attachments to society and family seemed to affect criminality and the use of drugs in general. / <p>2017-06-01</p>

L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de déterminer la prévalence des antécédents de traumatisme crânien dans une population de détenus. Les objectifs secondaires étaient de déterminer les co-facteurs pouvant influencer le parcours pénal en cas d'association avec un antécédent de traumatisme crânien. Une revue systématique de la littérature a retrouvé une prévalence moyenne calculée d'antécédents de traumatisme crânien de 46%. Une enquête épidémiologique descriptive a inclus 1148 arrivants en prison à Fleury-Mérogis. La prévalence d'antécédents de traumatisme crânien était de 30,6%. L'analyse des résultats pour la population masculine adulte a mis en évidence que les personnes déclarant un antécédent de traumatisme crânien ont passé plus de temps en prison et ont fait plus de séjours en prison durant les 5 dernières années. Ils avaient également une santé perçue moins bonne. Ils étaient plus nombreux à déclarer une épilepsie, un suivi psychiatrique, une consommation d'alcool, de cannabis et de médicaments psychotropes. Dans la population féminine, la santé perçue était plus mauvaise et la consommation d'alcool était plus fréquente en cas d'antécédent de traumatisme crânien. La comparaison entre hommes et femmes ayant déclaré un traumatisme crânien n'a pas retrouvé de différence en dehors d'une santé perçue plus mauvaise pour les femmes et d'une consommation de cannabis plus importante pour les hommes. L'analyse la population des mineurs est en cours. Ces résultats amènent un certain de nombre de propositions pour la prise en charge médicale et sociale de cette population. / The main objective of this thesis was to estimate the prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a population of incomers in prison. A further aim was to study co-variables that can have an impact on criminality when associated with a history of traumatic brain injury. A systematic review was performed to estimate an average prevalence of history of traumatic brain injury, which was found to be 46%. Then, a descriptive epidemiological study, which included 1,148 incomers in prison, was carried out at Fleury Merogis prison. The prevalence of history of traumatic brain injury was 30.6%. Among the adult male population, males who declared a history of traumatic brain injury spent more time in prison and came more often in prison during the past 5 years. They also declared a worse perceived health. They were more likely to report an epilepsy, psychiatric care, alcohol, cannabis and psychotropic drugs use. Among females, perceived health was worse and alcohol consumption was more common for females with a history of traumatic brain injury. When comparing males and females who declared a history of traumatic brain injury, no difference was found except a worse perceived health for women and a greater use of cannabis for men. The analyses regarding juveniles are still ongoing. These results provide further evidence that a number of measures have to be developed regarding medical and social care for this population.

Les travaux sur les déterminants de la criminalité intègrent peu le facteur de lamondialisation. La présente thèse vise à pallier ce déficit de réflexion sur la question et à évaluerdans quelle mesure le processus d'ouverture commerciale influe sur les marchés criminels et plusprécisément sur la criminalité économique. L'objectif est également d'utiliser des données desociologie et de sciences politiques pour affiner l'analyse de l'offre par le prisme de la criminalitéorganisée, et ce alors même que les travaux économiques actuels ne s'intéressent qu'à la marge à sescaractéristiques et à son impact sur les marchés criminels transnationaux. Le premier chapitre révèleque la mondialisation, envisagée doublement comme l'augmentation exponentielle des échanges demarchandises et l'accroissement des inégalités, ne permet pas d'expliquer la criminalité dans sonensemble. Pourtant, le résultat est tout autre si l'on précise la problématique en ne retenant qu'unecatégorie d'infractions : la contrefaçon. L'enjeu est alors de spécifier dans quelle mesurel'augmentation de ces fraudes économiques est symptomatique du processus d'intégrationéconomique mais également de la présence d'associations criminelles implantées localement. Enfin,la troisième partie s'attache à réaliser une étude sur les contrefaçons dans la filière vitivinicole enItalie et en France. / Studies on the determinants of crime generally do not incorporate the factor ofglobalization. This thesis aims to assess to what extent the process of trade opening affects criminalmarkets and specifically economic crime. The objective is also to integrate sociology and politicalscience data through the prism of organized crime. The first chapter reveals that globalization,defined as the exponential increase of trade in goods and increasing inequalities, does not explain thecrime as a whole. However, the result is far different as regards economic crime as more specificallycounterfeiting. The objective is then to specify to what extent the increase in these fraud issymptomatic to the process of economic integration and is directly linked with criminal activism.Finally, the third part focuses on a study case on counterfeiting in the wine sector in Italy and France

The economic criminality and its important in the Czech Republic is defined in the first part of the thesis. The next part is focused on the roles of accounting in the course of the commission, detection and proofs of economic crime. The final part contains the solution to a factual case of the accounting fraud.

This thesis is basically an overview of juvenile deliquency development over the past years, centering on the Czech Republic, Southern Bohemia and the region of Jindrichuv Hradec. The thesis concentrates on mapping the causes of the most frequent kinds of juvenile deliquency in Jindrichuv Hradec. It takes into account all factors that have an impact on criminal behavior of youths. The research is based on 50 documents stored within the probation and mediation agency of Jindrichuv Hradec. The research concluded, that the main causes of youth deliquency are unorganized free time together with family problems. There's also a considerable influence from the peers. Taking these facts into account, the thesis goes on to outline preventive measures, mainly free time activities, improving legal awareness among the targeted group, teachers' education and strengthening cohesion within a family.

Diploma thesis is focused on styles, methods and impacts of fraudulent accounting. There is used case -- low of Czech courts because of interpretation and better understanding. The first part of the work attends to basic legal context and Czech economic criminality overview. The main part of thesis introduces crimes, which relate to fraudulent accounting and offenders, who commit these crimes. The end of the thesis deals with analysis of responsibility of particular persons, who are involved in fraudulent accounting.

L’étude de l’évolution comparée des taux d’incarcération au XXème et XXIème siècle est un domaine classique des sciences criminelles actuelles, un domaine qui a connu un renouveau important dans la lignée des travaux de David Garland (notamment « The culture of control, 2001 ») sur le virage punitif depuis la fin des années 1990. Ces travaux sont principalement axés sur l’Europe et l’Amérique du Nord, les données discutées à propos du reste du monde étant le plus souvent statiques et/ou sur une période très récente, ce qui pose le risque que les remarques afférentes à l’évolution de ces taux soient euro-centriques. Ce travail de recherche se propose de compléter la recherche actuelle en examinant le cas des pays de langue arabe (principalement Libye, Égypte, Maroc, Algérie, Liban, Arabie saoudite, Jordanie). Il s’agit d’abord de faire un point sur les données historiques existantes sur l’évolution de l’incarcération dans les pays arabes et sur les obstacles à l’acquisition de telles données. Ensuite, ce travail tente d’articuler les théories actuelles sur les raisons des variations de l’incarcération, théories qui ont été développées pour l’Europe et l’Amérique du Nord, à ces nouvelles données. Le but étant de tester trois hypothèses à savoir : l’hypothèse fonctionnelle, l’hypothèse de Rusche et Kirchheimer, et l’hypothèse de l’autoritarisme / The Comparative study of the development of incarceration rates in the 20th and the 21st Centuries is a conventional field in the current criminal science, a field that have witnessed a significant revival in line with David Garlands research especially « The culture of control » in 2001, about the diversion to a more purnitive system in the late 90s. The research mainly focused on Europe and North-America, the data about the rest of the world being often static and/or based on very recent reports which could cause a Euro-centricity of the remarks linked to the evolution of these rates. The objective of this research is to complete the current research by taking into account the cases in arab speaking nations. Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Firstly, it consists of the review of existing historical datas on the evolution of incarceration in Arabic countries and on the obstacles of acquisition of such datas. Secondly, this research will attempt to articulate the current theories on the reasons of variations on incarceration, theories which were developped for Europe and North-America with the new data. The aim being to test three hypotheses: functional hypothesis, the hypothesis of Rusch and Kirchheimer and the authoritarian hypothesis

Natural disasters in Argentina and Chile played a significant role in the state-formation and nation-building process (1822-1939). This dissertation explores state and society responses to earthquakes by studying public and private relief efforts reconstruction plans, crime and disorder, religious interpretations of catastrophes, national and transnational cultures of disaster, science and technology, and popular politics. Although Argentina and Chile share a political border and geological boundary, the two countries provide contrasting examples of state formation. Most disaster relief and reconstruction efforts emanated from the centralized Chilean state in Santiago. In Argentina, provincial officials made the majority of decisions in a catastrophe’s aftermath. Patriotic citizens raised money and collected clothing for survivors that helped to weave divergent regions together into a nation. The shared experience of earthquakes in all regions of Chile created a national disaster culture. Similarly, common disaster experiences, reciprocal relief efforts, and aid commissions linked Chileans with Western Argentine societies and generated a transnational disaster culture. Political leaders viewed reconstruction as opportunities to implement their visions for the nation on the urban landscape. These rebuilding projects threatened existing social hierarchies and often failed to come to fruition. Rebuilding brought new technologies from Europe to the Southern Cone. New building materials and systems, however, had to be adapted to the South American economic and natural environment. In a catastrophe’s aftermath, newspapers projected images of disorder and the authorities feared lawlessness and social unrest. Judicial and criminal records, however, show that crime often decreased after a disaster. Finally, nineteenth-century earthquakes heightened antagonism and conflict between the Catholic Church and the state. Conservative clergy asserted that disasters were divine punishments for the state’s anti-clerical measures and later railed against scientific explanations of earthquakes.

Esta dissertação narra e discute a experiência de ouvir pessoas que já foram presas, para compreender como se conduzem e lidam com o que, cotidianamente, a mídia fala e faz falar sobre a criminalidade, reproduzindo conceitos, condutas e modos de existência. Esta pesquisa foi realizada utilizando-se a metodologia roda de conversa com egressos do sistema prisional, em espaço que possibilitou discussão e reflexão de valores, conceitos e percepções, viabilizando aos próprios participantes serem protagonistas no processo de subjetivar-se com o que foi produzido nessa troca. Para incentivar a discussão, a proposta foi a de utilizar notícias de jornal e programas televisivos ou de rádio apontados pelos participantes. Minhas intervenções foram no sentido de fomentar o debate e de valorizar o compartilhamento de ideias e a construção de alternativas de vida no coletivo. A pesquisa também visou a favorecer a produção de narrativas de histórias e de experiências como prática de liberdade e de estratégias de convivência social. Os resultados mais significativos da pesquisa remetem à regularidade de falas de acordo com os agrupamentos: Discriminação, preconceito e criminalização da pobreza; Política partidária e corrupção; Trabalho, educação, cidadania e qualidade de vida; e Direitos e assistencialismo. Na discussão teórica dos resultados, foram abordados o entendimento da criminalização da pobreza e os efeitos do processo de categorização e de construção identitária da população pobre como classe perigosa Os aspectos relativos a políticas de acesso à educação e ao trabalho como possibilidade de inserção social foram discutidos com base na legislação e no que remete à governamentalidade social. Foram observadas as diferenças no acesso a direitos, o impacto da corrupção para as relações da população com o Estado e a possível intensificação do assistencialismo. A fundamentação dos tópicos também considerou o entendimento de que a mídia desempenha papel relevante nesse processo de subjetivação ao ser parcial na veiculação dos assuntos que aborda e ao dar visibilidade a discursos hegemônicos. O estudo foi baseado na perspectiva foucaultiana para entender a relação saber-poder em jogo nos discursos e pensar poder como condução de condutas e como possibilidade de resistência. Por fim, o estudo considerou o conceito de narrativas e de experiência de Walter Benjamin como meio de proceder a rupturas nos discursos midiáticos e de possibilitar a criação de diferentes modos de existência. / This dissertation both narrates and discusses the experience of listening to people that have already been imprisoned, in order to understand how they conduct themselves and deal with what the media daily says and causes people to say about criminality, thus reproducing concepts, conducts and modes of existence. The Conversation Circle methodology was applied to people discharged from prison in a setting that favored the discussion and reflection on values, concepts and perceptions, by enabling the participants to play an important role in the process of subjectivation from what was produced in that exchange. The use of newspaper reports as well as radio and television programs referred by the participants was proposed to encourage the discussions. My interventions were aimed at fostering the debate and pointing out the importance of sharing ideas and designing living alternatives in the collective. The research also intended to favor the production of narratives of stories and experiences as a practice of freedom and strategies of social coexistence. The most significant research results evidenced regularity of the discourses in accordance with the following units: Discrimination, prejudice and criminalization of poverty; Partisan politics and corruption; Work, education, citizenship and quality of life; and Rights and assistentialism. The theoretical discussion about the results approached the understanding of the criminalization of poverty and the effects of the process of categorization and identity contruction of the poor as a dangerous class Aspects related to the policies for access to education and work as a possibility of social integration were discussed on the grounds of the legislation and social governmentality. Differences in the access to rights, the impact of corruption on the relationships between the population and the State, and the possible intensification of assistentialism were noticed. The foundations of the topics also considered the understanding that the media play an outstanding role in the subjectivation process by both being partial in spreading the issues they address and giving visibility to hegemonic discourses. The study was grounded on the Foucauldian perspective to understand the power-knowledge relation at stake in the discourses, regarding power as conduction of conducts and possibility of resistence. Finally, the study considered Walter Benjamin’s concept of narratives and experience as a means to cause disruptions in the media discourses and enable the creation of different modes of existence.

Children that are at risk for starting a criminal path in their adolescence is asocietal issue. It is the society’s responsibility to prevent juvenile delinquency.Social services are responsible to prevent this issue by providing support tochildren, to prohibit them from going down the wrong path. Social services needto collaborate with schools as it is the school’s duty to uncover who those kidsare. That is why it is very important for both parties to view this problem asequally serious, both professions are willing to cooperate and have a clearunderstanding of clues for kids that are within the risk zone. The aim of this studyis to analyse the different factors that encourage successful collaboration betweensocial services and schools. Based on this research two questions are left to beformulated; ‘’What risk factors can be recognized by the school staff and socialworkers in a timely manner that signals a child being in the risk zone?’’ and‘’what prerequisites are needed for a successful collaboration between socialservices and the school regarding juvenile delinquencies?’’ To achieve thepurpose of this study, I have chosen a systematic literature review as method. Thestudy consists of 13 objective peer reviewed articles, books that touch on thematter of the subject and reports written by the National board of health andwelfare. The material has been analyzed on the basis of the theory of discretionand social constructivism. This study’s findings are that a successful collaborationrequires good communication and clear accountability. Through this partnershipchildren will early on be provided with coordinated efforts but that would requirethe school staff to be mindful of signs such as change in behavior and poorperformance in school. These signals are and will be of to use by social workers