This thesis is an ethnography of a community of professional thieves called the Kanjar-a 'caste of thieves' by practice, public perception and self-designation-in the northern Indian province of Rajasthan. It is also an argument that spells out the broader logic of rank in local society. Insofar as it offers the first ethnography of the Kanjar community- and of caste-based, professional, hereditary theft-this study is new. My analytical concern with hierarchy and rank, however, is old, engaging in the once central, and now largely out-fashioned, discussion in the sociology of South Asia. My project began with a narrow set of concerns with the place of thieving and thieves in local society. In the course of my fieldwork, however, it became apparent that the received wisdom of South Asian sociology regarding the principles of rank did not offer useful explanatory tools and that a different conception of rank was necessary to make sense of what I observed, both about the social position of Kanjars and the hierarchical social formation at large. As is so often the case, what began as a study of historically and sociologically particular circumstances became an inquiry into the pervasive regnant aspects of the local order of things.

Jusqu’à maintenant, la prison a surtout été analysée à partir du point de vue des détenus et celui des surveillants comme si le vécu de l’enfermement et la relation détenus-surveillants étaient les seuls points de vue permettant d’en apprendre sur ce qu’elle est et d’en saisir le fonctionnement. Nous pensons, pour notre part, que d’autres points de vue sont possibles, voire même souhaitables. C’est le cas, notamment, de celui des enseignants qui exercent leur métier en prison. Bien que théoriquement en mesure d’offrir un complément intéressant aux fonctions de dissuasion et de réinsertion sociale que la prison remplit difficilement à elle seule, le projet éducatif carcéral constitue une activité plus ou moins marginalisée qui est ramenée au niveau des autres activités pénitentiaires. Au premier chef, c’est à la prison que nous sommes tentés d’en imputer la responsabilité et, de fait, elle y est pour quelque chose. D’abord conçue pour neutraliser des criminels, il lui est difficile de les éduquer en même temps. Mais cette marginalisation, nous le verrons, n’est pas le seul fait de la prison. Elle tient aussi beaucoup au mandat qu’ils se donnent et à la façon dont les enseignants se représentent leur travail. S’étant eux-mêmes défini un mandat ambitieux de modelage et de remodelage de la personnalité de leurs élèves délinquants détenus, prérequis, selon eux, à un retour harmonieux dans la collectivité, les enseignants déplorent qu’on ne leur accorde pas toute la crédibilité qui devrait leur revenir. Cette situation est d’autant plus difficile à vivre, qu’à titre de travailleurs contractuels pour la plupart, ils sont déjà, aux yeux du personnel correctionnel, objets d’une méfiance qui sera d’autant plus grande que, pour effectuer leur travail, ils doivent se faire une représentation du délinquant et du délit peu compatibles avec celles qui prévalent dans le milieu. C’est ainsi qu’à la marginalisation comme fait organisationnel se superpose une auto-marginalisation, incontournable, qui est le fait des enseignants eux-mêmes et qui se traduit par leur attitude de réserve à l’égard de la prison. La chose est d’autant plus paradoxale que le mandat que se donnent les enseignants, bien qu’ils s’en gardent de le dire, correspond tout à fait au projet correctionnel. Mais la prison, davantage préoccupée par la gestion du risque que par la réinsertion sociale des détenus, n’a d’intérêt pour l’éducation en milieu carcéral que dans la mesure où elle permet une socialisation à l’idéologie pénitentiaire et contribue à consolider la paix à l’intérieur des murs avec la complicité des enseignants eux-mêmes. Du reste, ces derniers ne sont pas dupes et lui en font grief, encore qu’il soit permis de nous demander si on ne lui reproche pas, plus simplement, de ne pas leur donner toute la place qu’ils croient leur revenir et de les laisser suspendus dans le vide carcéral. / Until now, the prison has been analyzed, primarily, from the prisoners and warders points of view as if the reality of confinement and the prison-warder relationship were the only likely opinions that could allow us to learn how the prison operates and thus understand its function. On the contrary, we think that other points of view are not only possible but even desirable. In particular, this is the case for teachers who are working in prisons. Although theoretically being able to offer an interesting complement to the functions of dissuasion and social rehabilitation that the prison fills with difficulty, the prison educational project constitutes a more or less marginalized activity which is brought down to the level of other penitentiary activities. At its highest degree, we are tempted to charge the prison with responsibility for it; and, in fact, a prison does have a certain liability in this matter. Initially conceived to neutralize criminals, it is difficult for the prison to educate them at the same time as pointed out by the sociology of organizations. This marginalization, we will see, is not solely that of the prison but also in the way in which the teachers perceive their work and the mandate which they assign themselves. Prison teachers have defined, for themselves, an ambitious mandate of modeling and remodeling the personalities of their delinquent pupils, a prerequisite, according to them, for a harmonious return to the community. It is an ambitious mandate for which they feel that they do not receive the respect they deserve. This situation is made all the more difficult because, as contractual workers for the majority, they are, in the eyes of the correctional staff, more or less objects of mistrust. This feeling is increased by the fact that the teachers, in order to carry out their work, develop a portrait of the delinquent and offence that is not very compatible with that which prevails in the prison environment. Thus, this marginalization as an organizational fact superimposes a self-marginalization, impossible to circumvent, which is true of the teachers themselves and which results in their attitude of detachment toward the prison. It is all the more paradoxical that the mandate the teachers give themselves, although they take great care to not say it, corresponds completely with that of the correctional project. Even though the prison is more preoccupied with the risk management of its prisoners rather than their social rehabilitation, it does have an interest in education in prison but only insofar as it merges with penitentiary ideology and contributes to a consolidated peace inside the walls made complicit by the teachers themselves. The latter are not easily deceived and object to this point of view and we may ask ourselves whether their criticism of the prison is simply because the prison does not provide them with the required space they believe they should occupy thus leaving them suspended in a vacuum that is the correctional system.

Capital jurisdiction, criminality and everyday life on domain of Náchod and in king's town Nymburk between the years 1513-1618 In this diploma paper I dealt with criminality and everyday life on the early modern domain of Náchod and in the king's town Nymburk between the years 1513-1620. Firstly I tried to describe how the town councils worked and with which central regulations they operated. Secondly I did the statistic quatification of all criminal delicts which are mentioned in "pitch" or "black" books of Náchod and Nymburk and other materials of court provenance. Then I compared court causes from other "pitch"/ "black" books which were published in the past with material from Náchod's and Nymburk's archive. I managed to use modern historical methods such as microhistory and historical anthropology to show which postures took early modern society to different types of criminal delicts or problematic phenomenona like sexual life before marriage, suicide, rape or witchcraft. In connection with this I tried to clear up why were criminal delicts like infanticide or witchcraft punished with such a brutal death penalty. As well as this I attempted to describe in details the fact that punishment was not irreversible. The town council was very open to requests of mercy especially if a priest or a clerk of local...

Utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer redogörs i denna studie för 12 före detta brottsaktiva kvinnors livsberättelser med fokus på hur deras brottsaktiva perioder påbörjades och hur de tog sig ur dem. Studien fokuserar även på hur kvinnorna själva såg på sina identiteter samt hur deras upplevelser kan förstås ur ett genusperspektiv. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån Hirschis teori om sociala band, Sutherlands teori om differentiell association, Goffmans teorier om roll, identitet och stigma samt Messerschmidts begrepp om genus, maskuliniteter och femininiteter. I resultatet framkom bland annat att trauman i barndomen bidragit till att kvinnorna börjat begå brott. Dessa trauman gjorde att de sökte sig till likasinnade och fick en chans att forma sin identitet. Alla kvinnor hade också någon form av missbruk vilket var den största orsaken till det kriminella livet. Kvinnorna tog sig ur sina brottsaktiva perioder först när situationen blev ohållbar och de fick nog av sin kriminalitet och sitt missbruk. Den egna viljan tycks vara nyckeln, både till att påbörja men också avsluta sitt kriminella leverne. Gällande genusskillnader framkommer det att rättsväsendet och de kriminella själva tycks behandla kriminella kvinnor annorlunda jämfört med kriminella män. I regel handlar detta om att ett feminint genus alltid är underordnat ett maskulint genus. Flera av kvinnorna i studien förklarade att de intagit ett maskulint genus för att klara sig i den kriminella världen. En brottsaktiv man tycks uppfylla den mest idealiserade formen av manlighet medan en brottsaktiv kvinna anses bryta alla normer gällande femininitet. / Based on qualitative interviews, this study outlines the lives of 12 former criminal women, with a focus on how their criminal lives came about and subsequently ended. The study also focuses on how they saw their identities as well as the ways in which their experiences could be understood through a gender perspective. The interviews have been analyzed using Hirschi's theory of social bond, Sutherland's theory of differential association, Goffman's theories about roles, identity and stigma and Messerschmidt's concepts about gender, masculinities and femininities. The results show that childhood trauma contributed to the beginning of a criminal career for all interviewees; leading the women to seek interaction with likeminded people and thus contributing to the development of identity. All participants in this study state that they ended their criminal career when they felt that their addiction as well as the situation itself was unbearable. The individual choice seems to be key; both with regard to initiating, as well as ending the criminal lifestyle. With regard to the gender aspect, this study lends evidence towards the notion that the judiciary system, as well as the criminals themselves, treats females differently from males. The feminine gender seems to be portrayed as subordinate to the masculine gender. Several of the participants admit to an adaptation of a masculine role in order to survive in the criminal world. A criminal man appears to meet the most idealized form of masculinity whilst a criminal woman goes against all the expectations of femininity.

Environmental offences committed by legal entities Abstract This thesis deals with the Czech criminal law protection of the environment and its development in relation to legal entities. The main importance for this thesis is found in Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution effective since the January 1, 2012, which brought new institute of criminal liability of legal entities into the legal system of the Czech Republic. Although, there had been several changes, imperfections still occur in connection with this institute. Furthermore, this thesis concerns on Act No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code and international and EU regulations related to the environment. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether the criminal liability is a suitable and effective tool to protect the environment. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter provides explanation of concepts essential for the thesis, especially the concept of legal entity in the applicable law and the concept of environment, it also deals with environmental protection and it sources in national, EU and international regulation. The second chapter focuses on adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution and the circumstances before the...

A presente dissertação trata da dupla incriminação como condição para a extradição. A dupla incriminação surgiu nos contornos da gramática da extradição, com fundamento na aplicação da legalidade penal e em razões de reciprocidade. Atualmente, também se diz que a dupla incriminação embasa-se no princípio da solidariedade internacional. Todos os 27 tratados de extradição assinados pela República Federativa do Brasil possuem a cláusula da dupla incriminação em seus textos. O Supremo Tribunal Federal considera a dupla incriminação nas ações de extradição sob o viés da legalidade penal e mediante exame acurado dos elementos constitutivos do crime objeto da solicitação estrangeira. O Modelo de Tratado de Extradição da ONU recomenda que não se examine os elementos constitutivos do crime no conceito da dupla incriminação, a qual deve ser compreendida no seu sentido in abstrato. No âmbito da União Européia a dupla incriminação deixou de ser obrigatória para o rol de delitos previstos na Decisão-quadro n. 2002/584. O atual modelo de extradição no Brasil no tocante à dupla incriminação não alcança a efetiva proteção do indivíduo, tampouco reforça a cooperação internacional ou mesmo garante à vítima seu direito fundamental de acesso à Justiça. / The current research concerning to double criminality as a condition to extradition. The double criminality was emerged in the contours of the grammar extradition, was based on the application of criminal legality and reciprocity. Currently also says that the double criminality is based on the international solidarity principle. All of the twenty-seven treaties signed by Federative Republic of Brazil have the requirement of double criminality in their texts. The Brazilian Supreme Court takes into account the double criminality under the bias of the criminal legality and the scrutiny of crimes elements, which are subject the foreign requirement. The UN Draft Extradition Treaty recommends do not assess crimes elements under the double criminality concept, which might understand in the sense of in abstract. Within the European Union the double criminality is not obligatory requirement for some offences established in the Framework Decision n. 2002/584. The current Brazilian extradition model regarding double criminality not achieve the effective individual protection nether reinforces the international cooperation in criminal matters nor even ensures that victim his fundamental right of access to Justice.

O objetivo geral desta tese, composta por três artigos, é analisar as causas da criminalidade. As análises são feitas sob a ótica da Economia do Crime. Os dois primeiros artigos são independentes, mas complementares. Neles se busca lançar luz sobre as possíveis causas da queda do crime na cidade São Paulo. A ênfase recai na política de desarmamento dos cidadãos, no desempenho da Polícia e nas condições econômicas, em particular do mercado de trabalho. No primeiro deles, o objetivo é avaliar o efeito do Estatuto do Desarmamento sobre a criminalidade letal. Para isso foram utilizados dados de séries temporais da cidade de São Paulo na aplicação de uma metodologia de análise de intervenção. A hipótese de que a política de desarmamento causou redução na taxa de crimes letais não é rejeitada. Partindo dessa evidência, no segundo artigo o principal objetivo é investigar possíveis causas da significativa redução da criminalidade na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de uma análise de cointegração evidenciaram-se relações de longo prazo entre crime, atividade econômica e desempenho da Polícia. Os resultados indicam que a taxa de crimes letais é positivamente relacionada ao desemprego, negativamente relacionada ao salário real e negativamente relacionada aos resultados das atividades de polícia, especificamente prisões e apreensão de armas de fogo. Ademais, não é rejeitada a hipótese de que o Estatuto do Desarmamento causou redução na taxa de crimes letais, reforçando a conclusão feita no primeiro artigo desta tese. No terceiro artigo, o foco das análises passa a ser os determinantes do risco de vitimização criminal. O objetivo é investigar os efeitos da riqueza dos indivíduos no risco de serem vítimas de crimes contra a propriedade, em particular crimes de furto/roubo a residência e furto/roubo a pessoa. Em termos específicos, o intuito é investigar se a relação entre risco de vitimização e riqueza pode ser descrita por uma parábola com concavidade voltada para baixo. São utilizados os dados de duas pesquisas domiciliares de vitimização realizadas na cidade de São Paulo na estimação de modelos probit. Os resultados das estimações indicaram que a riqueza dos indivíduos é um dos determinantes do risco de vitimização criminal a propriedade. Ademais, evidenciou-se que o risco de vitimização cresce com a riqueza, mas atinge um ponto de máximo, a partir do qual se reduz para níveis de riqueza mais elevados. / This three-article PhD thesis aims to investigate the causes of crime using an economic approach. The first two articles are independent, but complementary. In these articles, the objective is to shed light on possible causes of reductions in the crime rate in Sao Paulo city, focusing on the citizen disarmament policy, police performance, economic conditions and, particularly, the labor market. In the first article, the objective is assessing the effect of the Disarmament Statute on lethal crime rates. For this purpose, we used time-series data for Sao Paulo city in applying an intervention analysis methodology. The hypothesis that the disarmament policy led to a decline in the lethal crime rate is not rejected. Based on this evidence, the main objective of the second article is to investigate possible causes for the significant reduction observed in crime rates in Sao Paulo city. By applying a cointegration analysis, we observed long-run relationships between crime, economic activity and police performance. The results indicate that the lethal crime rate is positively related to unemployment and negatively related to real wages and to the results of law-enforcement activities, specifically arrests and seizure of firearms. Moreover, the hypothesis that the Disarmament Statute led to a reduction in the lethal crime rate is not rejected, reinforcing the conclusion arrived at in the first article of this thesis. In the third article, the focus of the analysis shifts to the determinants of criminal victimization. In this study, the objective is to investigate the effects of the wealth of individuals on the risk of becoming victims of property crimes, particularly crimes of theft/robbery of residence and theft/robbery of person. Specifically, its aim is to investigate whether the relationship between wealth and victimization risk can be described by a concave down parabola. Data from two household surveys on victimization held in Sao Paulo were used to estimate probit models. It became evident that the wealth of individuals is one of the determinants of victimization risk. And it was found that criminal victimization risk increases with wealth, but that it reaches a maximum point from which it decreases as wealth levels increase.

O presente trabalho visa compreender o processo da emerg?ncia dos jovens moEURambicanos na experi?ncia do assalto ^ mo armada na cidade de Lichinga. Para tanto, recorreuse a entrevistas, observaEURo direta e reportagens jornal?sticas como ferramentas anal?ticas. O estudo + composto por dois eixos de an...lise complementares: macrossociol,,gico e microssociol,,gico. O primeiro eixo aborda as mudanEURas sociais, econ,micas e pol?ticas por que passou a sociedade moEURambicana no per?odo de 1975 a 1990. Tendo como objetivo compreender como essas mudanEURas influenciaram os padr?es de comportamento juvenil e a emerg?ncia dos jovens na experi?ncia do assalto ^ mo armada. O segundo eixo + centrado na construEURo dos perfis das carreiras na vida criminal de seis jovens assaltantes carcerados na cadeia provincial do Niassa, localizada na cidade de Lichinga, com o intuito de perceber quem so esses jovens que optam por essa modalidade criminosa e por que os mesmos enveredam pelo mundo do crime e da viol?ncia, mais propriamente do assalto ^ mo armada. A reflexo que perpassa os dois eixos coloca em discusso a circulaEURo de armas de fogo utilizado na guerra civil, a corrupEURo policial e a desigualdade social como fatores explicativos centrais da emerg?ncia dos jovens moEURambicanos na experi?ncia do assalto ^ mo armada. / The present work aims to understand the process of the emergency of the young mozambicans in the experience of the armed hand assault in the city of Lichinga. In this case, were used interviews, direct observation and journalistic news articles as analytical tools. The study is composed of two complementary axles of analysis: macrosociological and microsociological. The first axle approaches social, economic and political changes between the periods from 1975 up to 1990. Having as objective to understand how these changes influenced the standards of the young people behavior and the emergency of the young people in the experience of the armed hand assault. The second axle is centered in the construction of the careers profiles in the criminal life of six young assaltants arrested in the provincial penitentiary of the Niassa, located in the city of Lichinga, with intention to perceive who are these young people that opt in this criminal modality and why the same ones follow the world of the crime and violence, more properly the armed hand assault. The reflection that goes into the two axles places in discussion the circulation of firearms used in the civil war, the police corruption and the social inaquality as central clarifying factors for the emergency of the young mozambicans in the experience of the assault by armed hand.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T19:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 7 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho analisa a violência e a criminalidade que se fizeram presentes na fronteira sul do Brasil, situada à oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na qual o município de Alegrete ocupou uma função geoestratégica relevante. Nesse sentido trabalhamos com as seguintes hipóteses: a fronteira do Alegrete, durante o período focalizado (1852 a 1864), não esteve marcada apenas pela intensidade dos intercâmbios comerciais e pela paz na política externa. Ela serviu como resistência social aos setores marginalizados da campanha oeste sul-rio-grandense, diante da nova ordem capitalista que se impunha nessa área, com a privatização da terra e dos rebanhos. Sendo assim, ela foi reduto de uma intensa movimentação de pessoas, de violência e de atos criminosos; a fronteira oeste da Província de São Pedro, entre os anos de 1852 a 1864, não foi reconhecida pela população da campanha como um limite às suas ações econômicas e sociais. Essa forma e uso desse território foram reencontrados pelos agentes sociais, caracterizand

O poder judiciário ocupava, como ainda ocupa, uma posição privilegiada na estrutura de poder do Estado como executor de normas e leis, ou seja, estava encarregado de aplicar a lei e a justiça. Isto é, o poder judiciário era o poder do Estado que vigiava, controlava e punia ricos e pobres, senhores e escravos, brancos e mulatos, homens e mulheres; em suma, era uma extensão do Estado nos sertões do Brasil. Este é um estudo das práticas da justiça no médio sertão do Rio São Francisco, no qual procuramos evidenciar que se formou no norte de Minas Gerais durante o século XIX uma sociedade civil orientada por valores e normas de condutas que nem sempre correspondiam àquelas preconizadas pelo poder judiciário. Nele analisamos a estrutura e a organização do poder judiciário estudando processos-crime de homicídio perpetrados pelos moradores dessa região sãofranciscana. A cidade de Montes Claros e a microregião circunvizinha apresentou regularidades e padrões sóciohistóricos comuns ao caipira do interior paulista, estudado com rigor e brilhantismo por Antonio Candido. Os crimes de homicídio praticados nesta região revelaram os limites e as possibilidades do \"Império da Lei\". Ao interpretarmos as práticas criminais dos moradores da região constatamos, porém, que há diferenças importantes em relação ao caipira. O estudo assinala os aspectos similares e os dissonantes entre os dois tipos humanos dos sertões. Apontamos também as continuidades, as permanências e as rupturas nas praticas de organização e funcionamento do poder judiciário. Neste estudo os agentes e seus procedimentos, as unidades prisionais e de reabilitação, os discursos dos gestores e administradores, enfim, vários aspectos de planejamento, administração e gestão da justiça são analisados. Por um lado, fazemos isso para mostrar o poder judiciário em ação, em movimento e em funcionamento. Por outro, o próprio funcionamento do poder explicita os seus limites, contradições e ambivalências. Todo esse processo ocultava o baixo nível de penetração do Estado em Montes Claros e região. É claro que a presença cada dia mais marcante do poder judiciário na vida cotidiana do sertanejo se tornaria uma realidade. Mas, a penetração do aparato da justiça na região engendrou momentos distintos entre 1830 e 1880. Procuramos destacar esses momentos e avaliar o grau de amadurecimento do ordenamento jurídicopolitico brasileiro e mineiro. Discutimos as limitações das interpretações que opõem sociedade civil e Estado; e aquelas que opõem litoral e interior. Fizemos uma interpretação das áreas de sertão procurando não cair nas armadilhas que associam sertão à barbárie e litoral à civilização, interior à arcaico e litoral à civilização. Este estudo busca entender as conformações sócio-históricas e civilizacionais do Brasil. Ao apresentarmos essa versão da história da justiça no sertão norte-mineiro, durante o século XIX, pretendemos ir um pouco mais além, se alcançamos o intento, somente estudos e interpretações mais detalhadas poderão dizer. / The judicial power took up, as it still does, a privileged position in the State power structure as the executor of rules and laws, that is, it was in charge of putting law and justice into practice. Thus, the judicial power was effectively the State power that watched, controlled and punished the rich and the poor, masters and slaves, whites and mulattoes, men and women; to sum up, it was a branch of the State in the Brazilian sertões. The present thesis is a study of the practices of justice in the sertão in which we intend to emphasize that in the nineteenth century northern Minas Gerais a civil society, oriented by values and rules of conduct that did not always correspond to those commended by the judicial power, was formed. We also analize the structure and the organization of the judicial power through the study of homicide charges pressed by the inhabitants of São Francisco region. The city of Montes Claros and its surrounding microregion showed social and historical patterns as well as regularities usually associated with the caipira from the interior of São Paulo who, on his turn, has been rigourously and brilliantly studied by Antonio Cândido. The homicides commited in this region revealed the limits and possibilities of the \"Empire of the Law\". As we interpret the criminal practices among the inhabitants of the formerly mentioned region we verify that there are significant differences in relation to the caipira. This study points out the similar and the dissonant aspects concerning these two human types of the sertões. Also, we point out the continuities, permanences and ruptures in the practices of organization and functioning of the judicial power. Agents and their proceedings, prisons and reinstatement units and the discourse of the managers are analized, that is, the distinct aspects of the planning and the administration of justice. On the one hand, we aim at showing the judicial power put into full practice. On the other hand, the very running of power displays its limits, contradictions and ambivalences. The whole process hid the low level of penetration of the State in Montes Claros and surroundings. Obviously, the striking and evergrowing presence of the judicial power in the everyday life of the sertanejo would become a reality. However, the penetration the State apparatus in that region engendered distinct moments between 1830 and 1880 which we aim at highlighting and evaluating the level of maturity of the judicial and political ordinance in Brazil and Minas. Finally, we discuss the restraints of the interpretations that oppose civil society against State, coast against interior. An interpretation of the sertão areas has been carried out avoiding the usual misleading comparisons that associate sertão with barbarism, interior with archaic and coast with civilization, since we assume that in order to understand the Brazilian social and historical conformation it is necessary to go beyond that. This study is our version of the history of justice in the sertão of northern Minas in the nineteenth century. Only more detailed studies or interpretations will tell if it is appropriate or not.