Methadone Maintenance treatment of compulsive opioid addiction was started by the study of Dole and Nyswander (1965) and has subsequently been replicated in programs throughout the world. Methadone treatment has become the most effective modality for the treatment of chronic heroin addiction. In 1966 a Swedish National methadone maintenance program was opened at the Psychiatric Research Center, Ulleråker hospital at Uppsala. The aim of this thesis was to study the outcome of methadone treatment along various lines: • An open randomised controlled study comparing the efficacy of methadone treatment and drug free treatment in 34 heroin addicts, 20-24 years of age. • Before/after comparisons of rehabilitation among 345 heroin addicts admitted during the 23 years when this was a centralised National program. • Retention in treatment. <b>Study subjects, methods and treatment goals: </b>Subjects underwent an admission procedure when background data was collected through hospital records, and personal interviews. Therapeutic efforts focused on vocational rehabilitation, i.e. a return to full-time work or studies, hoping to make patients abandon their drug addict’s life-style and make them socially accepted and self-supporting. <b>Results: </b>Thirty-four heroin addicts with a history of 4-8 years of heroin use were randomly assigned either to methadone treatment (17) or an untreated control group (17). The controls could not apply for methadone treatment until two years later. Outcome after six years observation showed that 81% became free of drug abuse, while the corresponding figure for the controls was only 1/17 (6%). The mean yearly death rate for the controls was 7.2%. Likewise, among the total material of 345 heroin addicts, 70-80% of the patients became engaged in work or studies, a significant increase compared with the situation before treatment (1.7%). The program was an effective reducer of illicit heroin use and criminality among its patients and prevented the occurrence of HIV infection among patients in long-term methadone treatment. The average one-year retention during 1967-1989 was 90% and cumulative retention showed that 29% were still in treatment 10 years after admission. <b>Conclusion: </b>The present results emphasise the importance of vocational rehabilitation and support in a treatment strategy based on long-term maintenance therapy.

The purpose with this study was to describe and analyse the daily activities of a criminal group in a southern suburb of Stockholm, Norra Botkyrka, and their attitude to drugs, the police, crimes in general, accomplices and their plans for the future. The study is a combination of different qualitative methods that is built on unobtrusive methods and interviews that was carried out during winter in 2006 and spring in 2007 and six interviews. My interest to carry out this study was grounded on my several years of experience as a prison and probation officer in the prison. I chose to “live” with a group of criminals and participated in some of their social activities. The respondents that I chose to call “anti-heroes” proudly tell me about their criminal lifestyle that characterizes of violence, drugs, crimes and conflict where this people show no regret. The readers of this study will be able to do an insight into the criminals’ daily activities. I choose to describe the respondents tough and “tragically” growth and their attitude to the drugs, conflicts, the police, accomplices, women, future and their spot in society. The results of this study will show that the majority of the respondents had a bad growth and comes from torn families, where the most of them began early with drugs and crimes. The organisation of the gang gives a shifting view from what appears to be an organised and structured gang to a disorderly gang with a lot of conflicts. The respondents are so hardly anchored to their criminal lifestyle that an adjustment to normal life, for the majority of them, is next to impossible.

The aim of this study was to examine how "Professional Exes", individuals that have exited a drug abuse and a criminal career and further are educated to work in the addiction field, transformed their identity and which factors that were significant in the process. The result of this study are based on semi-structured interviews with five Professional Exes and shows which specific factors in the process that contributed to the transformation and what kind of difficulties and barriers that existed during the process. The study suggests that, among other things, identification with others exes and the 12 Step Program are significant factors in the process. Furthermore, the study suggests that a difficulty in the transformation is that residues from the previous identity such as a poor self-esteem occurred in some situations.

Pirmoje darbo dalyje aptariama asmens privataus gyvenimo ir jo neliečiamumo samprata ir turinys šiuolaikinėje nacionalinėje konstitucinėje, baudžiamojoje, administracinėje bei civilinėje, taip pat tarptautinėje teisėje, analizuojamos šios teisės užtikrinimo bei ribojimo teisinės priemonės, bei jų reglamentavimas šiandieninėje Lietuvos teisėje. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pateikiama asmens privataus gyvenimo neliečiamumo baudžiamoji teisinė charakteristika, visų pirma analizuojant baudžiamojo įstatymo uždraustų veikų, nukreiptų prieš asmens privataus gyvenimo neliečiamumą, sudėtis bei aptariant baudžiamąją teisinę kvalifikaciją. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje pateikiama praktinio sociologinio tyrimo bei kriminalinės statistikos rezultatų apžvalga, bei šių duomenų analizės metu nustatytos veikų, nukreiptų prieš asmens privataus gyvenimo neliečiamumą, baudžiamumo vertinimas skirtingų visuomenės grupių atstovų tarpe, išskiriant baudžiamosios atsakomybės už šios kategorijos nusikaltimus baudžiamojo teisinio vertinimo (kvalifikacijos) bei praktinio taikymo, taip pat šių veikų kriminalizavimo vertinimo problemas, pateikiant pasiūlymus galimam jų sprendimui. / The first part of the paper is analysing the concept and content of immunity of personal privacy in present national Constitutional, Criminal, Administrative and Civil law, as well as in International law. As well legal restriction of this right and regulations of these legal measures in nowadays Lithuania law being analysed. Second part of the paper describes criminal legal characteristics of actions against immunity of personal privacy focusing on analysis of criminal composition of offences directed against immunity of personal privacy as well discussing its criminal qualification. The third part of presented work reveals data gained during sociological research and observing results of criminal statistic concerning the offences against immunity of personal privacy and the way groups of society ranks these offences as a criminal, emphasizing problems related with theirs criminal qualification and evaluation as well as with the attitude of different groups of society about criminalisation of these kind of offences. At the end of presented paper suggestions on solving revealed problems being presented.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe, analizuojant įvairius registruoto nusikalstamumo rodiklius, įvertinta didžiųjų Lietuvos miestų nusikalstamumo padėtis. Darbe aptarta nusikalstamumo samprata, teritorinių nusikalstamumo tyrimų aktualumas. Antroji darbo dalis skirta nusikalstamumo paplitimo Lietuvos didžiuosiuose miestuose analizei, nagrinėjamos pagrindinės nusikalstamos veikos. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje analizuojami asmenys, padarę nusikalstamas veikas. Magistro baigiamojo darbo paskutiniojoje dalyje apžvelgiamas nusikalstamumo priežastingumas bei socialinių reiškinių įtaka nusikalstamumui. / Registered criminality indicators are described in master’s thesis and the situation of criminality in large Lithuanian urban centres are evaluated. Criminality conception and the relevance of theoretical researches about criminality are discussed in this work. Second part of the work analyses the distribution of criminality in large Lithuanian urban centres and basic criminal acts. In the third part of the work people that made criminal acts are analyzed. And in the last part of this work causality of criminality and the influence of social phenomenon to criminality are reviewed.

Jusqu’à maintenant, la prison a surtout été analysée à partir du point de vue des détenus et celui des surveillants comme si le vécu de l’enfermement et la relation détenus-surveillants étaient les seuls points de vue permettant d’en apprendre sur ce qu’elle est et d’en saisir le fonctionnement. Nous pensons, pour notre part, que d’autres points de vue sont possibles, voire même souhaitables. C’est le cas, notamment, de celui des enseignants qui exercent leur métier en prison. Bien que théoriquement en mesure d’offrir un complément intéressant aux fonctions de dissuasion et de réinsertion sociale que la prison remplit difficilement à elle seule, le projet éducatif carcéral constitue une activité plus ou moins marginalisée qui est ramenée au niveau des autres activités pénitentiaires. Au premier chef, c’est à la prison que nous sommes tentés d’en imputer la responsabilité et, de fait, elle y est pour quelque chose. D’abord conçue pour neutraliser des criminels, il lui est difficile de les éduquer en même temps. Mais cette marginalisation, nous le verrons, n’est pas le seul fait de la prison. Elle tient aussi beaucoup au mandat qu’ils se donnent et à la façon dont les enseignants se représentent leur travail. S’étant eux-mêmes défini un mandat ambitieux de modelage et de remodelage de la personnalité de leurs élèves délinquants détenus, prérequis, selon eux, à un retour harmonieux dans la collectivité, les enseignants déplorent qu’on ne leur accorde pas toute la crédibilité qui devrait leur revenir. Cette situation est d’autant plus difficile à vivre, qu’à titre de travailleurs contractuels pour la plupart, ils sont déjà, aux yeux du personnel correctionnel, objets d’une méfiance qui sera d’autant plus grande que, pour effectuer leur travail, ils doivent se faire une représentation du délinquant et du délit peu compatibles avec celles qui prévalent dans le milieu. C’est ainsi qu’à la marginalisation comme fait organisationnel se superpose une auto-marginalisation, incontournable, qui est le fait des enseignants eux-mêmes et qui se traduit par leur attitude de réserve à l’égard de la prison. La chose est d’autant plus paradoxale que le mandat que se donnent les enseignants, bien qu’ils s’en gardent de le dire, correspond tout à fait au projet correctionnel. Mais la prison, davantage préoccupée par la gestion du risque que par la réinsertion sociale des détenus, n’a d’intérêt pour l’éducation en milieu carcéral que dans la mesure où elle permet une socialisation à l’idéologie pénitentiaire et contribue à consolider la paix à l’intérieur des murs avec la complicité des enseignants eux-mêmes. Du reste, ces derniers ne sont pas dupes et lui en font grief, encore qu’il soit permis de nous demander si on ne lui reproche pas, plus simplement, de ne pas leur donner toute la place qu’ils croient leur revenir et de les laisser suspendus dans le vide carcéral. / Until now, the prison has been analyzed, primarily, from the prisoners and warders points of view as if the reality of confinement and the prison-warder relationship were the only likely opinions that could allow us to learn how the prison operates and thus understand its function. On the contrary, we think that other points of view are not only possible but even desirable. In particular, this is the case for teachers who are working in prisons. Although theoretically being able to offer an interesting complement to the functions of dissuasion and social rehabilitation that the prison fills with difficulty, the prison educational project constitutes a more or less marginalized activity which is brought down to the level of other penitentiary activities. At its highest degree, we are tempted to charge the prison with responsibility for it; and, in fact, a prison does have a certain liability in this matter. Initially conceived to neutralize criminals, it is difficult for the prison to educate them at the same time as pointed out by the sociology of organizations. This marginalization, we will see, is not solely that of the prison but also in the way in which the teachers perceive their work and the mandate which they assign themselves. Prison teachers have defined, for themselves, an ambitious mandate of modeling and remodeling the personalities of their delinquent pupils, a prerequisite, according to them, for a harmonious return to the community. It is an ambitious mandate for which they feel that they do not receive the respect they deserve. This situation is made all the more difficult because, as contractual workers for the majority, they are, in the eyes of the correctional staff, more or less objects of mistrust. This feeling is increased by the fact that the teachers, in order to carry out their work, develop a portrait of the delinquent and offence that is not very compatible with that which prevails in the prison environment. Thus, this marginalization as an organizational fact superimposes a self-marginalization, impossible to circumvent, which is true of the teachers themselves and which results in their attitude of detachment toward the prison. It is all the more paradoxical that the mandate the teachers give themselves, although they take great care to not say it, corresponds completely with that of the correctional project. Even though the prison is more preoccupied with the risk management of its prisoners rather than their social rehabilitation, it does have an interest in education in prison but only insofar as it merges with penitentiary ideology and contributes to a consolidated peace inside the walls made complicit by the teachers themselves. The latter are not easily deceived and object to this point of view and we may ask ourselves whether their criticism of the prison is simply because the prison does not provide them with the required space they believe they should occupy thus leaving them suspended in a vacuum that is the correctional system.

Šio baigiamojo darbo tema „Nusikalstamumas Kretingos rajono kaimuose“. Nusikalstamumas yra socialinių pokyčių ir socialinio gyvenimo dalis. Jis laikomas normaliu reiškiniu, kuris egzistuoja kiekvienoje visuomenėje. Tirti nusikalstamumą yra būtina, kadangi nusikalstamumo masto žinojimas leidžia taikyti efektyvią prevenciją. Šio tyrimo tikslas- nusikalstamumo Kretingos rajono kaimuose analizė 2006- 2010 m. Tyrimo objektas- nusikalstamumas Lietuvoje. Darbo tikslui pasiekti buvo išsikelti šie uždaviniai: atskleisti nusikalstamumo sampratą, išanalizuoti socialinius nusikalstamumo faktorius, ištirti registruoto nusikalstamumo kiekybinius ir kokybinius rodiklius Kretingos rajono kaimuose, ištirti nusikalstamų veikų pasiskirstymą pagal objektą, pateikti užregistruotų įtariamų (kaltinamų) asmenų kriminologinę charakteristiką, aptarti nusikalstamumo Kretingos rajone priežastis ir prevenciją. Nusikalstamumas laikomas pavojingu visuomenei procesu, kuris pasireiškia konkrečioje teritorijoje tam tikru laiku. Nusikalstamumą lemia daugybė faktorių. 2006- 2010 m. nusikalstamumas Kretingos rajono kaimuose augo. Labiausiai paplitusios buvo turtinio pobūdžio nusikalstamos veikos. Absoliuti dauguma tarp visų įtariamų (kaltinamų) asmenų buvo vyrai, nedirbantys ir niekur nesimokantys piliečiai. Nusikalstamumas Kretingos rajono kaimuose atitiko Lietuvos nusikalstamumo tendencijas. Darbe panaudoti šie teoriniai ir empiriniai tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros, straipsnių bei dokumentų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theme of this Master thesis is „Criminality in the villages of Kretinga‘s district“. Criminality is a part of social changes and social life. It is considered to be normal phenomenon, which exists in every society. It is necessary to research the criminality, as criminality amount knowing let apply effective prevention. The goal of the research- is to explore and give the analysis of criminal activity in Kretinga district villages 2006- 2010 year. The object of Master thesis- criminal activity in Lithuania. The following tasks were set in order to achieve the objective of the thesis: to define the conception of crime, to research the social factors of crime, to analyze quantitative and qualitative data on crime registred in 2006- 2010 year in villages of Kretinga‘s district, to analyze criminal acts by object, to make suspected (indictable) criminological characteristics, to identity reasons and prevention of criminality in Kretinga district. Criminality is considered to be dangerous process for society, which occurs in particular territory and time. Criminality determines many factors. Criminality grew in Kretinga district villages in 2006-2010 year. The most common were criminal actions related with asset. Absolute majority of all suspected (indictable) persons were men, unemployed and nowhere studying citizens. Criminality in Kretinga district corresponded criminality tendencies in Lithuania. There were used this teorical and empirical methods in the present thesis:... [to full text]

Ungdomstjänst består av två delar: icke avlönat arbete och påverkansprogram. I den kommun denna studie är utförd i har socialtjänsten valt att benämna påverkansprogram för kriminalitetssamtal. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka hur ungdomar upplevt dessa samtal och om de förändrat sitt sätt att tänka och sin livsstil som en följd av samtalen. Studiens metod var kvalitativ i form av halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet analyserades utifrån stämplingsteori och kognitiv teori. Av studien framkom att ungdomarna upplevt samtalen som icke stämplande, att de bidragit med viss förändring av deras tankesätt men ingen förändring av deras livsstil och att samtalens nödvändighet upplevts som tveksam för dem själva men som nödvändig för andra. Fortsatta studier i hur kriminalitetssamtal upplevts och hur man bäst arbetar med dessa är att efterfråga, detta eftersom när denna studie gjordes fanns ringa om än några sådana. / Youth service consists of two parts: non-paid work and influence program. In the community where this study was performed the social services has chosen to call influence program for criminality counseling. The aim of this study was to see how the adolescents experienced these sessions and if they changed their thinking and their way of life. The method of this study was qualitative in the form of half-structured interviews. The result was analyzed with the help of labeling theory and cognitive theory. The study showed the adolescents experienced the conversations as non-labeling, they contributed to some change in their thinking, none in their way of life and the conversation's necessity was seen as doubtful for themselves but necessary for others. Further studies in how this penalty is experienced and how to best perform it is inquired since by the time this study was made there were few studies like this.

Cette thèse porte sur les traits de personnalité associés aux comportements délinquants. De façon plus spécifique, elle s’intéresse à la contribution des traits de personnalité psychopathiques évalués à l’adolescence pour prédire les conduites délinquantes au début de l’âge adulte, lorsque sont également considérés des indices comportementaux. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une étude longitudinale plus large destinée à décrire les adolescents des Centres jeunesse du Québec. Aux fins de la thèse, un sous-groupe de jeunes, de sexe masculin, a été sélectionné : ces jeunes présentent un trouble des conduites ou ont manifesté des comportements délinquants au cours de l’adolescence. Cette sélection vise à cerner les adolescents les plus susceptibles de présenter des traits psychopathiques, eu égard à la faible prévalence du trouble dans la population générale. Quarante-huit adolescents ont accepté de participer à l'entrevue utilisant la PCL-SV (Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version). Un premier volet de la thèse valide, au Québec, une version française d’une mesure de la psychopathie adaptée à l'adolescence, la PCL-SV. Les indices de fidélité et de validité sont satisfaisants et comparables à ce qui est rapporté avec d’autres versions de la PCL auprès d’adolescents et d’adultes. Les résultats appuient la pertinence de son utilisation auprès des adolescents. Un second volet du projet porte sur la contribution d’une mesure des traits psychopathiques à l’adolescence à la prédiction des conduites délinquantes au début de l’âge adulte. Les traits psychopathiques, tels qu’évalués à l’aide de la PCL-SV, sont un apport significatif aux indices de comportements délinquants dans la prédiction des conduites délinquantes autorapportées deux ans plus tard. Finalement, un dernier volet explore une approche dimensionnelle dans la conceptualisation de la psychopathie, sous l’angle d’un modèle général de la personnalité : le Modèle à cinq facteurs (MCF). Ce volet porte sur la capacité de ce modèle, alternative au modèle catégoriel, à distinguer des jeunes au plan de la gravité de leur délinquance. Les jeunes présentant une délinquance distinctive ont une plus forte propension à rechercher les sensations fortes que ceux dont la délinquance est générale. Les résultats mettent en lumière l’importance d’une composante d’impulsivité comme élément caractéristique d’un sous-groupe de jeunes présentant une délinquance distinctive. L’étude appuie l’utilisation d’un modèle général de la personnalité pour cerner des traits associés à la psychopathie, permettant ainsi d’identifier un noyau dur de délinquants. L’ensemble du projet permet d’établir la valeur ajoutée d’une mesure des traits psychopathiques à l’adolescence pour la prédiction des conduites délinquantes. Il met en lumière l’importance d’une composante d’impulsivité chez les jeunes impliqués dans une délinquance distinctive. C’est l’une des rares études longitudinales s’intéressant à la délinquance autorapportée et à la psychopathie sous l’angle des facettes du MCF chez des adolescents. Il y a une telle hétérogénéité parmi les jeunes délinquants qu’une mesure valide de la psychopathie à l’adolescence permettra une identification plus fiable des jeunes susceptibles de poursuivre leur trajectoire criminelle à l’âge adulte. Les implications cliniques des résultats et les recommandations pour des recherches futures sont reprises dans la conclusion de l’ouvrage. / This thesis is interested in personality traits associated with delinquent behavior. More specifically, it seeks to clarify the contribution of psychopathic personality traits assessed in adolescence to predict antisocials behaviors in early adulthood, when are also considered behavioral indices. It is part of a broader longitudinal study aimed at describing adolescents in the care of Quebec Youth Centres. For research purposes, a subgroup of young males has been selected; those with a conduct disorder or who have exhibited delinquent behaviors during adolescence. The purpose of such a selection was to identify young people who are most likely to have psychopathic traits, given the low prevalence of the disorder in the general population. Forty-eight teenagers have agreed to participate in the interview using the PCL-SV (Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version). A first shutter of the thesis validates, in Quebec, a French version of a measurement of psychopathy adapted for a use with teenagers, the PCL-SV. Results show indices of fidelity and validity satisfactory and comparable with what is brought back with other versions of the PCL used with teenagers and adults. They support the relevance of its use with teenagers. A second part of the dissertation verifies the contribution of psychopathic traits in adolescence to predict antisocial conduct in early adulthood. Results show that psychopathic traits, as measured by the PCL-SV, make a significant contribution above and beyond indices of delinquent behavior to predict self-reported antisocial conduct two years later. Finally, a last chapter explores a dimensional approach in the conceptualization of psychopathy, in terms of a general model of personality: the Five Factor Model (FFM). It seeks to determine its ability to distinguish youths with conduct disorders in terms of the severity of their delinquency. Results show that youths with a serious delinquency have a higher propensity to seek sensations than those whose delinquency is weak. Results highlight the importance of impulsivity as a characteristic element of a subgroup of youths with serious delinquency. The study supports the use of a general model of personality to capture features associated with psychopathy and to identify a hard core of delinquents. The entire project establishes the added-value of a measure of psychopathic traits in adolescence in predicting antisocial behavior. It highlights the importance of a component of impulsivity among youth involved in serious delinquency. This is one of the few longitudinal studies concerned with self-reported delinquency and psychopathy in terms of the facets of the FFM in adolescents. There is such heterogeneity among young offenders; a valid measure of psychopathy in adolescence will allow more specific types and a more reliable identification of young people likely to continue their criminal career into adulthood. Clinical implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are included in the conclusion of the thesis.

This thesis explore women’s needs when reentering society after having served a sentence at the female prison Färingsö, outside Stockholm and whether those needs are being met in the reentry strategies that are being provided. Parallel to this the thesis also examines if there, based on nonconformity and gender theories, is a socially constructed representation of women maintained in the rehabilitation work. The method of this thesis applied semi-structured interviews and used snowball sampling to expand the network of informants to obtain the data necessary. Totally five interviews were carried out. Previous research has shown that women in prison have much more complex problems than men and that there is a need for reentry strategies that take gender in account. The results showed that in terms of being able to reenter back in society, women needed help to structure a previously chaotic life. This by getting individual counseling, housing, employment, adequate rehabilitation programs, education and being able to build a network outside the prison, as this could function as a safety net when being released and reentering back into society. The women also pointed out that there is a need for better information and more individual planning, especially in relation to the release from prison. In regards to the question whether there is socially constructed representation of women held in the reentry strategies this could mainly be seen in the work women get to do in prison, such as knitting, sewing and packing baby-bags. This correlates with a normative femininity where the woman is seen as a person with high moral and a nurturing nature. The result also showed that women in prison act in response to societal normative messages about how a woman should be.