This thesis challenges the traditional view of the 'femme fatale' as merely a dangerous and ravenous sexual predator who leads men into ruination. Critical, especially feminist, scholarship mostly regards the femme fatale as a sexist construction of a male fantasy and treats her as an expression of misogyny that ultimately serves to reaffirm male authority. But this thesis proposes alternative ways of viewing the femme fatale by showing how she can also serve as a figure for imagining female agency. As such, I focus on a particular character type that is distinct from the general archetype of the femme fatale because of the greater degree of agency she demonstrates. This 'criminal femme fatale' uses her sexual appeal and irresistible wiles both to manipulate men and to commit criminal acts, usually murder, in order to advance her goals with deliberate intent and full culpability. This thesis reveals and explains the agency of the criminal femme fatales in American Hardboiled crime fiction between the late 1920s and the end of World War II in the works of three authors: Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler and James M. Cain. The criminal femme fatales in the narratives of these authors show a subversive power and an ability to act - even though, or perhaps only if, this action is a criminal one. I show that these criminal femme fatales exhibit agency through their efforts to challenge not only the 'masculine' genre and the criminal space that this genre represents, but also to undercut the male protagonist's role and prove his failure in asserting control and dominance. Hammett's narratives provide good examples of how the criminal femme fatales function on a par with male gangsters in an underworld of crime and corruption. Chandler's work demonstrates a different case of absent/present criminal women who are set against the detective and ultimately question his power and mastery. Cain's narratives show the agency of the criminal femme fatales in the convergence between their ambition for social mobility and their sexual power over the male characters. To explain how these female characters exhibit agency, I situate this body of literature alongside contemporaneous legal and medical discourses on female criminality. I argue that the literary female criminal is a fundamentally different portrayal because she breaks the 'mad-bad' woman dichotomy that dominates both legal and medical discourses on female criminality. I show that the criminal femme fatales' negotiations of female agency within hardboiled crime fiction fluctuate and shift between the two poles of the criminalized and the medicalized women. These criminal femme fatales exhibit culpability in their actions that bring them into an encounter with the criminal justice system and resist being pathologized as women who suffer from a psychological ailment that affect their control. The thesis concludes that the ways in which the criminal femme fatales trouble normative socio-cultural conceptions relating to docile femininity and passive sexuality, not only destabilize the totality and fixity of the stereotype of the femme fatale in hardboiled crime fiction, but also open up broader debates about the representation of women in popular culture and the intersections between genre and gender.

La thèse identifie les lacunes et les défauts de mise en œuvre des instruments juridiques internationaux applicables dans le contexte des conflits armés (les Conventions de Genève de 1949 et le Statut de la Cour Pénale Internationale) en ce qui concerne la question de la protection du droit à la sante mentale. Une solution pour une meilleure protection de ce droit est proposée, visant à amender les instruments juridiques internationaux en la matière par une nouvelle disposition qui incrimine distinctement les violations du droit à la sante mentale pendant la guerre. La recherche met en évidence la gravite des conséquences de la violation du droit à la sante mentale dans le cadre des conflits armés, en montrant le lien de causalité entre les traumas produits par ces conflits, l'apparition de troubles psychiques, la modification des standards de la normalité dans une collectivité et la prédisposition accrue à des comportements antisociaux. La thèse avance une hypothèse qui explique l'augmentation des taux de criminalité après la guerre par le rôle des traumas psychiques de la population suite aux conflits armes. / The thesis identifies the gaps and shortcomings regarding the implementation of international legal instruments applicable in the context of armed conflict (the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Statute of the International Criminal Court) in what concerns the protection of the right to mental health. A solution for a better protection of this right is proposed, consisting in amending the relevan international legal instruments with a distinct new provision criminalizing the violations of the rightto mental health during armed conflicts.The research highlights the serious consequences of violating the right to mental health during wartime, showing the causal link between the trauma produced by the conflict, the development of mental disorders, the changes of the "normality" standards of communities and the increased occurrence of antisocial behavior. The thesis proposes a hypothesis that explains the amplification of crime rates after the war by the influence of the psychological trauma suffered by the respective population as a consequence of armed conflict.

L’histoire militaire du Canada sous le Régime français s’est enrichie de plusieurs travaux sur les soldats depuis l’avènement de l’histoire sociale dans les années 60. Les historiens de la justice ont aussi étudié les soldats comme groupe social. Ces études – qui ne portent pas exclusivement sur les gens de guerre – ont été faites dans une perspective quantitative. Si les historiens ont étudié la vie des soldats sous divers facettes, aucun n’a ciblé la criminalité. C’est précisément ce que ce mémoire cherche à faire, en exploitant principalement les archives judiciaires. Et plus précisément, en analysant les procès criminels intentés contre des soldats. En outre, la jurisprudence d’Ancien Régime s’est avérée fort pertinente pour comprendre le contexte de la criminalité chez les gens de guerre. Les procès ont, quant à eux, permis de découvrir les formes diverses de cette criminalité et certains facteurs qui y contribuaient. Enfin, plusieurs procès, mais aussi la correspondance des autorités coloniales ont permis de découvrir que l’armée, plus qu’un appareil de guerre, jouait un rôle dans la réhabilitation de soldats aux mœurs délictueuses. / Since the arrival of social history in the 1960s, the military history of Canada under the French Regime has been enriched by several studies of soldiers. Historians of justice have also investigated the rank and file as a social group. These studies – which were not exclusively devoted to soldiers – adopted a quantitative approach. Though historians have viewed various aspects of soldiers’ lives, none have singled out criminality. That is precisely what this thesis attempts to do, by exploiting principally the judicial archives. More precisely, it analyzes criminal trials involving soldiers, relying as well on Ancien Regime jurisprudence to help place soldiers’ criminality in perspective. The trials offer a view of the different forms of this criminality and of some of the contributing factors. Lastly, several trials in addition to the colonial correspondence show that the army, not just a war machine, also played role in the rehabilitation of soldiers inclined to criminal behavior.

Thesis focuses on alternative sanctions as a way of solution of woman criminality. It describes woman criminality, its distinctiveness, by which this criminality differs from man criminality and it also introduces history of this field. It calls attention for special treatment of women, who are due to their anti-social behavior sent to prison and it lists specifics related to their imprisonment. It calls attention for problem of short-term imprisonment and need for finding alternative ways of offenders' punishments. It provides insight into the field of alternative sanctions and considering social role of woman it gives arguments for widening of applying alternative sanctions for this group of offenders. It tries to state in which ways this widening should be reached.

Die Komplexität des Sicherheitsempfindens bringt es mit sich, dass nicht wenige Theorien vorhanden sind, mit denen versucht wird, das Zustandekommen von Kriminalitätsfurcht bzw. Sicherheitsempfinden zu erklären. Die Theorie der generellen Ängste, der sozialen Desorganisation, der sozialen Problemperspektive bezeichnen einige Pfade dieser Entwicklung. Die erste und scheinbar selbstevidente Theorie war jene der Viktimisierung. Es schien auf der Hand zu liegen, dass Viktimsierungserfahrungen die Kriminalitätsfurcht steigern.

Presented diploma thesis is occupied with issues of so-called "social parasitism" in the socialist Czechoslovakia in early normalization era. It follows existence of a law term "social parasitism", or more precisely independent paragraph which criminalized "fishy ways of livelihood" and "avoiding righteous job" within the Czechoslovakia penal code. I would like to observe this marginal social phenomenon in a broad perspective. So-called "social parasitism" is understood as a normative, disciplinary and symbolical category which defined basic value hierarchy of socialistic society and had to help make a new consensus for conditions consolidations in 1968. The focal point of the thesis is considering on the environment of Prague in 1969-75 with an aim to analyse the function and role of "social parasitism" in political administration of district authorities, media discourse of local press and in a practice of security authority. The "social parasitism" oppression is explained as an attempt of communist dictatorship and its institutions for creating a moral panic as a restoration tool of undermined legitimacy power in the eyes of Czechoslovakian society after 1968. Key words: social parasitism, criminality, social disciplination, moral panic, Normalization time in Czechoslovakia

In the last decade, we have witnessed a new stage in the mainstreaming and normalization pro­cess of populist radical right policies and ideas in the Western world. This has resulted in in­creasing politicization of issues related to immigration. In Sweden, this politicization took off when the radical right-wing populist (RRP) party the Sweden Democrats (SD) was voted into the parliament in 2010. Even though the party was isolated by the mainstream parties, its presence in the parliament still contributed to the politi­cization for a long time. Additionally, increased “gang”-related shootings have pushed the po­liticization even further since the shootings in the public and political discourse have often been connected to immigration. Apart from this, certain mainstream right-wing parties, especially the Moderates (M) and the Christian Democrats (KD), have questioned the isolation of SD lately, which led to the presentation of a collaboration between the three parties in the fall of 2021. With this collaboration as a background, the aim of this study is to show the particular roles M and KD play in the process of mainstreaming and normalization of the RRP discourse, espe­cially related to immigration and its alleged connection to criminality. The study draws on crit­ical discourse analysis of political and public discourse in the context of RRP to analyze how M, KD, and SD construct themes and arguments around immigration, immigrants, and crimi­nality on their official Facebook pages. The study argues that there is an ongoing process of normalization of RRP policy and ideas in Swedish public and political discourse. Largely, SD is the strategical enacting actor in this pro­cess. How­ever, both M and KD take part in the process by contributing to gradually changing the existing discourse on immigration towards new forms and new norms. This is conducted by employing strategies, concepts, and rhetoric well-known from RRP discourse.

The aim of this study was to understand how masculinities are constructed in criminal contexts, and how men handle the changes in their identity during the exit process, to show how the Swedish Prison and Probation Service and other actors in social work can support men during their exit from criminal behavior. The study uses narrative analysis as a method, specifically the category-content method. Empirically the study is based on six autobiographies by six different authors who all identify as either criminals or ex-criminals. The results show that the authors’ masculinities are primarily constructed through the act of acquiring and exhibiting material and social resources, as well as displaying courage, capacity for violence, and recklessness, while simultaneously hiding emotions which they regard as weaknesses. The men handle their changing identities due to exit processes by receiving support from friends and family, and by not leaving the criminal context entirely. One identified strategy some of the authors use in order to manage identity conflicts that we have identified is the use of their life story, and knowledge regarding crime, as a means to change young potential offenders’ life trajectories.

This thesis deals with the right-wing extremism in Federal Republic of Germany, particulary in the Free State of Saxony. The opening part presents the history of the right-wing extremism in the territory of former German Democratic Republic. The following part summarizes briefly the developement of rigth-wing extremism after the german unification. Main attention is focused on the currant course of events. One part is devoted to the strongest and most successfull extreme right-wing political party Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD), especially to its election results. The thesis further monitors the development of the NPDs political strategy and the enforcing of this strategy in to practice. A special attention is paid to the concept of National befreite Zone (nationally liberated zone). Next parts of the text describe the rapidly growing right-wing extremist subculture. The penetration of right- wing extremism into the areas of sport, music and fashion is proved on several concrete examples. There is a separate chapter devoted to the criminal activities commited by right-wing extremists. It also deals with the legislation which is aimed against the expressions of the right-wing extremism.

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