Abstract: Prior research indicates a growing number of Children of Alcoholics (CoAs) in Sweden, and increased levels of externalizing behaviours in these individuals. According to international research, externalizing behaviours as criminality are more often displayed in CoAs than children with non-alcoholic parents. CoAs are also more often treated for panic attacks, depression and post-traumatic stress. The assumption is that high risk parents often have high risk children. With the aim to investigate the relationship between parental alcoholism and youth criminality in Sweden a systematic literature review has been conducted. Five databases were used to find relevant publications; Libsearch, Swesub, Eric via Ebsco, ProQuest and Google Scholar. A total of 530 texts were scanned and 17 studies eligible to inclusion were read and analysed according to PRISMA, a preferred reporting system of literature reviews. Inclusion criterions were; Sweden as geographical area, attention on children and young adults aged 13-25 years and a focus on parental drinking and youth criminality. The publications were also to be peer reviewed and published between 1998 and 2018. Results indicate a significant correlation between parental drinking and youth criminality in Sweden. CoAs display externalizing behaviours as aggression, conduct disorders, antisocial behaviour and criminality more often than children without alcoholic parents. It can be concluded that research on the field of CoAs is not the most researched in Sweden but in line with international findings and would benefit from further attention so we in the future can work with preventive measures based on solid knowledge.

The primary purpose of this thesis was to examine the work methods implemented by outreach workers in their interaction with at risk youths. The secondary purpose was to research the possible difficulties that may occur and the tactics to deal with these difficulties. In order to examine the purposes presented the authors produced a qualitative study with 5 semi-structured interviews with outreach workers. After conducting the interviews, the authors used thematization in order to illustrate the empirical data. The theoretical framework used to analyze the empirical data consist of three theories; the theory of communication, system theory and social bond theory. The results of the empirical material gathered from the interviews and from the analyzation of the interviews using out theoretical framework, provided multiple answers as it relates to the purpose. The results regarding the primary purpose showed that there is a lack of evidence-practice within the field of outreach work, which in turn leads to the fact that there is a vast variety of work methods applicable within their field. The results of interviews implied that outreach workers adapt their work methods depending on the situation and their personal expertise indicating that there are no specific set of methods that have to be used. As it pertains to the secondary purpose a clear correlation is shown between the vast variety of work methods and the many difficulties that may occur. Subsequently the occurrence of the different difficulties ensues based on the diverse established work methods. The study highlights the knowledge, communicational abilities and social skills of the individual outreach worker as way to reduce the probability of the conceivable diverse difficulties from occurring.

The purpose of this study has been to describe the process that women go through before they choose to end their criminal careers in order to hightlight main factors that play an important role for women´s destistance. The study also intends to investigate what causes the woman to maintain the abandonment and not fall back into crime. In order to answer the study's purpose, semistructured interviews with nine former criminal woman have been carried out. The paper starts with some earlier research in the field of women´s criminality. After that we show our results and analyze them by applying Ebuaghs (1988) Role exit theory and with help from Hirschis (2002) theory about social bonds.  The results show that childrelated events and the time spent in treatment-centers has had a major impact on most of the women.  Age-related events have also been significant for women's decisions to end their criminality. A fundamental factor for maintaining the abandonment has been the women's conviction and belief in wanting to succeed. Other events that turned out to be significant were thematized to: the importance of social support, employment and a community outside of crime.

The purpose of this thesis is to show how the image of Jiří Kajínek in the media changed over time, from the time he was first identified as a suspect in a double murder in November 1993 until the spring of 2017 when President Miloš Zeman pardoned him. The work also follows a period of one year after the granting of a pardon in order to capture changes in the presentation of Jiří Kajínek in the media. This thesis should also respond to the question of whether Jiří Kajínek was presented by the media as a celebrity after his release. To determine how the media informed about Jiří Kajínek, a quantitative analysis was used, the last period, ie the period of one year after Jiří Kajínek's release from prison, was further analyzed by qualitative method, specifically the framing method. I analyzed texts from three daily newspapers, Právo, Mladá fronta DNES and Blesk. Among other things this research showed that in the course of the change in Jiří Kajínek's presentation, instead of interpreting his persona as a murderer and recidivist with two examined newspapers - Mladá fronta DNES and Blesk - there were discovered other interpretations, such as interpretation as victim or as a celebrity. In the newspaper Právo the interpretations did not change so significantly. Jiří Kajínek's interpretation as a...

Sverige är ett av de länder som valt att nogsamt prova effekten av cannabis som läkemedel innan en juridisk ställning kan tas till fullo. Bortsett från den juridiska process råder en norm om cannabis som läkemedel i vår individualiserade tid. I uppsatsen studeras hur normen om cannabis för medicinskt bruk ser ut och hur individer förhåller sig till normen. Uppsatsen grundas på en ontologisk idealism där synen på verkligheten konstrueras genom subjektiva uppfattningar. Uppsatsen betraktar också konstruktionism som en ontologi som förklarar uppfattningar som föränderliga. Vidare grundas uppsatsen på en hermeneutisk epistemologi där kunskap nås genom tolkning. Arbetet genomförs med kvalitativa intervjuer där det fysiska mötet tolkas såväl utifrån vad individen faktiskt säger och det individen inte säger i form av kroppsliga uttryck och gester. Studien resulterar i olika associationer med cannabis som läkemedel, vilket fångar normen som individer förhåller sig olika till. / Sweden is one of several countries that has chosen to stay cautious by carefully examine the effects of cannabis for a medical use, before a legalization can be established. Besides the process of legalization there is an existing norm about cannabis as a pharmaceutical in our individualized era. We therefore analyze how the norm is with cannabis for a medical use and further how individuals navigates through the norm. The course of action in this essay is formed by a ontological idealism that constructs the vision of reality by subjective perceptions. It also observes the constructionism as an ontology that reflects the perceptions as changeable. The essay is further based on a hermeneutic epistemology that reaches knowledge through interpretation. The essay is also performed through qualitative interviews that construe individuals respond. However we analyze the said words, we also construe the individuals physical expression and gesticulation. It results in different associations with cannabis as a pharmaceutical which makes the norm visible, that individuals relate differently to.

The purpose of this study was to examine how people from different professional roles explain why youths become criminals and continue with criminality and which factors contrinute. To answer the purpose of the study five different persons who work with youths were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were used gather relevant information about the topic. The interviews were recorded and later on transcribed before analyzing. Social learning theory and theories about identity were used in this study. Four themes emerged from the interviews which were; money and status, family relation, peer pressure, belonging and exclusion and social media and music. The study concluded that the themes mentioned above were some of the reasons that could make youths become criminals. Money, feeling of belonging and peer pressure were the most contributing factors. / Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur människor med olika yrkesroller förklarar varför ungdomar blir kriminella och fortsätter med kriminalitet och vilka faktorer som bidrar till detta. För att svara på studiens syfte intervjuades fem olika personer som arbetar med ungdomar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att samla relevant information om ämnet. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades innan de analyserades. Social inlärningsteori och teorier om identitet användes i denna studie som teoretisk ram. Fem teman uppkom från intervjuerna som var; pengar och status, familjeförhållanden, grupptryck, tillhörighet och utanförskap samt sociala medier och musik. Studien drog slutsatsen att de ovan nämnda teman var några av anledningarna till att ungdomar eventuellt hamnar i kriminella kretsar. Pengar, tillhörighetskänsla och grupptryck var de mest bidragande faktorerna.

The thesis deals with the issue of dual criminality test under the European arrest warrant. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the way of applying the dual criminality test between the Member States of the European Union while surrendering persons. It focuses on the European arrest warrants issued against Catalan politicians in relation to the Catalan referendum regarding the independence from the Kingdom of Spain and the subsequent decisions of the Belgian and German courts. The thesis is divided into seven parts. The first part introduces the dual criminality test, including the methods of interpretation or its problematic aspects. The second part summarizes the long-standing genesis of judicial cooperation in criminal matters at the European level, leading to the adoption of the European arrest warrant, which will enable a better understanding of the continuing will to apply the dual criminality test. The provisions of the European arrest warrant are discussed in the following part. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the dual criminality test is introduced as well. As the thesis is set in the context of the Catalan crisis, the fourth part highlights the key moments, adopted legal acts and the acts of the main protagonists of the case, which not only led to the...

<p>This dissertation argues that the boundaries between capitalism and criminality have become increasingly blurred over the past two centuries, and it traces this development through the Victorian era into American modernity. Operating on the premise that popular literature reflects wide-spread concerns and anxieties of a common audience, each chapter focuses on one primary text as a cite for analysis through which we gain a window of insight into the popular perception of criminals and the role of criminality in developing capitalism. In an attempt to provide relevant context and establish a solid foundation on which to work, the dissertation begins with an introduction that outlines major developments in the British literary field, with a particular eye toward bourgeoning popular mediums, beginning in the eighteenth century and leading into the Victorian era. This foundational work establishes urban compression and rapid industrial development as major concerns for a Victorian audience and figures them as the backdrop on which the discourse of criminality will play itself out.</p> <p>The first half of the dissertation focuses on the Victorian era, whereas the latter half analyzes works of American literature in the early-twentieth century. Chapter one looks to <i>Oliver Twist</i> as the preeminent example of Victorian criminality, with particular emphasis on middle-class complicity in reinforcing the social structures and environmental determinism that Dickens identified as major causes of Victorian crime. Chapter two progresses to the late-Victorian era and discusses Anthony Trollope’s <i>The Way We Live Now</i>. Doing so allows approaching Victorian criminality from the opposite vantage point, seeing the advent of white-collar crime and fraud as now more significant than the formerly dominant concern of petty crimes as seen in <i>Oliver Twist</i>. These early chapters mark a progression of criminality that gradually enmeshes itself in the habits of ambitious capitalists, which I argue is paramount to the construction of the discourse of criminality and capitalism. Rather than isolated incidents, I forward these texts as representative of thematic shifts in the literary field and public consciousness.</p> <p>Such a progression is carried over into American modernism, which constitutes the focus of chapters three and four. In chapter three, systemic violence inherent in laissez-faire capitalism and cronyism become the focus of the discussion, as presented in Upton Sinclair’s <i>The Jungle</i>. This chapter presents Sinclair’s didacticism as a necessary and significant progression in popular social-critique literature, and it contends that the gradual shift away from the personalized narrative of Jurgis to the heightened awareness of his political awakening marks an important development that figures criminality as not only part of, but indeed integral to, capitalism and its smooth functioning. This is contrasted with chapter four which presents <i>The Great Gatsby</i> as a misinterpretation of the lessons presented in <i>The Jungle</i> and reverts back to individualism as a flawed solution to capitalism’s ills. Whereas <i>The Jungle</i> was critiqued based on socialist didacticism and so-called lack of artistry, <i>The Great Gatsby </i>experienced immense success for its artistry, despite the fact that it falls back into the trap of individualism, romanticizing the criminal and capitalistic success of its protagonist while ultimately slating him for sacrifice to reinforce the status quo.</p> <p>These four chapters, I argue, constitute four major stages in progression of the discourse on criminality and capitalism, but leave many questions still unanswered, particularly as regards how society should appropriately and adequately engage the issues contained within these texts. An epilogue is included at the end of this project as an attempt to look forward to expansion of this research and continue to trace this progression up to present-day texts of popular culture. In doing so, my research will engage the development of the criminally-capitalist antihero in popular culture and argue that such figures are representative of the crisis of contemporary capitalism that sees no legitimate (nor illegitimate) ways of succeeding in capitalism.</p>

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka deltagarnas självbeskrivna vändpunkter som möjliggjort upphörandet från kriminalitet och droger, samt vilka faktorer som beskrivits som centrala i upprätthållandet av den nya livsstilen. Studien har baserats på sex intervjuer med personer som tidigare levt ett kriminellt liv. Vändpunkterna har beskrivits som en individuell kombination av en romantisk relation till en partner, brutna sociala band till viktiga närstående (exempelvis barn eller föräldrar), upplevd skadlig hälsopåverkan, anhopning av konsekvenser, personlig mognad och en nyfunnen gudstro. Upprätthållandet har beskrivits som framgångsrikt genom att deltagarna kontinuerligt utvärderat sin situation och arbetat på att bibehålla sin nya identitet. Detta har bland annat möjliggjorts genom att underhålla nya, sunda relationer; att ha en stimulerande arbetssituation; samt att vara goda förebilder, föräldrar och partners. Alla i gruppen lever idag i tolvstegsprogrammet, vilket de är övertygade om bidrar till en bestående förändring och en kontinuerlig personlig utveckling. / The purpose of this study has been to examine the participants’ self-described turning points that has enabled desistance from criminality and drugs, together with what factors described as central in the persistence of their new lifestyle. The study was based on interviews with six former offenders. The turning points were described as a unique combination of a romantic relationship to a partner, broken social bonds to important relatives, perceived adverse health effects, accumulation of consequences, personal maturity, and a newfound faith in God. The persistence were described as successful by continuously evaluating their situation and working to maintain their new identity. This was done by maintaining new, healthy relationships; a stimulating work situation; and being good role models, parents and partners. Everyone in the group is currently living with the twelve step program, since they believe it contributes to a lasting change and a continuous personal development.

Undersökningen syftar till att öka kunskap och förståelse kring de medverkande faktorer som resulterar till upphörandet av en kriminell livsstil hos KRIS anställda. Vi har genomfört fem kvalitativa intervjuer med individer som är anställda hos KRIS för att få en djupare förståelse kring processen om att bryta med kriminalitet. Föreningen KRIS agerar som stöd till individer som söker frivillig vård för att upphöra ett avvikande beteende. Medlemmar inom KRIS har möjligheten till stödgrupper, terapibehandlingar, stödboenden, arbete, fritidsaktiviteter, utbildning och kamratskap. KRIS fungerar som ett skyddsnät med tillgång till ett ökat socialt nätverk för individer som vill ta sig ur kriminalitet.För att analysera forskningsempirin har vi använt oss av båda Erving Goffmans (2011) teori om stigma samt Helen Ebaughs (1988) teori om exitprocessen. Goffmans (2011) teori ökar medvetenhet om hur individen stämplas som ett stigma av omgivningen som ett resultat av sina avvikande handlingar. Ebaughs (1988) teori redogör för de processer som individen genomgår för att lämna en social roll och ersätta den med en annan social identitet. Dessa teorier möjliggör en sammanställning av de livserfarenheter som samtliga respondenter talar om i intervjuerna. Dessa teorier tillsammans med intervjuerna kommer att vara hjälpande för att förstå och analysera studiens syfte.Studiens resultat påvisar flera faktorer som bidrar till individens upphörande med kriminalitet. Resultatet indikerar att samtliga respondenter upplevde en särskild händelse i sina liv som orsakade känslor om att bryta med kriminalitet. Undersökningen visar dessutom att positiva reaktioner från familjemedlemmar och den sociala omgivningen har en bidragande effekt på respondenternas upphörande av kriminalitet. Bland andra faktorer, har KRIS-föreningen haft stor inflytande av respondenternas upphörande med kriminalitet, då KRIS motiverar och hjälper medlemmar att leva ett drogfritt och hederligt liv. / The study aims to increase knowledge and understanding of contributing factors that result in the cessation of a criminal lifestyle. We have carried out five qualitative interviews with individuals employed by KRIS to gain a deeper understanding regarding the process of breaking out of a criminal lifestyle. KRIS acts as a support system for individuals who seek voluntary care in terms of ending a deviant behavior. Members within KRIS have the opportunity for support groups, therapy treatments, supported housing, leisure activities, education, work, and friendship. KRIS works as a safety net with access to an increased social network for individuals who want to get out of crime.To analyze the research empirics, we have used both Erving Goffman's (2011) theory of stigma and Helen Ebaugh's (1988) theory of the exit process. Goffman's (2011) theory increases awareness of how the individual is stigmatized by the environment as a result of his deviant actions. Ebaugh's (1988) theory describes the processes that the individual goes through to leave a social role and replace it with another social identity. These theories enable a compilation of the life experiences that all respondents talk about in the interviews. These theories together with the interviews will clarify the study's aim.The results of the study demonstrate several factors that contribute to the individual's cessation of crime. The results indicate that all respondents experienced a special event in their lives that caused feelings of wanting to break with crime. The survey also shows that positive reactions from family members and the social environment have a contributing effect on the respondents' cessation of crime. Among other factors, the KRIS association has had a great influence on the respondents' cessation of crime, as KRIS motivates and helps members to live a drug-free and honest life.