Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a realização da Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 no Brasil, levando em consideração não apenas seus legados e impactos mais evidentes, mas principalmente compreendendo-a como parte substantiva da dinâmica mais geral do modo de produção capitalista em sua relação com as cidades-sede, os lugares. Como maiores eventos do planeta, as Copas apresentam-se como veículos passageiros e particulares do processo de totalização do capitalismo, sendo simultaneamente matrizes parciais do tempo e do espaço desse período histórico marcado pela crise econômica internacional. Nesse movimento, tendo os lugares como espaços finais de sua realização, esses megaeventos deixam marcas profundas; promovem a qualificação de uma determinada fração do tempo no qual ocorrem, determinados pelas necessidades do capital de se reproduzir lucrativamente, algo complexo nesse momento crítico. A totalidade, essa trama de eventos emaranhada entre as necessidades e possibilidades concretas dos lugares, ganha novos desenhos nas cidades a partir do contato com a agenda estabelecida pelo megaevento. Desde 2007, quando o Brasil foi escolhido como sede do Mundial e a crise econômica já aparecia no horizonte dos Estados Unidos e da Europa, as cidades brasileiras vivem a realidade desta agenda crítica pautada pela Federação Internacional de Futebol (FIFA). Tendo como pano de fundo as estratégias rígidas das corporações patrocinadoras e interessadas no evento, promove-se um verdadeiro estado de emergência para o atendimento das normas e padrões FIFA. Tomadas por uma avalanche de obras e negócios imobiliários desvinculados de planos estratégicos associados às necessidades mais sentidas da população, as cidades-sede tornam-se experimentos de novas formas de privatização e espoliação, sob o regime de leis de exceção e violações de direitos. Tal dinâmica imposta às cidades da Copa como um todo é manifesta de forma evidente na elaboração de uma nova centralidade na Região Metropolitana de Recife por meio da construção do grande empreendimento imobiliário Cidade da Copa, a partir do novo estádio construído para o evento. Trata-se pois, da eclosão no Brasil de uma crise fundamentalmente urbana que, se por um lado estrutura verdadeiras cidades de exceção, no outro vértice promove também a força criativa das resistências. Como demonstraram as manifestações urbanas multitudinárias de junho de 2013 e os protestos ininterruptos que se seguiram a elas, a revanche dos lugares à agenda da Copa pode estruturar também cidades rebeldes como legados. / This dissertation aims to examine the implementation of the World Cup 2014 in Brazil, taking into consideration not only its legacy and most obvious impacts, but mostly understanding it as a substantive part of the wider dynamics of the capitalist way of production in its relationship with the host cities, the places. As some of the biggest events on the planet, the World Cups are presented as individual and transitory vehicles of the aggregation process of capitalism, while being simultaneous matrices of time and space during this historical period marked by global economic crisis. In this movement, having spaces as the places of their full realization, these mega events leave deep marks; they promote the qualification of a certain fraction of the time in which they occur, determined by the needs of capital to play profitably, something complex during this critical moment. The totality, this \"web of events\" tangled between the concrete needs and possibilities of places, gains new designs in cities from contact with the agenda set by the mega event. Since 2007, when Brazil was chosen to host this event and the economic crisis had already appeared on the North American and European horizon, Brazilian cities are living the reality of a critical agenda guided by the International Football Federation (FIFA). In the background of the rigid strategies of the sponsors and corporations interested in the event, a true state of emergency is promoted to meet norms and \"FIFA standards\". Taken by an avalanche of construction sites and real state negotiations unrelated to strategic plans that take into account the needs of the population, the host cities become experiments in new forms of privatization and dispossession, under the regime of emergency laws and rights violations. Such dynamics - imposed on the World Cup cities as a whole - is clearly manifested in the drafting of a new central location in the metropolitan area of Recife through the construction of large real estate project called \"Cidade da Copa\", around the stadium built for the event. This is the outbreak in Brazil of a fundamentally urban crisis, where on the one hand \"cities of exception\" are structured, and in another vertex a creative power of resistance is also promoted. As demonstrated in the multitudinous urban protests of June 2013 and the uninterrupted protests that followed them, the requital that took places in host cities can also structure \"rebellious cities\" as legacies.

Insulin resistance is an early marker of Type II diabetes. Excessive lipid accumulation in muscle and liver leads to insulin resistance, and lowering tissue lipids causes an enhancement of insulin action. The enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated when cellular energy levels are compromised, such as during exercise; this enhances fuel oxidation and inhibits energy consuming processes. The hypothesis in this thesis was that activating AMPK in a lipid-induced insulin resistant state leads to tissue lipid reduction and improved insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistant high-fat fed (HF-) rats were administered 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-??-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), a specific AMPK activator. During an euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp performed 24h later, HF-rats showed increased whole body, muscle and liver insulin action, independent of changes in PKB-phosphorylation. The liver had reduced triglycerides, malonyl-CoA and increased IkB-a content. A lowering of muscle malonyl-CoA was consistent with conditions favouring increased lipid utilisation. Normal, chow-fed rats also showed improved insulin action post-AICAR. Further studies showed that basal glucose uptake was not increased 24h after AICAR, suggesting that AMPK activation had caused an increase in insulin sensitivity. Diacylglycerols and triglycerides, but not ceramides, were reduced in the liver of AICAR treated HF-rats, suggesting lipid reduction as a likely mediator of enhanced liver insulin action. These lipid species were not reduced in muscle. AICAR administration to HF-rats lowered plasma glucose and fatty acids (FA) acutely, probably due to increased muscle glucose uptake and FA oxidation. Glycogen was reduced in liver and increased in muscle, suggesting glucose mobilisation from liver to muscle. Adrenergic blockade excluded the sympathetic nervous system in the acute AICAR effects. AMPK was activated in white muscle and liver of HF-rats immediately after AICAR, the same tissues that exhibited later improved insulin sensitivity. Tracer technologies used to investigate glucose and lipid fluxes showed that AMPK activation in white muscle simultaneously increased both glucose and FA uptake and their metabolism, with glucose also being stored as glycogen. The liver showed lower lipid synthesis, consistent with reduced liver lipid accumulation observed 24h post-AICAR. In conclusion, these results suggest that activation of AMPK leads to selective tissue lipid reduction and improved insulin action, and is a potential target for the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes.

A field experiment was conducted to examine the responses in growth, total dry matter (TDM), seed yield and nitrogen (N) accumulation of Kabuli chickpea cv. Principe and narrow-leafed lupin cv. Fest to different irrigation levels and N fertilizer on a Templeton silt loam soil at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand in 2007/08. The irrigation and fertilizer treatments were double full irrigation, full irrigation, half irrigation and nil irrigation and a control, full irrigation plus 150 kg N ha⁻¹. There was a 51 % increase in the weighed mean absolute growth rate (WMAGR) by full irrigation over no irrigation. The maximum growth rates (MGR) followed a similar response. The growth rates were not significantly decreased by double irrigation. Further, N fertilizer did not significantly improve crop growth rates. With full irrigation MGRs were 27.6 and 34.1 g m⁻² day⁻¹ for Kabuli chickpea and narrow-leafed lupin, respectively. Seed yields of fully-irrigated crops were trebled over the nil irrigation treatment. With full irrigation, seed yield of chickpea was 326 and that of lupin was 581 g m⁻². Seed yield of the two legumes was reduced by 45 % with double irrigation compared with full irrigation. Nitrogen fertilizer did not increase seed yields in either legume. Increased seed yield with full irrigation was related to increased DM, and crop growth rates, seeds pod⁻¹ and seeds m⁻². Crop harvest index (CHI) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by irrigation and was related to seed yield only in narrow-leafed lupin. With full irrigation, the crops intercepted more than 95 % of incoming incident radiation at leaf area indices (LAIs), 2.9 and 3 or greater in Kabuli chickpea and narrow-leafed lupin, respectively. In contrast, without irrigation the two legumes achieved a maximum fraction of radiation intercepted of less than 90 %. With full irrigation, total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was increased by 28 % and 33 % over no irrigation for Kabuli chickpea and narrow-leafed lupin, respectively. Fully-irrigated Kabuli chickpea intercepted a total amount of PAR of 807 MJ m⁻² and fully-irrigated narrow-leafed lupin intercepted 1,042 MJ m⁻². Accumulated DM was strongly related to accumulated intercepted PAR (R² ≥ 0.96**). The final RUE was significantly (P < 0.001) increased by irrigation. With full irrigation the final RUE of Kabuli chickpea was 1.49 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR and that of narrow-leafed lupin was 2.17 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR. Total N accumulation of Kabuli chickpea was not significantly affected by irrigation level. Kabuli chickpea total N was increased by 90 % by N fertilizer compared to fully-irrigated Kabuli chickpea which produced 17.7 g N m⁻². In contrast, total N accumulated in narrow-leafed lupin was not increased by N fertilizer but was decreased by 75 % with no irrigation and by 25 % with double irrigation (water logging) compared to full irrigation with a total N of 45.9 g m⁻². Total N was highly significantly related to TDM (R² = 0.78** for Kabuli chickpea and R² = 0.99** for narrow-leafed lupin). Nitrogen accumulation efficiency (NAE) of narrow-leafed lupin was not affected by irrigation or by N fertilizer. However, the NAE of Kabuli chickpea ranged from 0.013 (full irrigation) to 0.020 (no irrigation) and 0.017 g N g⁻¹ DM (full irrigation with N fertilizer). The N harvest index (NHI) was not affected by irrigation, N fertilizer or legume species. The NHI of Kabuli chickpea was 0.50 and that of narrow-leafed lupin was 0.51. The NHI was significantly (r ≥ 0.95 **) related to CHI.

Genotypic differences in growth and yield of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) cultivars to Rhizobium inoculation and management were investigated. In 2003-04, the two bean cultivars (Scylla and T-49) were combined with three inoculant treatments (strains CC 511 and RCR 3644, and a control of no inoculation), two fertiliser levels (0 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹) and two irrigation treatments (irrigated and rainfed). There was no nodulation on either cultivar. To further investigate the symbiotic relationship, 16 rhizobial isolates, including the two used in the first field experiment, were combined with the cultivar Scylla and evaluated in a greenhouse. Subsequently, five Rhizobium isolates were chosen for further field evaluation, based on signs of early nodulation in the greenhouse trial. The second field experiment in 2004-05 combined the five inoculant strains (RCR 3644, UK 2, H 20, PRF 81, PhP 17 and a control) with two bean cultivars (Scylla and T-49). In the greenhouse, nodule number varied from 7 (UK 2) to 347 (H 441) nodules plant⁻¹ at 51 DAS and from 13 (UK 1) to 335 (CIAT 899) nodules plant⁻¹ at 85 DAS. In 2004-05, in the field, nodulation was also variable, ranging between 1 and approximately 70 nodules plant⁻¹, with higher nodules numbers plant⁻¹ being found on cultivar T-49. Of the isolates used in the field, strains H 20, PRF 81 and PhP 17 produced 70, 25 and 12 nodules plant⁻¹ at 70, 40 and 54 DAS respectively. Nodules formed were of various sizes and more than 80 % were pink to dark red in colour denoting the presence of leghaemoglobin and active N fixation. The remaining nodules were either green or white. The importance of selecting an appropriate cultivar for the growing conditions was highlighted in these experiments. Leaf area index, leaf area duration intercepted radiation and final utilisation efficiency were significantly affected by cultivar. In both seasons cv. T-49 reached maturity (dry seed) before Scylla, while unirrigated plants reached green pod maturity seven days before irrigated plants. Plants of cv. Scylla gave a final TDM of 730 g m⁻²; compared to the 530 g m⁻² produced by T-49. The average growth rate was 7.0 and 5.2 g m⁻² day⁻¹ for Scylla and T-49 respectively (2003-04). Plants receiving 150 kg N ha⁻¹ produced 665 g m⁻² TDM which was 12 % more than was produced by unfertilised plants. The application of 150 kg N ha⁻¹ gave an average growth rate of 6.4 g m⁻² day⁻¹ compared to 5.7 g m⁻² day⁻¹ from plants with no N. Inoculation in the field had no significant effect on TDM in both seasons. Temperature affected growth and DM accumulation. Accumulated DM was highly dependent on cumulative intercepted PAR. Air temperatures below the base temperature (10 °C) affected growth in 2004-05, resulting in plants accumulating just 0.24 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR during early growth. This increased to 2.26 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR when the temperature was increased above the base temperature. There was a strong relationship between LAI and intercepted PAR. A LAI of 4.0-4.5 was required to intercept 90-95 % of incident solar radiation. Cultivar significantly (p < 0.001) affected radiation use efficiency (RUE). Scylla had a RUE of 1.02 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR compared to T-49 at 1.18 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR. Seed yield was significantly (p < 0.001) affected by cultivar and fertiliser application. Cultivar Scylla produced 467 g m⁻² which was 76 % more than T-49, while a 12 % increase in seed yield was observed in N fertilised plants over unfertilised plants. Only cultivar significantly affected HI, while the yield components that had the greatest effect on seed yield were hundred seed weight and pods plant⁻¹. Inoculation significantly (p< 0.05) affected 100 seed weight (2004-05). Plants inoculated with strain H 20 had the highest 100 seed weight at 25.2 g with cv. Scylla producing larger seeds than T-49. The belief that local environmental conditions play a major role on field survival of bacteria, led to the use of PCR methods to identify field nodulating organisms. Amplification of genomic DNA from parent isolates using primers fC and rD generated a single band for each isolate. Isolates were identified to the species level as either Rhizobium or Agrobacterium, using the highly conserved internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region and are known to nodulate common bean. The DNA extracted from the isolates recovered from nodules of field grown beans gave multiple bands with primers fC and rD. Five distinct banding patterns were observed. All of these were different from those of parent isolates. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA demonstrated that nodules of field grown beans in Canterbury were inhabited by Pseudomonads either alone or in association with other root nodulating organisms. The inability to identify the inoculant strains in nodules of field grown beans does not rule out their infection and nodulating function in the cultivars used. The results suggest the possibility of both Rhizobium and Pseudomonads cohabiting in the nodules of field grown beans. The aggressive nature of Pseudomonads on artificial media, possibly out competing the inoculant rhizobia is proposed, leading to the inability to identify the inoculant strain from the nodules of the field grown beans by PCR methods. The need to identify the nodule forming or nodule inhabiting bacteria in the nodules is necessary to classify the importance of these organisms and their economic benefit to agricultural production. This study also underlines the importance of using PCR methods to gain valuable insights into the ecological behaviour of Rhizobium inoculants and nodule inhabiting organisms.

本文主要是應用一內生性成長模型, 以先持有現金(Cash-in-Advance)限 制引入貨幣, 討論長期經濟成長率與貨幣成長率間的關係.

Ce mémoire sur l'évolution des littoraux sableux de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau est le fruit d'une recherche doctorale menée dans le cadre du projet «Bilan prospectif des changements à long terme de l'environnement côtier d'Afrique de l'Ouest», composante recherche du Programme Régional de Conservation des Zones Côtières et Marines en Afrique de l'Ouest (PRCM). Il s'envisageait à deux échelles spatiales (régionale et locale) et avait pour objectif de mettre en évidence et de mesurer les phénomènes d'érosion et d'accumulation intervenus depuis plusieurs décennies sur les côtes sableuses de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau. A l'échelle régionale, la superposition des lignes instantanées de rivage ou des limites de végétation extraites d'images Landsat multidates par équidensitométrie ou par classification avec l'ISODATA indique en dépit d'une érosion ponctuelle, une tendance à la progradation des formes très mobiles telles que les pointes des flèches, des petites îles et cordons sableux isolant des mangroves dans les systèmes estuariens du Sénégal à la Guinée-Bissau. L'analyse locale porte sur quatre sites répartis sur le littoral sénégalo-mauritanien (Nouakchott, Ndiago – Saint-Louis, Bargny – Yène-sur-mer, Mbour – Pointe Sarène) et s'étendant sur 67 km environ. Fondée essentiellement sur le traitement numérique et l'interprétation d'images aériennes au sein d'un SIG, l'étude de l'évolution spatio-temporelle de la position des marqueurs sélectionnés comme traits de côte (ligne de pleines mers ou limite supérieure de la plage) révèle une érosion sur 47 km (70 %) de côte et une progradation sur 20 km (30 %).

Cette thèse a le but d'introduire le concept de l'inertie dans la dynamique dissipative du macrospin. En suivant le travail de T. L. Gilbert dans cette direction, une masse est associée au macrospin, qui n'est pas liée au mouvement d'une masse réelle, mais à l'inertie du macrospin. Comme conséquence, une forme généralisée de l'équation dynamique du Gilbert tenant compte de l'inertie du macrospin est obtenue. A l'échelle d'une nanostructure ferromagnétique, les fluctuations sont relevantes. Le macrospin suit un mouvement Brownien dans l'espace de configuration correspondant (une sphère de rayon Ms). Pour faire une description de la dynamique du macrospin, une simple, rigoureuse et nouvelle théorie, celle de la thermodynamique mésoscopique hors équilibre est utilisée comme alternative au formalisme des processus stochastiques utilisé par W. F. Brown Jr. L'état de l'aimantation est décrit par un nombre de degrés de liberté qui influencent la dynamique du système : l'orientation m de l'aimantation décrite par les angles (θ, φ) et la vitesse u = dm/dt , ou le moment cinétique L. Une fonction de distribution f est introduite liée à la probabilité de trouver l'aimantation dans un état particulier (m, u) ou (m,L). La combination de la définition statistique de l'entropie comme une fonction de la probabilité, avec la méthodologie systèmatique de la thermodynamique hors equilibre résulte dans une théorie puissante décrivant pas seulement la dynamique moyennée du macrospin, mais aussi les fluctuations autour de la moyenne. Donc, une équation généralisée dynamique de Gilbert et une équation généralisée stochastique de Brown sont obtenues avec la théorie MNET. Un temps de relaxation est défini dépendent de l'inertie et du coefficient de dissipation du macrospin. Le comportement de l'aimantation impose deux régimes : un régime inertiel ou des temps courts t << τ , et le régime de diffusion ou des temps longs t >> τ . Un nouveau phénomène, la nutation, est prédite dans le régime inertiel, tandis que l'équation dynamique de Gilbert et l'équation stochastique de Brown sont obtenues aux temps longs. De plus, la question sur l'application de MNET dans le domaine de la spintronique est posée dans le contexte du spin transfer. Un modèle à deux fluides en rotation est présenté pour les spins s des électrons de conduction et les spins d des électrons constituant l'aimantation. Le modèle est intéressant proche de la interface normal-ferromagnet où se trouve accumulation de spin.

<p>This thesis presents predictive models for important variables concerning eutrophication effects in lakes. The keystone is a dynamic phosphorus model based on ordinary differential equations. By calculating mass fluxes of phosphorus into, within and out from a lake, the concentrations of different forms of phosphorus in different compartments of the lake are estimated.</p><p>The dynamic phosphorus model is critically tested and several improvements are presented, including two new compartments for colloidal phosphorus, a sub-model for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and new algorithms for lake outflow, water mixing, diffusion, water content and organic content of accumulation sediments are implemented. Predictions with the new version show good agreement against empirical data in five tested lakes.</p><p>The sub-model for SPM uses the same driving variables as the basic phosphorus model, so the inclusion of this model as a sub-model does not require any additional variables. The model for SPM may also be used as a separate model giving monthly predictions of suspended particulate matter in two water compartments and one compartment with SPM available for resuspension in ET-sediments.</p><p>Empirical data from Lake Erken (Sweden) and Lake Balaton (Hungary) are used to evaluate the variability in settling velocity of SPM. It is found that the variability is substantial and may be accounted for by using a dimensionless moderator for SPM concentration. Empirical data from accumulation area sediments in Lake Erken are used to develop a model for the dynamics of phosphorus sedimentation, burial and diffusion in the sediments. The model is shown to provide reasonable monthly predictions of four functional forms of phosphorus at different sediment depths.</p><p>Simulations with the lake phosphorus model using two different climate scenarios indicate that lakes may respond very differently to climate change depending on their physical character. Lake Erken, with a water retention time of 7 years, appears to be much more sensitive than two basins of Lake Mälaren (Sweden) with substantially shorter retention times. The implication would be that in eutrophic lakes with long water retention times, eutrophication problems may become serious if the future becomes warmer. This will be important in contexts of lake management when remedial measures against lake eutrophication have to be taken.</p>

This thesis presents predictive models for important variables concerning eutrophication effects in lakes. The keystone is a dynamic phosphorus model based on ordinary differential equations. By calculating mass fluxes of phosphorus into, within and out from a lake, the concentrations of different forms of phosphorus in different compartments of the lake are estimated. The dynamic phosphorus model is critically tested and several improvements are presented, including two new compartments for colloidal phosphorus, a sub-model for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and new algorithms for lake outflow, water mixing, diffusion, water content and organic content of accumulation sediments are implemented. Predictions with the new version show good agreement against empirical data in five tested lakes. The sub-model for SPM uses the same driving variables as the basic phosphorus model, so the inclusion of this model as a sub-model does not require any additional variables. The model for SPM may also be used as a separate model giving monthly predictions of suspended particulate matter in two water compartments and one compartment with SPM available for resuspension in ET-sediments. Empirical data from Lake Erken (Sweden) and Lake Balaton (Hungary) are used to evaluate the variability in settling velocity of SPM. It is found that the variability is substantial and may be accounted for by using a dimensionless moderator for SPM concentration. Empirical data from accumulation area sediments in Lake Erken are used to develop a model for the dynamics of phosphorus sedimentation, burial and diffusion in the sediments. The model is shown to provide reasonable monthly predictions of four functional forms of phosphorus at different sediment depths. Simulations with the lake phosphorus model using two different climate scenarios indicate that lakes may respond very differently to climate change depending on their physical character. Lake Erken, with a water retention time of 7 years, appears to be much more sensitive than two basins of Lake Mälaren (Sweden) with substantially shorter retention times. The implication would be that in eutrophic lakes with long water retention times, eutrophication problems may become serious if the future becomes warmer. This will be important in contexts of lake management when remedial measures against lake eutrophication have to be taken.

In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie man die Bodensteifigkeit bei sehr kleinen Dehnungen sowie die Abnahme der Steifigkeit mit zunehmender Scherdehnung in Labor- und Feldversuchen ermitteln kann. Dazu werden typische Eigenschaften mineralischer und organischer Böden einschließlich Korrelationen zusammengestellt und wesentliche Unterschiede zum Bodenverhalten bei großen Dehnungen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Steifigkeit und der Spannungsabhängigkeit aufgezeigt. Weiterhin wird dargelegt, wie man mit dem hypoplastischen Stoffgesetz mit intergranularen Dehnungen das Bodenverhalten bei kleinen Dehnungen wirklichkeitsnah erfassen kann und wie die Stoffparameter zu bestimmen sind. Für die realistische Erfassung des Bodenverhaltens infolge zyklischer Belastung einschließlich der Ausbildung von Hystereseschleifen wird eine Modifizierung des hypoplastischen Stoffgesetzes unter Einführung eines zusätzlichen Stoffparameters vorgenommen. Es wird gezeigt, wie dieser Parameter in zyklischen Laborversuchen bestimmt werden kann und wie damit die Akkumulation von Dehnungen bei drainierten Bedingungen bzw. von Porenwasserdrücken bei undrainierten Bedingungen zuverlässig prognostiziert werden kann. Anhand der dynamischen Beanspruchung eines Eisenbahndammes auf weichem, organischem Untergrund wird das modifizierte hypoplastische Stoffgesetz mit intergranularen Dehnungen für ein bodendynamisches Randwertproblem angewendet und gezeigt, dass damit das Bodenverhalten realistisch abgebildet werden kann. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit Ergebnissen von Schwingungsmessungen und Langzeitverformungsmessungen. Es werden bodendynamische Berechnungen zur Wellenausbreitung sowohl eindimensional als auch im Halbraum mit unterschiedlichen Stoffgesetzen geführt und Vergleiche mit analytischen Lösungen vorgenommen. Dazu wird gezeigt, welche Anforderungen an numerische Berechnungen zur Wellenausbreitung, insbesondere hinsichtlich Wahl der Zeitschritte, Elementgröße bzw. Knotenabstände, Größe des FE-Netzes und Modellierung der FE-Ränder erforderlich sind. / In this thesis it is shown how to determine the soil stiffness at very small strains, as well as the decrease in stiffness with increasing shear strain amplitude in laboratory and field tests. Typical properties and empirical correlations of coarse-, fine-grained and organic soils are collected and significant differences in soil stiffness and stress-dependence at small strains compared to large strains are shown. Further it is shown how one can realistically reproduce the soil behaviour at small strains with the hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strains and how the material parameters are determined. For a realistic prediction of soil behaviour due to cyclic loading including hysteresis loops in the stress-strain relationship, a modification of the hypoplastic constitutive model is made by using an additional material parameter. It is shown how this additional parameter can be determined in cyclic laboratory tests and how the accumulation of strains in drained conditions and excess pore pressures built up in undrained conditions can be realistically reproduced. Based on the dynamic load on a railway embankment on soft marshy ground, the modified hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strains is applied for a boundary value problem. It is demonstrated, that the soil behaviour can be reproduced realistically. Numerical results show a good agreement with results of vibration measurements and measurements of permanent displacements. A dynamical numerical analysis is performed for both one-dimensional and half-space conditions. Different constitutive models have been applied and compared with analytical solutions. The results demonstrate requirements on numerical analysis of wave propagation, in particular with regards to time steps, element size, node spacing, size of the FE mesh and boundary conditions.