Thesis deals with stoves, considering them as the main source of heating. The theoretical part is focused on practical and theoretical stove designing and burnnig proces. The designing addresses three of the countless variations on the koncept of modern stove heating. Each variant is unique in its technical and design way of solution. Experiment affects the properties hypokaust stove.

The axiomatic theory of ` Zelazko defines a variety of general spectra where specified axioms are satisfied. However, there arise a number of spectra, usually defined for a single element of a Banach algebra, that are not covered by the axiomatic theory of ` Zelazko. V. Kordula and V. M¨uller addressed this issue and created the theory of regularities. Their unique idea was to describe the underlying set of elements on which the spectrum is defined. The axioms of a regularity provide important consequences. We prove that the set of Koliha-Drazin invertible elements, which includes the Drazin invertible elements, forms a regularity. The properties of the spectrum corresponding to a regularity are also investigated. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Mathematics)

This thesis concerns the 2.0 decade, the decade when the social web started to develop. The main research objective is to contribute to our embedment in Internet technology in a conscious and livable way. The thesis is part of a general attempt to improve our understanding of the transformation taking place in the development of the web. We live in a time when knowledge contexts are moving from expert knowledge towards conversational knowledge. My research is mainly presented in the form of five essays. This thesis can be described as a conversational analysis of knowledge processes during the 2.0 decade. The 2.0 decade came to life in the wake of the information technology bubble in the end of the 1990s. The first decade of the 2000s was the decade when 'the Web' became 'Web 2.0' and the energy of the Internet switched from monetary speculations to conversations. Everyone wanted to start conversations and build digital technology, which induced conversations. Like the concept Web 2.0, this thesis came to life in the wake of the information technology bubble. It presupposes the knowledge relation between humans and our technology to be conversational rather than rational. This basically means that digital technology is not a tool but an integrated part in the person assemblage. There are many important thinkers embedded in this thesis. Some of them are more important than others, notably Gilles Deleuze and Donna Haraway. However, the thesis does not analyze the text of other thinkers, it involves them in the conversation. Important concepts as assemblage, rhizome (Deleuze) and cyborg (Haraway) are participants in the text rather than being its objectives. They are part of the general experience behind the essays, together with all the persons I have linked up to and the digital technology I have tried to become with. To become with (or develop together with) technology means to acknowledge the idea that technology is more than a tool. It is something within, not something external.

企業內勞資雙方所扮演的角色屬於社會夥伴的形式，此種社會夥伴關係的發展，牽涉到整體經濟發展的成果分配形式；然而社會經濟的發展不應僅以工資及盈餘作為分配企業經濟成果的唯一管道，加上我國近年來貧富差距不斷的擴大，政府應當盡可能擴大勞動者的儲蓄，直接參與生產資本的投入，分享企業的經營成果，以創造更多的社會財富分配管道。 所謂勞工財務參與乃勞工參與企業經營成果之形式，不論是以利潤分享或是股票持有的形式，均得以自歐盟過去十五年的議程之間所見。因此，本研究透過比較研究之方式，以歐盟六個成員國（包含法、德、 英、愛爾蘭、荷蘭及比利時）為研究對象，藉此分析其勞工財務參與制度及社會夥伴觀點。此外，本文歸納整理歐盟成員國實施勞工財務參與所產生之問題，並介紹其建議解決方法，作為我國參考之經驗。 最後，本研究自歐盟勞工財務參與之角度，將我國企業內勞工財務參與計劃之內容（包含年終獎金、利潤分享計劃及員工所有權計劃三種類型）作一比較後，提出相關制度缺失；透過檢視歐盟勞工財務參與之八大原則，我國於制度上缺乏平等原則，成為圖利少數管理人員之工具。因此，為有效推行我國勞工財務參與制度，本研究建議勞資政三方自以下方向著手：一、政府層面：明確定義計劃中「勞工」之範圍，董監事兼具勞工身分者應排除適用；條件式地提供稅賦誘因，以促進計畫的實施；儲蓄理財制度的健全發展，協助勞工財產之形成。二、勞工層面：加強勞工財務參與之教育宣導，增進勞工的認知；建議政府設立專責主管單位監督勞工財務參與計畫之設立及運作，以確保計畫之公平性。三、雇主層面：促進企業實施勞工財務參與制度；實施廣泛勞工基礎的財務參與計劃，避免淪為少數高階人員自肥的工具；不應限制計劃的投資標的，分散投資風險性；並訂定實施辦法及專責機構辦理，以便於企業推行、增加勞工的參與率。

Articular cartilage has a low propensity for self-repair, due to which 27 million people are affected by osteoarthritis every year in North America. The current repair techniques used for cartilage defects possess flaws that reduce long-term clinical success. Tissue engineering carries with it the promise of engineering hyaline-like cartilage with physical and biochemical properties, similar to that of native cartilage. This being said, the primary objective of my project was to engineer clinically relevant sized articular cartilage constructs. To achieve my objective, first, I investigated the effect of continuous culture on cartilaginous tissue growth. Constructs grown under continuous media flow significantly accumulated more collagen and glycosaminoglycan, and displayed a stratified morphology, similar to that found in native cartilage. The second goal was to further increase chondrocyte proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. To achieve this, constructs were grown in a bioreactor with media supplemented with 14 mM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Constructs cultivated in the bioreactor with NaHCO3 supplementation exhibited a significant (p<0.05) increase in ECM accumulation (a 98-fold increase in glycosaminoglycans and a 25-fold increase in collagen content), cell proliferation (a 13-fold increase), and thickness (a 28-fold increase) compared to all other conditions (static and reactor without NaHCO3 supplementation). The third goal was to engineer cartilage constructs with as little cells as possible, reducing donor site morbidity. From the results obtained, it was evident that the monolayer constructs outperformed all the other constructs (pellet, biopsy, and minced). The final goal was to understand the underlying reason for the increased proliferation. First, I investigated if there were any differences present in intracellular pH (pHi) and intracellular buffering capacity. Second, I determined the role of extracellular pH (pHe) on cell proliferation. In an effort to accurately achieve this, I, for the first time, have reported on measuring pHi of chondrocytes while still in culture (2D and 3D cultures) using a confocal microscope. This study demonstrated the importance of extracellular environments, such as pHe, extracellular buffering capacity, and the presence of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions for chondrocyte proliferation. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-10-30 19:19:32.026

This thesis is about the organisation, character and change of labour relations in expanding capitalist wool farming in the Cape between 1860 and 1950. It is an attempt to analyse labour in wool farming within a transnational framework, based on an expansion of capital from core to periphery of the capitalist world-economy. Wool farming in peripheries like the Cape was part of capitalist production through the link to primarily the British textile industry. This relationship enabled wool farmers to invest in their farms in sheep, fences and windmills. They thereby became agents of capital expansion in the world-economy, which was a prerequisite for a capitalist expansion. Although wool production in the Cape was initially an imperial division of labour, that relation changed during the twentieth century as Britain’s leading role as textile producer was challenged by other capitalist core countries. Capitalism as a transnational production system, based on commodity chains from periphery to core, became the most crucial structure for wool farmers in the Cape, who could increase their exports. The thesis also shows that the pre-capitalist generational division of labour among black peasants, through which farmers acquired labour, especially shepherds, was both discarded and intensified. Shepherding was intensified along with fencing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century due to threat from jackals and lack of sufficient water supplies. Those farmers who invested in technology in the form of jackal-proof fences and windmills managed to change production from herding to rotational grazing in camps, which meant that shepherds were replaced by camp walkers, who controlled fences instead of sheep. Those farmers who did not invest were forced to exploit the pre-capitalist relations more intensively and hire shepherds in order to be able to produce and sell wool to textile manufacturers in capitalist core areas. As the young adult males disappeared from farms to the mines, the role of children and youths as shepherds became increasingly important. By the 1940s almost all the shepherds were children or youths, but they were about to be made redundant, as the number of shepherds decreased during the 1930s and 1940s.

A growing interest in using forest biomass for bioenergy generation may stimulate intensive harvesting scenarios in Germany. We calculated and compared nutrient exports of conventional stem only (SO), whole tree without needles (WT excl. needles), and whole tree (WT) harvesting in two medium aged Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands differing in productivity, and related them to soil nutrient pools and fluxes at the study sites. We established allometric biomass functions for each aboveground tree compartment and analyzed their nutrient contents. We analyzed soil nutrient stocks, estimated weathering rates, and obtained deposition and seepage data from nearby Level II stations. WT (excl. needles) and WT treatments cause nutrient losses 1.5 to 3.6 times higher than SO, while the biomass gain is only 1.18 to 1.25 in case of WT (excl. needles) and 1.28 to 1.30 in case of WT in the pine and spruce stand, respectively. Within the investigated 25-year period, WT harvesting would cause exports of N, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ of 6.6, 8.8, 5.4, and 0.8 kg·ha−1 in the pine stand and 13.9, 7.0, 10.6, and 1.8 kg·ha−1 in the spruce stand annually. The relative impact of WT and WT (excl. needles) on the nutrient balance is similar in the pine and spruce stands, despite differences in stand productivities, and thus the absolute amount of nutrients removed. In addition to the impact of intensive harvesting, both sites are characterized by high seepage losses of base cations, further impairing the nutrient budget. While intensive biomass extraction causes detrimental effects on many key soil ecological properties, our calculations may serve to implement measures to improve the nutrient balance in forested ecosystems.

Dans l'optique de produire des agro‐carburants, le sorgho sucré est aujourd'hui proposé comme une alternative à d'autres espèces cultivées à grande échelle comme la canne à sucre et le maïs car il présente plusieurs avantages : le sorgho est résistant à la sécheresse et à la chaleur, il nécessite peu d'intrants, a en moyenne un cycle de culture relativement court (3‐4 mois) comparé à la canne à sucre. Il offre une grande diversité génétique à explorer et exploiter, tout en étant génétiquement moins complexe que la canne à sucre. Finalement, il peut être cultivé pour un double usage, le grain pouvant être utilisé comme source d'alimentation pour l'homme ou le bétail (à partir du grain) et le jus sucré contenu par les tiges comme source d'agrocarburant. Cette polyvalence en fait une culture idéale pour lutter contre la compétition entre cultures énergétiques et cultures vivrières et assurer des rendements dans des environnements de culture sujets au stress hydrique et thermique comme c'est le cas en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cependant, le caractère sucré du sorgho est complexe, car sous l'influence d'interactions Génotype X Environnement (GxE). Aussi, les mécanismes métaboliques, morphologiques ou phénologiques constituant la cinétique d'accumulation des glucides dans la tige et son éventuelle compétition avec le remplissage des grains restent mal connus ou très controversés dans la littérature. La présente thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du projet européen Sweetfuel, vise à comprendre ces mécanismes, afin de contribuer à la définition d'idéotypes de sorgho double usage, pour les environnements soudano‐sahéliens.Sur la base d'études expérimentales au champ au Mali et en serre en France, il a pu être démontré que les glucides sont accumulés dans les entrenoeuds des tiges par un jeu d'activités enzymatiques (favorisant l'accumulation d'hexoses puis de saccharose) dès le début de leur élongation, donc potentiellement avant la floraison. Au Mali, l'étude au champ de 14 génotypes adaptés aux conditions locales, plus ou moins sensibles à la photopériode et semés à trois dates différentes, a démontré le bénéfice d'un rallongement de la phase végétative sur la quantité de sucre accumulée dans les tiges de la plante à floraison, du fait d'un plus grand nombre d'entrenoeuds allongés et du temps à leur disposition pour accumuler des glucides avant ce stade. Ce bénéfice était cependant plus lié à la plus grande quantité de biomasse accumulée (taille des tiges) qu'à la concentration en sucre dans les entrenoeuds (plutôt stable entre dates de semis).Ainsi, la durée de la phase végétative et la sensibilité à la photopériode sont proposés comme des paramètres clés favorisant la quantité de glucides accumulée dans les tiges de la plante à floraison. D'autre part, il a été montré que la quantité de glucides présente à maturité dans les tiges des mêmes génotypes ne différait pas ou peu de celle à floraison, une éventuelle réduction pour quelques génotypes n'étant généralement pas significative et évitable par l'allongement du cycle. De plus, cette quantité de glucides dans les tiges à maturité n'a tiré aucun bénéfice de l'ablation de la panicule à floraison chez les mêmes génotypes. Ces résultats suggèrent que la compétition entre le remplissage du grain et la production de sucre est faible chez le sorgho, d'autant plus faible que la plante présente de grandes tiges et donc un grand compartiment de stockage des glucides, tamponnant cette éventuelle compétition. D'ailleurs, à une échelle plus fine, aucune différence n'a pu être mise en évidence en termes d'activité des principales enzymes du métabolisme carboné dans la tige d'un génotype dans sa version stérile (pas de remplissage du grain) et fertile.Ce travail a démontré le potentiel du sorgho pour une double utilisation dans un contexte soudano‐sahélien et la pertinence d'exploiter la diversité génétique de cette espèce pour cette objectif de sélection. Les résultats ob / Sweet sorghum offers many advantages as an alternative to widely cultivated crops such as corn and sugarcane to produce biofuels: it is resistant to water stress, it requires few inputs; it has a shorter growth cycle compared to sugarcane in particular. Sorghum also exhibits a great genetic diversity and is genetically less complex than sugarcane. Finally, sorghum can be cultivated for dual‐purpose uses, using grains for food or feed and sweet juice for biofuel production. Hence, sorghum is a promising option to reduce the competition for land and (water) resource use between food and fuel, in particular in cropping environments with high drought and heat stress frequency, as in West Africa. However, stem sweetness is a complex trait prone to genotype x environment interactions (GxE). The metabolic, morphological and phenological mechanisms involved in the kinetic of stem sugar accumulation and its possible competition with grain filling are largely unknown or controversial in the literature. The present work is part of the European project Sweetfuel and aims at better understanding these mechanisms and contributing to define dual‐purpose sorghum ideotypes for soudano‐sahelian conditions.Based on field and greenhouse experiments respectively in Mali and France, it was found that sugars start accumulating in stem internodes at the onset of their elongation, i.e. potentially soon before the plant flowers. The successive accumulation of hexose and then sucrose in internodes could be dynamically explained by changes in the activity of key enzymes related to sucrose metabolism. In Mali, a field experiment performed on 14 genotypes, contrasted for photoperiod sensitivity and sown at three planting dates, highlighted the interest of increasing vegetative phase duration to increase sugar yield. This was explained first of all by the higher number of internodes that could expand during a longer vegetative phase, and thus, by the higher production of stem biomass, and, to a minor extent, by the longer time for internodes to mature and accumulate sugar (sugar concentration in the stem was however fairly stable across sowing dates). Also, vegetative phase duration and photoperiod sensitivity can be considered as two key parameters promoting stem sugar content before grain filling. In the same time, it was shown that stem sugar content kept remarkably constant between anthesis and maturity in most of studied genotypes and that the reduction observed for some genotypes was overcome with an early sowing. Moreover, sugar accumulation in the stem between flowering and maturity did not benefit from panicle pruning. These results together suggest that the competition for carbohydrates between stem sugar reserves and grain filling is weak; it is even weaker for big/large stem genotypes with huge sugar reserves in the stem that would buffer a post‐flowering allocation of sugar from the stem to the grains if required. This low competition was confirmed at a finer scale, as no differences were observed in the activity of key enzymes of sucrose metabolism between the sterile and the fertile line of a same genotype.This work demonstrates the potential of sorghum for dual‐purpose in particular for soudano‐sahelian cropping conditions and the interest of using its genetic diversity for this breeding purpose. It provides further knowledge for revisiting the phenotyping strategies to be adopted to investigate the genetic basis of sugar and grain production and their combination. The results are also currently used to improve the way the source‐sink relationships underlying this dual production are formalized in crop and plant models at CIRAD. Such models will be then useful to assist sorghum ideotype exploration for dual purpose.

In dieser Arbeit wird anfangs dargestellt, wie kostenintensiv und problematisch die Kanalreinigung ausfällt. Durch die demographisch bedingt rückläufigen Schmutzwassermengen und gleichzeitig prognostizierten langen Trockenperioden in den Sommermonaten muss allerdings mit einer verstärkten Akkumulation von Ablagerungen in den Kanalsystemen gerechnet werden. Zudem erweist es sich in Voraussicht auf den Klimawandel als notwendig, den gesamten Kanalquerschnitt für Starkregenereignisse von Ablagerungen freizuhalten; ansonsten ist die häufigere Entlastung des Abwassernetzes in den Vorfluter nach Füllung der vorhandenen Regenrückhaltebecken vorprogrammiert. Die Kanalreinigung wird somit in den nächsten Jahren an Bedeutung gewinnen. Vor allem bei der Reinigung von Großprofilen ist jedoch der Stand der Technik noch nicht ausgereift und die jetzigen Reinigungsmethoden erweisen sich wegen des niedrigen Reinigungserfolges sowie der starken Umweltbelastung durch die genutzten Geräte als ungeeignet. Durch die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte und auf den Stand der Technik gebrachte Reinigungsmethode wird jedoch eine leistungsstarke Alternative geboten. In Zukunft wird es möglich sein, große Kanaldurchmesser fast vollkommen umweltneutral zu reinigen und nur mit Hilfe der Wasserkraft das gesammelte Sediment bis zum nachgeschalteten Sandfang zu mobilisieren. Mit den durchgeführten und hier dargestellten numerischen Versuchen wird in erster Linie eine geometrische Optimierung zur Erreichung der größten Mobilisierungskräfte im Hinblick auf einen ausgewählten Abschnitt der Dresdner Kanalisation vollzogen. In der nachfolgenden physikalischen Modellierung wird der Schwerpunkt auf die optimale Reinigungsgeschwindigkeit gelegt, um ein möglichst großes Volumen an Ablagerungen zu bewegen. Es muss allerdings präzisiert werden, dass während der Modellierung kein Grenzzustand erreicht werden konnte. Dieser wird schließlich durch die folgende analytische Beschreibung des Transportvorganges theoretisch bestimmt. Für das genutzte physikalische Modell wird analytisch ein Grenztransportkörper aus Modellsediment errechnet. Bei einer Übertragung auf den dazugehörigen vorhandenen Abschnitt im Dresdner Kanalnetz durch Ansetzen des Ähnlichkeitsgesetzes wird ein mobilisierbares Grenzvolumen überschlagen. Die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse der theoretischen Untersuchungen bzw. der physikalischen Modellierung wurden mit den Betreibern und den Herstellern des neuen Stauwagens diskutiert und hinsichtlich konstruktiver Schwerpunkte optimiert. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kostenoptimierung und der konstruktiven Realisierung wurde von der Firma "WKS Technik GmbH" ein Forschungsmuster zur Untersuchung in einer Pilottestphase entwickelt und gebaut. In der nachfolgenden dargestellten Testphase wurde das Ergebnis als Pilotprojekt im Dresdner Kanalnetz in mehreren Testläufen erprobt und untersucht. Nach jedem Testlauf wurden die aufgetretenen Probleme analysiert und durch Umbauten oder Veränderungen behoben. Regelmäßige Reinigungsfahrten sollten wegen der geringeren Ablagerungsmengen ein gleichmäßiges Fahren gewährleisten bzw. die Ablagerungen vollständig mobilisieren und bis zum Sandfang transportieren, um sie dort zu entnehmen. Während der Testphase wurde eine viel höhere Sedimentmenge gesammelt und transportiert als die, welche sich aus der analytischen Berechnung ergab. Dies folgte aus dem beim Naturversuch zugelassenen höheren Aufstauniveau hinter dem Spülwagen, welches ausnahmsweise zugelassen wurde, um auf eine zwischenzeitliche Sedimentabsaugung zu verzichten. / The early pages of this research thesis demonstrate how costly and problematic sewer cleaning is. Due to changing demographics causing declining amounts of wastewater and, at the same time, to predicted long dry spells during the summer months, an increased accumulation of sediments in the sewer systems has to be expected. With respect to climate change it is necessary to keep the entire sewer cross section free of sediments in order to manage heavy rainfall events; otherwise a more frequent relief of the wastewater system into the receiving water is inevitable once the rain retention basins have been filled. Thus sewer cleaning will gain in importance within the next few years. Predominantly the cleaning of large-diameter profiles, however, has not reached a state-of-the-art technology, and the current cleaning methods prove themselves to be inapt due to their very limited success as well as to the environmental burden posed by the equipment they employ. The state-of-the-art cleaning method presented in this research paper constitutes a high-powered alternative. In the future, it will be possible to clean large sewer cross sections almost entirely in an environmentally neutral fashion and to mobilize the accumulated sediment all the way to the downstream sand trap by exclusively harnessing water power. The numerical experiments conducted for this paper primarily effected a geometric optimization to achieve the maximal mobilization forces in a selected section of Dresden's sewer system. In the subsequent physical modeling the emphasis is placed on the optimal cleaning speed in order to move a maximum volume of sediments. It has to be clarified, however, that no limit state could be reached during the modeling procedure. This limit state is determined theoretically only through the following analytical description of the transport process. For the physical model at hand, the maximum transportable sediment volume made of model sediment is calculated analytically. In an extrapolation for the associated existent section in the Dresden sewer system, a mobilizable limit volume is estimated applying the law of similarity. The results of the theoretical analysis and the physical modeling presented in this work were discussed with the operators and manufacturers of the new storage vehicle and were optimized with regard to constructional core aspects. In special consideration of the cost optimization and the constructional realization, the "WKS Technik GmbH" company developed and constructed a research prototype for a survey in a pilot test phase. During the subsequent test phase, the result was tried out and examined as a pilot project in several trial runs in Dresden's sewer system. After each trial run, the problems which had occurred were analyzed and then eliminated through constructional modifications or other alterations. Regular cleaning runs were intended to guarantee a steady movement of the cleaning vehicle due to a reduced amount of sediments, or to completely mobilize the sediments and transport them to the sand trap in order to remove them there. The sediment volume actually gathered and transported during the test phase was significantly larger than the one derived from the analytical calculation. This increase results from greater storage depths behind the flush car, which were permitted as an exception for the field test in order to go without any interim sediment extractions. / La prima parte della presente tesi di dottorato mette in evidenza le problematicità legate alla pulizia dei canali delle acque reflue, sottolineando in particolare gli enormi costi generati dall 'alta frequenza di depositi e dalla grandezza delle reti di raccolta presenti sui territori. A causa della riduzione demografica e delle condizioni meteorologiche che si stanno alterando, per il prossimo futuro si prevedono lunghi periodi di siccità, interrotti da acquazzoni intensi e brevi. Questo porterà ad un accumulo di depositi nelle reti di raccolta delle acque miste soprattutto nei mesi estivi, che implicherà a sua volta la necessità di tenere le sezioni dei canali presenti libere da depositi per consentire un appropriato deflusso e ritenzione in presenza delle suddette intense precipitazioni. Se in questi casi la ritenzione della rete fognaria non sarebbe data, infatti, si andrebbe a scaricare acque sporche sempre in maggiore quantità e con maggiore frequenza nei corsi d 'acqua di superficie, inquinando in secondo luogo anche le falde acquifere. Da questo quadro, si evince come la pulizia delle canalizzazioni acquisterà in futuro sempre una maggiore importanza. Attualmente, per la pulizia di canali di grandi dimensioni (maggiori di 1000 mm) non esistono metodi efficaci ed ecologici per movimentare i depositi presenti. Il presente lavoro espone una soluzione competitiva ai suddetti problemi. Grazie al lavoro di ricerca e sviluppo svolto, infatti, è stato elaborato un metodo con cui sarà possibile in futuro pulire canali di grosse dimensioni pressoché senza l\'impiego di energia esterna, ma solamente grazie all 'utilizzo dell 'energia dell 'acqua reflua presente nei canali, mobilizzando i depositi fino al prossimo punto presente dove sarà possibile estrarre dalla rete fognaria il materiale raccolto. L 'analisi numerica eseguita e qui rappresentata porta innanzitutto ad un 'ottimizzazione geometrica ed idraulica che consente il raggiungimento delle maggiori forze di mobilizzazione possibili per un segmento scelto della rete fognaria della città di Dresda (Sassonia). Nelle prove in laboratorio correlate si è cercato di ottimizzare la velocità con la quale deve avvenire la pulizia del fondo del canale in modo da poter trasportare il più elevato volume di sedimenti possibile. Si precisa a questo riguardo che in laboratorio non è stato possibile raggiungere il limite volumetrico correlato al modello fisico utilizzato, perché i soli 24 m di lunghezza del banco di prova non hanno consentito il raggiungimento di tale stato limite. Questo limite è stato determinato successivamente attraverso un modello analitico sviluppato appositamente, il quale descrive la mobilizzazione dei sedimenti attraverso la tecnologia di pulizia utilizzata. Attraverso i fattori di conversione che regolano le leggi fisiche presenti tra modello di laboratorio e natura è stato possibile in seguito rapportare il limite volumetrico al segmento reale utilizzato per le prove numeriche. Usando i risultati ottenuti sia dalle analisi numeriche che dalle prove di laboratorio è stato sviluppato e poi realizzato un prototipo assieme al partner commerciale "WKS Technik GmbH", prestando particolare attenzione all 'ottimizzazione costruttiva e dei costi di produzione. Questo prototipo è stato testato per diverse volte in un tratto di circa quattro chilometri della canalizzazione di Dresda. Dopo ogni corsa sono stati analizzati i punti deboli del metodo di pulizia nonché del prototipo stesso e si è provveduto ad eliminarli. Gli ultimi test hanno confermato il funzionamento di tale prototipo offrendo inoltre una buona validazione del modello analitico sviluppato in precedenza.

Práce se zabývá tvárným lomem, který je výsledkem víceosého kvazi-statického monotónního namáhání doprovázeného rozsáhlými plastickými deformacemi, přičemž pro degradaci materiálu je uvažován lokální přístup. Ve výpočtech o rozvoji poškození rozhodují použité mezní podmínky tvárného lomu. Tyto byly teoreticky studovány v úvodu práce a po výběru vhodné mezní podmínky byl stanoven postup kalibrace. Dále byl rozpracován plán měření a realizovány zkoušky při pokojové teplotě na slitině hliníku 2024-T351, zahrnující tah, krut a tlak, pro studium rozvoje poškození a věrohodnou kalibraci vybraného fenomenologického modelu tvárného porušování, vyjádřeného pomocí lomového přetvoření a závislého na hydrostatickém tlaku a deviátoru tenzoru napětí. Mezní podmínka tvárného lomu byla posléze svázána s podmínkou plasticity. Plasticita byla pro zkoumaný materiál uvažována ve tvaru zohledňujícím i stav třetího invariantu deviátoru tenzoru napětí. Celý navržený přístup, plně aplikovatelný na víceosé úlohy, byl implementován pomocí uživatelské rutiny do komerčního programu založeného na explicitní variantě metody konečných prvků. V závěru práce je předložena aplikace navrženého přístupu k modelování tvárného porušování v podobě verifikace na vybraných zkušebních testech, z níž plynou závěry a doporučení pro další práci.