In this article, the author analyzes strengths and weaknesses of the domain systems of minerals, allowing us knowing the system adopted for our Constitution. Then, the author evaluates the characteristics and legal nature of mineral exploration concession and exploitation. After that, he will examine in detail the mining procedure govern by the GeneralMining Law and its Regulations, which allow domestic and foreign investors to obtain themining concession title. Finally, he will offer proposals in each of the methods related to the mining concession and its procedures in the public administration. / Mediante el presente artículo el autor analiza los defectos y virtudes de los sistemas de dominio de los minerales, permitiéndonos conocer el sistema que adopta nuestraConstitución Política, para seguidamente analizar las características y naturaleza jurídicade la concesión minera por exploración y explotación. Posteriormente, analizará de maneradetallada cada una de las etapas del procedimiento ordinario minero regulado por el TextoÚnico Ordenado (TUO) de la Ley General de Minería y sus Reglamentos, que permitirá a losinversionistas nacionales y extranjeros obtener el título de concesión minera, para finalmenteanalizar, brindar sugerencias y recomendaciones en cada uno de los procedimientos administrativos conexos o vinculados a la concesión minera por exploración y explotación.

This study engages in an ethical examination of contemporary socio-ecological and economic issues which takes seriously the plight of Africa, African communities, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. It studies the impact of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights regimes on the protection, use, access to, and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. The study also examines the ways in which northern multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their agents prospect and convert African resources (biological commons and indigenous knowledge) into their intellectual property as well as private property. It argues that the transfer of African biological commons and indigenous knowledge is exacerbated by economic globalisation and the neo-colonial mentality of conquest concealed under the guise of commerce. The study demonstrates through concrete case studies the tactics used by northern multinational corporations to claim these resources as their intellectual property rights and private property. It observes that the privatisation of biological commons and indigenous knowledge only brings about nominal or no benefits to African communities who have nurtured and continue to nurture them. It also observes that this privatisation results in fewer benefits for biodiversity as they lead to the promotion of monoculture, i.e. commercialisation of all things. To address the injustice and exploitative implications of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights, the study recommends the adoption and implementation of the African model law, the establishment of defensive intellectual property rights mechanisms, and the strategy of resistance and advocacy. It suggests that these measures ought to be grounded on the African normative principle of botho and the Christian ethical principle of justice. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / D.Th.(Theological Ethics)

A patent is an intellectual property right granted as a reward for the labours of the inventor so as to commercially exploit the invention in return for disclosure of the invention. The benefits of the patent system find perfect expression in the employment situation since the employer is better equipped to exploit the invention through provision of resources and capital whereas the employee is provided with an opportunity to develop his technical know-how. A comparative study of the laws pertaining to employee inventions in the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America reveals a variety of approaches to the subject of employee inventions. The approach of the South African law on the subject is inadequate and legal reform is a necessity. The recommendations for such reform encapsulates a blend of the best features of each of the three national approaches to employee inventions. / Mercentile Law / LL. M. (Law)

Orientador: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a participação de grupos de interesse na definição da política externa norte-americana ao defenderem seus interesses econômicos. Com base no modelo do jogo de dois níveis proposto por Robert Putnam, considera-se o impacto dos atores domésticos no processo de tomada de decisão na política externa comercial dos Estados Unidos. Sob tal perspectiva, analisaremos como lobby da indústria farmacêutica norte-americana se organizou e quais estratégias foram adotadas por eles para fazer valer os seus interesses e influenciar a formulação da política externa do país, utilizando seus recursos financeiros e influência política junto a instituições governamentais responsáveis pela definição da política comercial para pressionar o governo norte-americano em suas negociações internacionais por regulamentações que beneficiassem o setor. Assim, o estudo de caso das negociações do acordo TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) no âmbito do GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstra como a estratégia do lobby farmacêutico se revelou eficiente. / Abstract: The present work aims to analyze the participation of interest groups in the definition of the American foreign policy when defending their interests. Based on the two-level model proposed by Robert Putnam, it considers the impact of domestic actors in the decision-making process of the US foreign trade policy. From this perspective, we analyze how the pharmaceutical industry lobby is organized and its strategies to assert their interests and influence the formulation of the country's foreign policy, by using its financial resources and channels of influence with governamental institutions responsible for the definition of trade policy to pressure the US government in its international negotiations for regulations that would benefit the sector. Thus, the case study of the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) negotiations under GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstrates how the pharmaceutical lobby strategy proved to be efficient. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3842.pdf: 3560186 bytes, checksum: 87134f6d5b6b16f95954b0d864a13031 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The approaches of socio-ecological systems, resilience, and adaptive management suggest new forest governance arrangements that include the participation of marginalized rural people in territorial management. These approaches require efforts of scientists and managers to deal with local knowledge and with the social institutions that govern resource access and use by these people. This research was conducted in two communities of the Lower Madeira River (São Carlos and Cuniã) and the objectives were: (i) to characterize the Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa (Humb. & Bonpl.) harvest based on harvest practices and local knowledge; (ii) to characterize the official land tenure and the customary property rights regimes in the harvest areas within and around the protected areas where co-management between government and local communities is officially assumed; (iii) to determine whether there are discrepancies between official land tenure and customary property rights regimes in those areas; and (iv) to verify the influence of customary property rights regimes on specie's management, and which regime or regime arrangements are more likely to promote the conservation of the harvest areas and the species. Qualitative and ethnographic methods were used with semi-structured and open-ended questionnaires, participatory observation, and mapping with Brazil nut harvesters from the two communities and other stakeholders. The data were interpreted from the perspective of ethnoecology ("etnoecologia abrangente"), human ecology and property rights regimes. The results suggest that: (i) the existing local knowledge in the region is extensive and driven by environmental feedbacks and therefore should be considered for adaptive comanagement; (ii) the organization and dynamics in the harvest areas are complex and differ from the official land tenure; (iii) the management practices that contribute to conservation of B. excelsa are more likely to remain in property regime arrangements between state and community, since these regimes have less conflicts and uncertainty in relation to harvest areas access and use. / A visão dos sistemas socioecológicos como resilientes e cíclicos incita o manejo adaptativo e novos arranjos de governança sobre os recursos florestais que incluem a participação das populações rurais marginalizadas na gestão territorial. Essa abordagem requer esforços de cientistas e gestores para lidar com os conhecimentos locais e visão de mundo desses povos, incluindo o reconhecimento das instituições sociais que regem o acesso e uso à esses recursos. A presente pesquisa foi realizada nas comunidades de São Carlos e Cuniã, no Baixo Rio Madeira e pretendeu: (i) fazer uma caracterização das práticas e conhecimentos locais relacionados a atividade extrativista da castanha-do- Brasil Bertholetia excelsa (Humb. & Bonpl.); (ii) caracterizar a situação fundiária oficial e os regimes de direito de propriedade vigentes em áreas de coleta da espécie dentro e no entorno de áreas florestais protegidas que oficialmente assumem a gestão compartilhada do governo com a comunidade; (iii) verificar se existem discrepâncias entre situação fundiária oficial e os regimes de direito de propriedade vigentes nessas áreas; (iv) verificar se existe influência dos regimes de direito de propriedade no manejo da espécie e qual regime ou combinação de regimes é mais propício para a promoção da conservação de suas áreas. Foi feito um trabalho qualitativo e etnográfico- com questionários semi-estruturados e abertos, observações participantes e elaboração de mapas com extrativistas de castanha-do-Brasil das duas comunidades e stakeholders. Os dados foram interpretados sob a ótica da etnoecologia abrangente, ecologia humana e regimes de direito de propriedade. Os resultados sugerem que (i) o conhecimento local existente na região associado à atividade de extrativismo de castanha e áreas de coleta é extenso e alimentado por feedbacks ambientais cotidianos, devendo ser considerado para o co-manejo adaptativo; (ii) a organização e dinâmica dos territórios de coleta são complexos e divergem da situação fundiária oficial; (iii) as práticas de manejo que contribuem para conservação de B. excelsa são mais propícias de se manter em arranjos de regimes de propriedade mistos entre Estado e comunidade nos quais há menos conflitos e incertezas em relação ao acesso e uso das áreas de extrativismo.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T12:01:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquvo total.pdf: 18917608 bytes, checksum: fcfcd686ecacb39c53f8f45267048264 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T12:01:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquvo total.pdf: 18917608 bytes, checksum: fcfcd686ecacb39c53f8f45267048264 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / This study deals with an innovative theme regarding the scenario of contemporary science. This perspective presents a new spectrum related to open science and changes that occur in current scientific practices. These practices are being improved and present new meanings, towards the new dynamics related to scientific outcomes and publishing. The Fourth Scientific Paradigm leads to a science that is based on intensive use of scientific information through the practices of the emerging model called e-Science. This type of science reflects a collaborative scientific environment that considers sharing, convergence, connectivity, interactivity, use and reuse of scientific data. This environment is based on the assumptions of a more open science and emerging models. In this context, the data life cycle model is adopted in order to drive and support scientific data management. Thus, this thesis constitutes a multidimensional and multidisciplinary study that relies on the confluence between Information Science and Law Sciences and its intersections with Economy and Technology. Theoretically, the study is supported by Commons Theory and Creative Economy; considering current intellectual property regulations and legislations as well as international guidelines for the new dynamics of e-Science. The core argument of this thesis is that in e-Science authority is collaborative practice; promoted by authorship rewards. The study object of the research is centered on authorship of scientific data considered as an intellectual asset. The work aims to elaborate standards that promote reward towards collaborative authority in e-Science. The research is predominantly qualitative. Bardin´s content analysis was used for categorizing, coding and performing inferences. The research also relied on the six dimensions (epistemological, theoretical, technical, morphological, political and ethical) according to study of Bufrem that guided the development of the chapters, content analysis and the conceptual model. The NVivo software was used for categorization, codification and corpus analysis. The multidimensional view and thematic connections resulted in five categories and thirteen subcategories that helped achieve the objective and indicate the standards of the proposed model for the representation of authorship in e-Science. It concludes that in the context of e- Science, authority is collaborative and ensured by copyright rewards through attribution, citation and accountability. Authorship attribution and citation are usual procedures, but in contemporary practice the responsibility is assigned to each collaborator proportionally. Thus, the thesis is confirmed and is represented by the conceptual model of collaborative authority in e-Science. The model is composed of multi-dimensional patterns that represent the scenario of collaborative open science that focuses on sharing, accessibility; oriented towards to the use and reuse of scientific data. Finally, each standard model represents guiding axioms that will help authors, researchers, curators, librarians, stakeholders, academic institutions, scientific and development agencies to conduct and share scientific data management projects in the context of e–Science to minimally guarantee authorship behalf of all the parties involved. / apresenta um novo espectro de uma ciência aberta com mudanças nas práticas científicas vigentes. Essas práticas estão sendo aprimoradas, ressignificadas e reconduzidas para as novas dinâmicas no fazer e publicar a pesquisa científica. O quarto paradigma científico conduz essa ciência que é baseada no uso intensivo de dados científicos através das práticas do modelo emergente da e-Science. A e-Science reflete um ambiente científico de colaboração, compartilhamento, convergência, conectividade, interatividade, uso e reuso de dados científicos. Esse ambiente constitui os pressupostos da ciência aberta e do modelo emergente. O ciclo de vida dos dados é adotado para conduzir e apoiar o gerenciamento de dados científicos. Dessa forma, a tese traz um estudo multidimensional e multidisciplinar através da confluência entre a Ciência da Informação e as Ciências Jurídicas e suas interseções com a Economia e Tecnologia. Teoricamente, o estudo apoia-se na vertente do commons preconizado pela Teoria do Commons e Economia Criativa, nas regulações e legislações da Propriedade Intelectual vigentes e em diretrizes internacionais para as novas dinâmicas da e- Science. O argumento de tese propõe que na e-Science a autoralidade é colaborativa e promovida pela recompensa autoral. O objeto de estudo está centrado na autoralidade dos dados científicos como bens intelectuais e o objetivo geral busca elaborar padrões que promovam a recompensa autoral na e-Science. A pesquisa é predominantemente qualitativa e adotou a análise de conteúdo de Bardin para a categorização, codificação e inferências do corpus de análise. Foi substanciada pelas seis dimensões (epistemológica, teórica, técnica, morfológica, política e ética) do estudo de Bufrem. Tal estudo foi norteador para o desenvolvimento dos capítulos, análise de conteúdo e constituição do modelo conceitual. Utilizou-se para a categorização e codificação do corpus de análise o software NVivo. A visão multidimensional e conexões temáticas resultaram em cinco categorias e treze subcategorias que ajudaram a alcançar o objetivo e constituir os padrões do modelo proposto para a representação da autoralidade na e-Science. Concluiu-se que a autoralidade no contexto da e- Science é colaborativa. A autoralidade colaborativa é garantida mediante a recompensa autoral através da atribuição, citação e responsabilização. A atribuição e citação são procedimentos usuais, contudo nas práticas contemporâneas a responsabilidade é atribuída a cada colaborador na proporcionalidade de sua participação. Assim, a tese se confirmou e está representada pelo modelo conceitual de autoralidade colaborativa na e-Science. O modelo é composto por padrões multidimensionais que representam o cenário da ciência aberta colaborativa, compartilhada e acessível orientada ao uso e reuso dos dados científicos. Por fim, cada padrão do modelo constitui-se em axiomas norteadores que auxiliarão autores, pesquisadores, curadores, bibliotecários e demais colaboradores, bem como instituições acadêmicas, científicas e agências de fomento a conduzirem projetos de compartilhamento e gerenciamento de dados científicos no contexto da e-Science com garantia mínima à autoralidade de todos os envolvidos.

Submitted by Alyne Viana de Oliveira (alynevoliveira@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T14:06:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - Alyne Viana de Oliveira.pdf: 1914408 bytes, checksum: 8cfbfe498a2b7962ceccae0b1245a5f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-03-12T17:27:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_av_me_mar.pdf: 1914408 bytes, checksum: 8cfbfe498a2b7962ceccae0b1245a5f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T17:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_av_me_mar.pdf: 1914408 bytes, checksum: 8cfbfe498a2b7962ceccae0b1245a5f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a participação de grupos de interesse na definição da política externa norte-americana ao defenderem seus interesses econômicos. Com base no modelo do jogo de dois níveis proposto por Robert Putnam, considera-se o impacto dos atores domésticos no processo de tomada de decisão na política externa comercial dos Estados Unidos. Sob tal perspectiva, analisaremos como lobby da indústria farmacêutica norte-americana se organizou e quais estratégias foram adotadas por eles para fazer valer os seus interesses e influenciar a formulação da política externa do país, utilizando seus recursos financeiros e influência política junto a instituições governamentais responsáveis pela definição da política comercial para pressionar o governo norte-americano em suas negociações internacionais por regulamentações que beneficiassem o setor. Assim, o estudo de caso das negociações do acordo TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) no âmbito do GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstra como a estratégia do lobby farmacêutico se revelou eficiente. / The present work aims to analyze the participation of interest groups in the definition of the American foreign policy when defending their interests. Based on the two-level model proposed by Robert Putnam, it considers the impact of domestic actors in the decision-making process of the US foreign trade policy. From this perspective, we analyze how the pharmaceutical industry lobby is organized and its strategies to assert their interests and influence the formulation of the country's foreign policy, by using its financial resources and channels of influence with governamental institutions responsible for the definition of trade policy to pressure the US government in its international negotiations for regulations that would benefit the sector. Thus, the case study of the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) negotiations under GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstrates how the pharmaceutical lobby strategy proved to be efficient.

Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-02T20:28:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Wanilza Marques de Almeida Cerqueira.pdf: 1447437 bytes, checksum: f7d3931db192530d559e27571f5e66d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-03T22:33:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Wanilza Marques de Almeida Cerqueira.pdf: 1447437 bytes, checksum: f7d3931db192530d559e27571f5e66d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T22:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Wanilza Marques de Almeida Cerqueira.pdf: 1447437 bytes, checksum: f7d3931db192530d559e27571f5e66d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / A tese tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos dos mega-acordos comerciais, especificamente do Tratado Transpacífico (TPP) em relação às patentes farmacêuticas e, consequentemente, no acesso a medicamentos. O estudo foi realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica e legislativa e culmina com a comparação entre TPP e TRIPS. O estudo será focado no período pós-TRIPS, no qual a governança do comércio internacional passa por grandes transformações e a regulamentação da propriedade intelectual fora do âmbito da OMC cresce, cada vez mais, com a formulação de regras consideradas TRIPS-plus e TRIPS-extra. Esta realidade do período pós-TRIPS pode afetar a função social da propriedade intelectual e torná-la um óbice para o desenvolvimento econômico. A implementação da agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável exige solidariedade global através da cooperação internacional, envolve o debate multilateral do comércio internacional centrado na OMC e a facilitação da transferência de tecnologia. O debate multilateral e mais democrático sobre temas atinentes ao comércio internacional, propiciado pela OMC, está ameaçado. / The thesis aims to study the effects of trade mega-agreements, specifically the Transpacific Treaty (TPP) on pharmaceutical patents and, consequently, on access to medicines. The study was carried out through bibliographical and legislative research and culminates in the comparison between TPP and TRIPS. The study will focus on the post-TRIPS period in which international trade governance undergoes major transformations and the regulation of intellectual property outside the WTO is increasingly being developed by the formulation of TRIPS-plus and TRIPS- extra. This reality of the post-TRIPS period can affect the social function of intellectual property and make it an obstacle to economic development. Implementing the 2030 agenda for sustainable development requires global solidarity through international cooperation, involves the multilateral debate on international trade centered on the WTO and facilitating technology transfer. The multilateral and more democratic debate on issues related to international trade, provided by the WTO, is threatened.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-18T16:26:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Tereza Caetano Lima Chaves - 2013.pdf: 623807 bytes, checksum: da4c5681f181dbba776397a94d5bf91f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-18T16:27:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Tereza Caetano Lima Chaves - 2013.pdf: 623807 bytes, checksum: da4c5681f181dbba776397a94d5bf91f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-18T16:27:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Tereza Caetano Lima Chaves - 2013.pdf: 623807 bytes, checksum: da4c5681f181dbba776397a94d5bf91f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / The theme that compares property rights and rights originating from the indians about the land they traditionally occupy, seeking a historical and interpretative analysis of each of them in order to understand the real intention of the lawgiver and the current adjustment Constitutional and infra constitutional regarding these topics. The work begin with the historical and the political analysis of the laws seeking for property rights and indians' rights. The realized the definition and characterization of each of these topics. Presents legislative, doctrine, jurisprudence and procedural researches , as well as empirical data, aiming to show that the demarcation of Indians lands in the State of MatoGrosso disregarding Constitutional principles analysed through the research, mainly those established at article 5º, XXII and article 231, § 1º of The Federal Constitution of 1988. Demonstrate that infringement to the constitutional principles by demarcation process accomplished by FUNAI culminates with the increase in judicial disputes and quarrel over land in MatoGrosso. This investees of demarcation held in absentia of the indigenous communities themselves, which actually fighting for public policy assistance on the reservations already delimited, and not, for more land. / O tema coteja o direito de propriedade e os direitos originários dos índios sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam. Busca-se uma análise histórica e interpretativa de cada um deles, de forma a se entender a real intenção do legislador e as atuais disposições constitucionais e infraconstitucionais a respeito desses temas. O trabalho parte da análise da história e da política das legislações que contemplam o direito de propriedade e os direitos dos índios. É realizada a definição e a caracterização de cada um desses direitos. São apresentados resultados de pesquisa legislativa, doutrinária, jurisprudencial e processual e dados empíricos, com vistas a demonstrar que as demarcações das terras indígenas no estado de Mato Grosso desrespeitam os ditames constitucionais e infraconstitucionais analisados, em especial aqueles estabelecidos no art. 5º, XXII e no art. 231, § 1º da Constituição Federal de 1988. É demonstrado que a infringência aos ditames constitucionais pelos processos demarcatórios realizados pela FUNAI culmina com o aumento de litígios judiciais e de disputas por terras mato-grossenses.Tais investidas demarcatórias são realizadas à revelia das próprias comunidades indígenas, as quais, na realidade, lutam por políticas públicas de assistência nas reservas já demarcadas, e não, por mais terras.

Commonage is land that is usually found adjacent to a town, which is owned by the local municipality and acquired through state grants or, historically, through the church. Since the new government dispensation in 1994, poor and previously disadvantaged residents have acquired access rights to commonage for agricultural purposes. Through the Department of Land Affair’s Commonage Programme, local municipalities are acquiring more commonage land for purposes of agriculture and grazing livestock. Commonages are increasingly being recognised as an important livelihood asset for the poor and unemployed residents’ of towns and rapid urbanisation is contributing to the increasing use of commonage for livelihood provisioning. Some municipalities view commonage as a key asset to promote Local Economic Development, while others are finding it difficult to manage the land effectively, to the extent that some analysts see tragic ecological consequences occurring due to over-grazing. This has been likened to the “tragedy of the commons” as advocated by Hardin in 1968. Commonage and common property resource systems have many similarities and co-management has been advocated as a potential management regime for commonage. Researching the policy framework, institutional structures and management bodies involved in commonage, gave a better understanding of the governance and management of the commonages in Grahamstown, Fort Beaufort and Bathurst. Current management attempts are not ensuring the efficient, equitable and sustainable use of these commonages. The governance framework is not adequately supporting proper management. In an environment of resource-poor institutional bodies, adaptive co-management could prove to be the most effective system to ensure the sustainable use and development of this natural resource. Furthermore, commonage is no longer contributing to the Land Reform Programme. Commonage should be better integrated into agrarian reform through lease schemes and an efficient Emerging Farmer Programme.