<p>HIV poses considerable social and health challenges in South Africa, particularly among young people aged 15-24. Research indicates a strong link between risky sexual behaviour and alcohol and illicit drugs. In the Western Cape drug-related behaviours is a growing concern among young people because of relatively high prevalence rates of drug abuse, particularly methamphetamine. Previous South African studies have tended to focused on the link between substance use and risky sexual behaviour among commercial sex workers. The theoretical approach of this study is the information motivation behavioural skills model. Participants were selected using non-probability sampling of 279 first year students registered for Psychology I at the University of the Western Cape. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey design. Results: Forty-six percent of students do not believe that the use of illicit drugs has an impact on a person&rsquo / s sexual behavior. However, the findings also showed that only 45% of students believed that there was a difference between illicit drug users correctly using condoms when compared to non-users. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Conclusion: Prevention is our best and most effective means of decreasing risk-taking behaviours associated with HIV infection. Information is the first line of intervention that is necessary to reduce risk-taking behaviours / however prevention strategies and interventions of risk-taking behaviours should aim to increase motivation and help young people integrate information in a way that it is personally relatable. This is vital to address the inconsistencies between perceptions of risk and the realities of risk-taking behaviour.</p>

Plusieurs études ont confirmé que certains traits de personnalité des enfants et certaines attitudes et pratiques éducatives de leurs parents constituaient des prédicteurs des comportements perturbateurs à l’adolescence. Toutefois, la majorité des recherches ont adopté un modèle postulant des relations directes et indépendantes entre ces facteurs de risque et des comportements perturbateurs. Le modèle transactionnel est plus réaliste parce qu’il postule des relations bidirectionnelles à travers le temps entre ces deux facteurs de risque. Cette étude visait à vérifier l’existence de relations bidirectionnelles entre les traits de personnalité des enfants et les attitudes parentales de leur mère mesurés à deux reprises durant l’enfance (à 6 et 7 ans), pour ensuite vérifier si les comportements perturbateurs des enfants mesurés à l’adolescence (15 ans) pouvaient être prédits par les traits de personnalité et les attitudes parentales. Les données utilisées proviennent d’une étude longitudinale prospective de 1000 garçons et 1000 filles évalués à plusieurs reprises de la maternelle à l’adolescence. Six traits de personnalité des enfants et deux attitudes parentales ont été évalués par les mères à 6 et 7 ans, alors que les diagnostics de troubles perturbateurs (trouble des conduites, trouble oppositionnel avec provocation, trouble de déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité) ont été évalués par les adolescents et les mères à 15 ans. Afin de tester les hypothèses de recherche, des analyses de cheminement (« path analysis ») multi-groupes basées sur la modélisation par équations structurales ont été utilisées. Les résultats ont confirmé la présence de relations bidirectionnelles entre les traits de personnalité de l’enfant et les attitudes parentales durant l’enfance. Toutefois, peu de relations étaient significatives et celles qui l’étaient étaient de faible magnitude. Les modèles multi-groupes ont par ailleurs confirmé la présence de relations bidirectionnelles différentes selon le sexe. En ce qui concerne la prédiction des comportements perturbateurs, de façon générale, surtout les traits de personnalité et les attitudes parentales à 6 ans (plutôt qu’à 7 ans) ont permis de les prédire. Néanmoins, peu de relations prédictives se sont avérées significatives. En somme, cette étude est une des rares à avoir démontré la présence de relations bidirectionnelles entre la personnalité de l’enfant et les attitudes parentales avec des données longitudinales. Ces résultats pourraient avoir des implications théoriques pour les modèles explicatifs des comportements perturbateurs, de même que des implications pratiques pour le dépistage des enfants à risque. / Several studies confirmed that some children’s personality traits and parental attitudes constitute risk factors of later disruptive behaviors during adolescence. However, most research has adopted a model postulating direct and independent relations between these risk factors and disruptive behaviors. The transactional model is more realistic because it postulates bidirectional relations over time between these two risk factors. Even though the transactional model is popular amongst researchers, there is in fact very little research formally demonstrating the existence of bidirectional relations with longitudinal data during childhood. This study aimed at verifying the existence of bidirectional relations between children’s personality traits and their mothers’ parental attitudes measured on two occasions during childhood (ages 6 and 7), and later verifying if individuals’ disruptive behaviors during adolescence (age 15) could be predicted by children’s personality traits and parental attitudes. The data came from a prospective longitudinal study of 1000 boys and 1000 girls assessed on various occasions from kindergarten through adolescence. Six children’s personality traits and two parental attitudes were assessed by mothers at ages 6 and 7, while the disruptive behavior diagnostics (conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) were assessed by adolescents ant their mothers at age 15. In order to test the research hypotheses, multiple-group path analyses based on structural equations modeling were used. The results confirmed the presence of bidirectional relations between children’s personality traits and parental attitudes during childhood. Nevertheless, there were few significant relations and most of them were of small size. Multiple-group models also confirmed the presence of gender-specific bidirectional relations. With regards to the prediction of disruptive behaviors, especially children’s personality traits and parental attitudes at age 6 (rather than age 7) were predictive. Nonetheless, few predictive relations turned out to be significant. Overall, this study is one of the rare to demonstrate the presence of bidirectional relations between children’s personality and parental attitudes with longitudinal data. These results could have theoretical implications for explanatory models of disruptive behaviors, as well as practical implications for early screening of children at risk.

Title: The Full-Range Leadership enacted by Swedish Audit team managers Background: The background of this study mainly relies on Leadership theories, more precisely theories about the Full-Range leadership model (FRL) and its features. However, key facts about the audit are also displayed in this part of the report to present it to readers. Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to add to existing theory on the universalistic feature of the Full-Range Leadership model through the case of Swedish audit team managers. Such purpose entails the definition and the explanation on how the model of Full-Range Leadership is enacted by Swedish audit team managers in their day-to-day practice of leadership. Originality/Value: This research paper is one of the few researches at puzzling out existing researches to contribute clearly to the Full-Range Leadership model -as developed by Bass and Avolio- in the audit context. Furthermore, this is the first study aiming at defining and explaining Swedish audit team managers’ leadership practice and emphasizing the non-managing audit staff for so. Practical implication: After the destruction of a great amount of money resulting from corporate financial scandals and the discovery of high level of dysfunctional behaviors occurring in the audit/accounting profession worldwide, growing number of studies investigated further financial systems and particularly audit professionals since they are supposed to be the ‘public watchdog’/‘public guardian of trust’ of worldwide markets and Economies and so, display strong values and rigor. In parallel, considerable number of studies demonstrated that leadership was the key to those issues. This study while putting the light on leadership practice in Swedish audit firms, wide opens the door for further reflections and improvement of the existing systems. Method: The featured piece of research is based on a field survey of the non-managing audit staff working in Swedish audit firms, which were asked to assess their managers through the use of the Multi-factor questionnaire X5 (short version). Findings: The study unveiled that even if the transformational leadership was the most enacted leadership by Swedish audit team managers and that so before transactional and passive/avoidant leadership, a great misalignment existed between the found-out empirical FRL model and the FRL model as defined theoretically. Accordingly, this study unveiled that the FRL model was not as universal as claimed when investigated in the Swedish audit firm context.

This thesis represents an attempt to improve the state of the art in our ability tounderstand and check object protocols, with a particular emphasis on concurrent pro-grams. Object protocols are the patterns of use imposed on clients of APIs in object-oriented programs. We show through an empirical study of open-source object-oriented programs that object protocols are quite common. We then present “Sync-or-Swim,” a methodology and suite of accompanying tools for checking at compile-time that object protocols are used and implemented correctly. This methodology isbased upon the existing access permissions method of alias control, which is hereextended to be sound in the face of shared-memory concurrency. The analysis isformalized as a type system for an object-oriented calculus, and then proven to befree from false-negatives using a proof of type safety. The type system is extendedwith parametric polymorphism, or “generics,” in order to increase its ability to checkcommonly occurring patterns. An implementation of the approach, a static analysisfor programs written in the Java programming language, is presented. This imple-mentation was used to perform a series of case studies whose goal was to evaluatethe ease of use, expressiveness and ability to verify commonly occurring patterns.These case studies are presented. Next, an approach and an associated tool for in-ferring access permission annotations is presented. This inference tool can reducethe burden of using our protocol-checking approach by automatically inferring therequired typing annotations. This inference is built upon a system of probabilisticconstraints, which allows the easy encoding of heuristics. Finally, an optimization ofsoftware transactional memory runtimes is presented. This optimization is enabledby the typing annotations required to use the concurrent protocol checker and canremove some of the overhead typically associated with transactional memory sys-tems. As a result of the work presented in this thesis, it is possible to guarantee theabsence of certain API usage errors even in concurrent programs, and to do so witha low burden on programmers. By adhering to such an approach, programmers canproduce more reliable software.

Due to the fact that the environment in which companies in 'South Africa are operating is constantly changing, these companies are undergoing a process of transformation. Organisations that intend competing successfully within this changing environment will have to have the right kind of leaders in order to stay afloat and even flourish. It is expected from companies' leaders at all levels to successfully navigate these troubled waters. Much of leadership has to do with the way in which leaders motivate their subordinates. Research has shown that there are succinctly different styles of leadership, and that each type of style has a different influence on the motivation of workers. Another factor, equally important, is the concept of locus of control. Research has also shown that people perceive differently, that which controls their destiny. Does the leader feel that he/she is controlled by this constantly changing environment in which he/she has to lead, or is he/she as the leader of an organisation in control of him-herself and his/her actions, and therefore also in control of the company itself? The question that inevitably arises is the following: is there any relationship between the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leader, and if so, what is the nature of this relationship? A quantitative design (two test survey design on a large population) was used to take the measurements on the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leaders. The Locus of Control Inventory (LCI) of Schepers (1998) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), form 5R of Bass and Avolio (1995), were administered. A statistical analysis was then carried out in order to determine the relationship that exists between the two measurements, as well as the nature of the relationship. There were 221 respondents from organisations in South Africa, most of whom were in a middle level of leadership. The results showed that an internal locus of control and a disposition towards autonomy were associated with a laissez-faire leadership style as well as a transformational leadership style. It also showed that an external locus of control was associated with a laissez-faire leadership style. Recommendations for organisations and for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Έχοντας κατά νου τα εξής δεδομένα: • Ότι η αλλαγή στην κοινωνία τα τελευταία χρόνια γίνεται με εκθετικούς ρυθμούς • Ότι το ανθρώπινο κεφάλαιο έχει μετατραπεί από υποστηρικτικό παράγοντα στο πιο σημαντικό στοιχείο του ενεργητικού των φορέων των • Ότι στους οργανισμούς προβάλλει κυρίαρχη η αναγκαιότητα ύπαρξης μιας σύγχρονης ηγεσίας με όραμα, προκειμένου να διαχειριστεί τις τεράστιες παγκόσμιες αλλαγές, οι οποίες μας επηρεάζουν καθημερινά • Ισχυρή προσωπική “πνευματική περιέργεια” (intellectual curiosity), ως προς την αναζήτηση και ανεύρεση των ηγετικών συμπεριφορών και χαρακτηριστικών τα οποία προσδιορίζουν τα ηγετικά στυλ στο χώρο της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας, το ενδεχόμενο όραμα που προκύπτει ή ενυπάρχει σε αυτά, καθώς την εξ’ αυτών έκβαση της ηγεσίας, εκπόνησα την παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή. Για τη διενέργεια της έρευνας επελέγη και έγινε χρήση του ερωτηματολογίου M.L.Q. - Πολυπαραγοντικό Ερωτηματολόγιο Ηγεσίας (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Form – 5x), των Avolio και Bass, 2004. Το ερωτηματολόγιο είναι παγκοσμίως αναγνωρίσιμο και επιστημονικά έγκυρο. Το M.L.Q – 5X μετρά την έκταση των ηγετικών στυλ (Full Range Leadership), ήτοι: Μετασχηματιστική (Transformational), Διεκπεραιωτική (Transactional) και προς Αποφυγή Ηγεσία (Avoidant Leadership). Το M.L.Q., επίσης εξετάσει την έκβαση (Out comes) της ηγεσίας: Μεγαλύτερη Προσπάθεια (Extra Effort), Αποτελεσματικότητα (Effectiveness) και Ευχαρίστηση από την Ηγεσία (Satisfaction with Leadership). Η έρευνα στο Αστυνομικό Προσωπικό – Ανθυπαστυνόμοι, Αρχιφύλακες και Αστυφύλακες, οι οποίοι ανέρχονται σε 40.500 (περίπου) από τους 45.000 (περίπου) Αστυνομικούς (αρ.19, Ν.2800/2000), όλων των βαθμών – μέσω των τριακοσίων εβδομήντα έξι επιστραφέντων ερωτηματολογίων από διάφορες περιοχές της Ελλάδας, έδειξε ότι: • Η ηγεσία με το μεγαλύτερο σκορ είναι η L.F., η οποία ουσιαστικά αντιπροσωπεύει την έλλειψη ηγεσίας και ως εκ τούτου οράματος. Τα άλλα συστατικά (components) της ηγεσίας συμμετέχουν με μικρότερο ποσοστό. Τα στοιχεία αυτά κατά σειρά συμμετοχής, από το μεγαλύτερο στο μικρότερο είναι: LF, MBEA, II (B), CR, MBEP, IM, II (A), IS και ΙC • Οι παράγοντες (μορφές ηγεσίας) που αυξάνουν την επιπρόσθετη προσπάθεια είναι οι: IC, II (A), CR, LF και IS • Οι παράγοντες που αυξάνουν την αποτελεσματικότητα είναι οι: IC, II (A), CR, IS, LF και ΙΙ (Β) • Οι παράγοντες που αυξάνουν την ικανοποίηση είναι οι: CR, II (A), IC, MBEP, LF και ΙΙ (Β). Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αποτελούν ένα πολύ χρήσιμο υλικό, ιδία στα χέρια των διοικούντων την Αστυνομία, για ασφαλή συμπεράσματα και περαιτέρω αξιοποίηση και προβληματισμό. / Having in mind the following facts: • That change in society is taking place with exponential numbers in recent years • That human capital has been turned from supporting factor into the most important element of its carrier’s assets • That in organizations the necessity of the existence of a contemporary leadership with vision appears to be prevalent in order to handle tremendous worldwide changes which affect us daily • Strong personal intellectual curiosity towards seeking and finding leadership behaviours and characteristics which determine leadership styles in the domain of Hellenic Police, the possible vision arising from or contained in them ,as well as the outcome of leadership as a result of them , I have elaborated this doctoral dissertation. In order to carry out this research there has been used the M.L.Q. questionnaire – Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form – 5x), by Avolio & Bass, 2004. This questionnaire is widely recognizable and scientifically reliable. M.L.Q. – 5x estimates the range of leadership styles ( Full Range Leadership), that is: Transformational, Transactional, Avoidant Leadership. M.L.Q. also looks into the outcomes of leadership: Extra Effort, Effectiveness, Satisfaction with Leadership. Research in Police Personnel – Police warrant officers, Sergeants and Police officers, numbering 40,500 (approximately) out of 45,000 policemen (approximately) – ar.19, L.2800 /2000 – of all ranks, by means of three hundred and seventy six returned questionnaires from different parts of Greece, showed that: • The leadership with the highest scores is L.F, which virtually represents the lack of leadership and therefore the lack of vision. The other components of leadership participate at lower rates. These components in order of participation, from the highest to the lowest, are: LF, MBEA, II(B), CR, MBEP, IM, II(A), IS & IC • The factors (leadership forms) which increase the extra efforts are: IC, II (A), CR, LF, and IS • The factors which increase effectiveness are :IC, II (A), CR, IS, LF & II (B) • The factors which increase satisfaction are: CR, II(A), IC, MBEP, LF and II (B). The results of the research are a very useful material, especially in the hands of those administering the Police Force, in order to have reliable conclusions and further development and speculation.

Sammanfattning Titel: Att leda löshästar - en studie om hur resurskonsulter upplever ledarskapet i kundföretagen Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Sabina Molin och Kamilla Kristoffersson Handledare: Monika Wallmon och Lars Ekstrand Datum: 2015 – Januari Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att med hjälp av leader-member exchange theory undersöka utbytesrelationerna mellan resurskonsulter och deras närmaste ledare på kundföretaget samt vilka ledarbeteenden som används för att leda inhyrd arbetskraft och hur de påverkar relationerna. Metod: Denna uppsats har ett positivistiskt förhållningssätt och det används en hypotetiskdeduktiv metod som innebär att hypoteser deduceras från teori och sedan prövas mot empiri. En kvantitativ ansats används genom att samla in empiri genom webbenkäter som skickades ut till 148 respondenter. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Undersökningen visade att stödjande ledarskap och leda som förebild hade störst påverkan på utbytesrelationerna. De ledarbeteenden som användes i störst utsträckning var berättigande och erkännande. Utveckling och visionerande användes allra minst. De flesta utbytesrelationer var höga. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Flera förslag till fortsatt forskning presenteras men vi finner att undersöka både ledare, ordinarie och inhyrd personal för att jämföra hur ledarskapet se ut och få en bredare bild är främsta intresset. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna uppsats har bidragit med en insyn i hur ledare leder inhyrd personal och hur detta ledarskap ser ut i form av ledarbeteenden och utbytesrelationer. Nyckelord: Ledarskap, inhyrd personal, utbytesrelation, leader-member exchange theory, ledarbeteende, transformativt och transaktionellt ledarskap.

Titel: Ledarskap det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress – En studie inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen   Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Nathalie Holm och My Gustafsson   Handledare: Pär Vilhelmson, Maria Fregidou-Malama och Kristina Mickelsson   Datum: 2015 – maj   Syfte: Samhället och specifikt säljyrket blir allt mer komplext och har bidragit till ökad arbetsrelaterad stress. Studiens syfte är därför att få en ökad förståelse om ledarskapet och det sociala stödets betydelse för att motverka arbetsrelaterad stress i säljande organisationer. Forskningsfrågorna som ställts är följande:   1)    Vilken betydelse har ledarskapet för upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress? 2)    Vilken betydelse har det sociala stödet för upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress? 3)    Anses det vara ledarens uppgift att bidra med/ge socialt stöd till sina anställda?   Metod: Eftersom syftet har varit att öka förståelsen inom ämnet, har studien gjorts med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tio stycken intervjuer har genomförts, uppdelat i sex anställda och fyra ledare. Det empiriska materialet har därefter transkriberats och analyserats. Resultatet presenteras genom en analys med stödjande citat och slutligen har en avslutning skrivits där resultat och analys presenteras och forskningsfrågorna besvaras.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Ledarskapet och framförallt det transformella ledarskapet har visat sig ha en påverkande roll för arbetsrelaterad stress eftersom ledaren fokuserar på att engagera och motivera de anställda med hjälp av en nära relation och socialt stöd. Studien visar även att den transaktionella ledarstilen kan ha en påverkande roll för arbetsrelaterad stress i en positiv bemärkelse.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Eftersom vi intervjuat både ledare och anställda i vår studie anser vi att det är av intresse att endast fokusera på anställda eller ledarna för att få en enhetlig bild av perspektiven. Studien visar även en koppling mellan det sociala stödet och den transaktionella ledarstilen, därför vore det även intressant att se det transaktionella ledarskapets påverkan och betydelse för upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress.       Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till den företagsekonomiska forskningen inom ledarskap och organisation genom en ökad förståelse om ledarskapet, det transformella ledarskapet och framförallt det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress inom säljyrken. Studien visar även att det transaktionella ledarskapet kan ha en positiv påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress.   Nyckelord: Ledarskap, transformellt ledarskap, transaktionellt ledarskap, socialt stöd, arbetsrelaterad stress, fastighetsmäklarbranschen. / Title: Ledarskap det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress – En studie inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen (Leadership social support influence of work stress – A study of real estate broker)   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Nathalie Holm och My Gustafsson   Supervisor: Pär Vilhelmson, Maria Fregidou-Malama och Kristina Mickelsson   Date: 2015 – may   Aim: Society and specifically the sales profession is becoming increasingly more complex and has contributed to increased work-related stress. The study's purpose is to get a better understanding of leadership and the importance of social support to combat work-related stress in the selling organizations. The research questions raised are as follows:   1)    How important is leadership for the experience of work-related stress? 2)    What is the importance of social support for the experience of work-related stress? 3)    Considered to be the leader's task is to contribute/give social support to its employees?   Method: Since the aim was to increase understanding of the subject, the study has been done with a qualitative research in which data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Ten interviews were conducted, divided into six employees and four leaders. The empirical material is then transcribed and analyzed. The result is presented through an analysis with supporting quotations and finally has an ending written in which results and analysis are presented and research questions are answered.   Result &amp; Conclusions: Leadership and above all the transformal leadership has been shown to have an influencing role in work-related stress as the leader focuses on engaging and motivating employees with the help of a close relationship and social support. The study also shows that the transactional leadership style may have an influencing role of work-related stress in a positive sense.   Suggestions for future research: Since we interviewed both managers and employees in our study, we believe it is of interest to only focus on employees or leaders to get a coherent picture out perspectives. The study also shows a slight link between social support and transactional leadership style, therefore it would also be interesting to see the transactional leadership impact and importance of perceived work stress.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to the business economic research in leadership and organization through a greater understanding of leadership, the transformal leadership, and above all the social support influence of work-related stress within the sales profession. The study also shows that the transactional leadership can have a positive impact of work-related stress   Key words: Leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, social support, work stress, real estate broker.

abstract: The federal No Child Left Behind Act has set the goal that all students in every state shall be proficient in reading by 2014. Arizona teachers face the challenge of having 100 percent of their students meeting or exceeding grade level reading standards assessed by Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS). One of my goals as a reading teacher is to widen the range of options my students will have. My goal every year is to have my students read at or above grade level. I also am committed to inspiring students to become motivated to love literacy because voluntary lifelong reading is important in peoples' lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate conducting brief, interactive, weekly reading conferences during daily Scaffolded Self-Selected Reading (ScS-SR) sessions while incorporating Transactional Strategy Instruction with a pair-share with a partner, and to see if it would improve my students' reading motivation and comprehension. Data were collected via the Motivation to Read Profile Survey and Interview, informal observations, Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills Oral Reading Fluency Test (DIBELS: ORF), and Oral Reading Records used by my school district. Findings concluded that students tended to become more willing readers, with several of them explicitly attributing their newfound willingness to read to my efforts. Most students became somewhat more aware of their reading experiences, explaining how different types of books in ScS-SR affected them. All students' reading comprehension performance improved, with measureable increases in students' instructional reading levels, retellings, and meaningful miscues that students attributed to leveled books, strategy instruction, and retellings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Leadership and Innovation 2011

A need for a South African leadership-unit performance structural model, created from the performance index and second-order factor structure of the Leadership Behaviour Inventory was established. This study focuses on the creation of such a second-order factor structure. Theron and Spangenberg (2005) identified three plausible models and highlighted two for further analysis. Theoretical scrutiny supported the two proposed models. The two-factor model was created from the multifactor leadership questionnaire's transformational and transactional second-order factors (Avolio, Bass & Jung, 1999) and the three-factor model comprised the general leadership, management behaviour and supervisory leadership second-order factors of House (1995). Factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on the proposed models. Results indicated average-fitting models. The five-factor model proposed by Theron and Spangenberg (2005) comparatively has an improved fit and is viewed as the most plausible model for the creation of the leadership-unit performance structural model. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)