Kommunikationen mellan två personer består av både verbala- och icke-verbala beteenden. Den icke-verbala kommunikationen kan förstärka (kongruent) eller vara motsägelsefull med den verbala kommunikationen. I vissa situationer har den icke-verbala kommunikationen en extra stor betydelse och ibland kan den vara en bättre väg att nå fram till en person, än med verbala uttryck. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att synliggöra den icke-verbala kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten samt belysa dess betydelse. Frågeställningarna som användes var följande: vad har den icke-verbala kommunikationen för betydelse i mötet mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten och hur kan sjuksköterskan använda kunskapen om den icke-verbala kommunikationen? Teoretisk referensram för arbetet var Hilde Eide och Tomas Eides syn på omvårdnadsinriktad kommunikation. Metoden var en litteraturstudie som bygger på 9 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visade att empati, aktivt lyssnande och icke-verbal kommunikation är viktiga komponenter i sjuksköterskans patientkontakt. Vidare fann studien att empati är ett centralt begrepp i både icke-verbal och verbal kommunikation. Förståelse och kunskap hos sjuksköterskan gör att det knyts ett känslomässigt band mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten vilket utgör grunden för ett bra omvårdnadsarbete. / Communication between two people consists of both verbal- and nonverbal behaviour. The nonverbal communication can strenghten or contradict the verbal communication. In some situations nonverbal communication is much more important and sometimes, it can be a better way to reach a person, than verbal communication. The aim of this study was to reveal the nonverbal communication between nurse and patient and also show its importance. The questions the study answered were: What significance does nonverbal communication have in the nurse – patient relationship and how does the nurse use this knowledge? The theoretical frame of reference for the work was Hilde Eide’s och Tomas Eide’s view of nursing communication. The method was a litterature review which was based on nine scientific articles. The results indicated that empathy, active listening and nonverbal communication are important components in the nurse – patient relationship. The study also found that empathy is a central part of both nonverbal and verbal communication. Understanding and knowledge form an emotional bond between nurse and patient and they create a solid foundation for good health care.

Learning, and potentially thought itself, is an inherently social process, whether directly from other humans, such as teachers, parents, or mentors, or indirectly from the artifacts other humans create. However, the social nature of the learning process doesn't come without its social learning, as opposed to cognitive learning, challenges. Sometimes we disagree with, offend, or otherwise harm one another in the learning process, or simply don't know one another enough to engage with and understand each other. How does social development, and specifically the development of dyadic teacher-student relationships impact individuals' learning processes? Here, I apply a multivariate time-series approach to understand how teacher-student dyads, randomly assigned to partners they know or have never met, differ in their nonverbal communication behavior, and how these differences impact student learning processes. Through a custom-built online portal, open-source computer vision software, and a newly-derived state-of-the-art multivariate time series analysis, I show how teacher-student dyads from an undergraduate institution benefit from familiarity, nonverbal coordination, and their development, and how this development improves students' scientific reasoning performance. I also show how the degree of nonverbal coordination that enables high performance in the reasoning tasks develops over as little as 10—15 minutes of dedicated face-to-face interaction. Three implications of the work are highlighted. First, the results imply that social interaction processes are crucial to individual reasoning in face-to-face online contexts. Second, a potentially necessary route to improving STEM education at the undergraduate level may be more dedicated face-to-face time between students and their instructors. Finally, the step-by-step guide provided by the work to apply multivariate techniques to non-stationary diachronic processes illuminates the value of combining evolutionary correspondence analysis with locally stationary vector autoregression. The combination of methods reduces the complexity of high-dimensional datasets to explanatory latent factors, and then quantifies the linear predictability of each original dimension on all of the others within each explanatory latent factor. In the current analysis, I identify familiarity and affect-attention tradeoff effects as the two most explanatory latent factors, and quantify how both familiarity, and the tradeoff between affective and attentive signalling between the dyads evolves over the course of 20-25 minute teacher-student interactions. Thus, beyond the implications for dyadic reasoning and STEM learning processes, the methodological implications could be applied to any high-dimensional diachronic processes, such as two bodies, or brains, interacting in other teacher-student contexts, as well as parent-child, therapist-client, and manager-employee environments in order to simplify the complexity of social interactions and uncover their impacts on individual change processes.

Previous cross-cultural research in nonverbal immediacy indicates that nonverbal immediacy behavior varies across cultures, and some researchers have suggested that power distance might serve as a moderating variable, however no research has systematically set out to determine whether that is the case. This study assessed the perceived use of nonverbal immediacy under symmetric and asymmetric power conditions, as well as gender, in three cultures: Brazil, Kenya, and the United States. Quantitative data was collected from 527 participants who completed a nonverbal immediacy measure and an individual power distance measure under either a symmetric or an asymmetric power condition. Results related to power distance partially supported the idea that cultural power distance may act as a moderating variable with regard to the use of nonverbal immediacy behaviors. Related to gender, results revealed that: (a) female participants perceived more nonverbal immediacy behaviors than males, (b) under symmetric power conditions females were perceived to use more nonverbal immediacy than males, and (c) under asymmetric power conditions there was no statistically significant difference between use of nonverbal immediacy behaviors between females and males. Implications of results, limitations, and suggestions for future research are presented.

This thesis discusses commensality as a significant social activity, that helps to maintain and strengthen social bonds. It also examines the sense of touch as a communication channel, and provides an insight to how it can be used to communicate affect. Touch as contextualized medium and its relevance to interaction design is investigated. Based on studies made in psychology, physiology, sociology and communication it aims to find an answer to the question: ”How may we create togetherness -with the help of an interactive device- between loved ones separated by distance during dining, through remote communication?” In order to meet the objectives of the above question this research followed the Research Through Design methodology, with series of workshops and prototyping sessions.

Bakgrund: Röntgensjuksköterskor, liksom andra hälso-och sjukvårdsyrken, möter dagligen skiftande patientgrupper med diverse bakgrund och förutsättningar. Specifikt för professionen är det korta mötet i en högteknologisk miljö där omvårdnad kombineras med bästa diagnostiska bildkvalite med minsta möjliga stråldos. Detta förutsätter en god och ömsesidig kommunikation som sker i gemenskap och går åt båda riktningar. Röntgensjuksköterskor bör därför vara skickliga i sitt sätt att kommunicera för att kunna ge adekvat information inför, under och efter en röntgenundersökning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa röntgensjuksköterskors kommunikationsstrategier i mötet med vuxna patienter. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserat på nio studier av kvalitativ metod. Artikelsökningen gjordes i PubMed, CINAHL och Scopus. En kvalitetsbedömning av artiklarna utfördes med hjälp av Olsson och Sörensens bedömningsmall för kvalitativa studier. Analysen genomfördes med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell för analys av kvalitativ forskning. Resultat: Resultatet visade att röntgensjuksköterskor huvudsakligen använde sig av tre huvudstrategier i kommunikation med patienter. Huvudkategorier består av verbala kommunikationsstrategier, icke-verbala kommunikationsstrategier samt individualiserade kommunikationsstrategier. Konklusion: Röntgensjuksköterskor använder olika kommunikationsstrategier i möten med patienter genom att reflektera över språk som används, anpassa information, observera kroppsspråk samt tar sig tid för patienter. Resultatet visar att det krävs vidare forskning inom området, för att belysa betydelsen av effektiva strategier som främjar god kommunikation, likaså för att uppmärksamma röntgensjuksköterskors kunskaper om befintliga kommunikationsstrategier. / Background: Radiographers, like other health care professions, meet a variety of patient groups with different backgrounds and conditions daily. Specific to the profession is the short meeting in a high-tech environment where nursing is combined with obtaining the best diagnostic image quality with the lowest possible radiation dose. This requires good and mutual communication that goes in both directions. Radiographers should therefore have good communication skills in order to provide adequate information before, during and after an examination. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate radiographers' communication strategies in meetings with adult patients. Methods: This literature study is based on nine qualitative articles. The literature search was performed in three databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. A quality assessment of the articles was carried out using Olsson and Sörensen’s assessment template for qualitative studies. The analysis was carried out using Friberg’s five-step model for the analysis of qualitative research. Results: The results showed that radiographers used three main strategies in communication with patients. The main categories consisted of verbal communication strategies, non-verbal communication strategies and individualized communication strategies. Conclusion: Radiographers used different communication strategies in meetings with patients, including reflecting on the language used, adapting information, observing body language, and taking time for patients. The results show that further research is required to highlight the importance of effective strategies that promote good communication, as well as to draw attention to radiographers' knowledge of existing communication strategies.

Title of the thesis: The chanson as a complex speech act and its translatability Keywords: chanson, translation, song lyrics, chansonnier, interpretation, acting, nonverbal communication, Aznavour, Bécaud, Piaf, Hegerová, Gott, Čeřovská, cabaret Abstract: The aim of the thesis is to describe the possibilities and the limits of translatability of chanson with regard to song lyrics and dramatic performance. The main contribution consists in determination of a relation between borrowed chansons and their French originals. The realization of the thesis is based on a research on the field of literary translation and acting on the one hand and on the analysis of song lyrics and dramatic performances on the other hand. The analyses in both cases concern three selected French chansons and Czech versions corresponding to them. The first part of the thesis defines the chanson and explains its historical development in the Czech territory. The theory of literary translation and lyrics translation is presented and applied to the translation of chanson in the second part. The third part deals with possibilities of a dramatic interpretation of chanson on the basis of the theory of acting. The last part brings a double analysis which concerns song lyrics and dramatic interpretation of chosen pairs of chanson.

This thesis deals with the use of non-verbal communication in the communicative approach when teaching Czech as a foreign language. It focuses on a nonverbal communication and main approaches to the communicative approach in teaching Czech as a foreign language. In its last part, this thesis compares results of previous research of nonverbal communication in the teaching process in a primary and secondary level and analyses of recordings of the lessons of Czech for foreigners. Keywords: nonverbal communication, communicative approach in language teaching, teaching Czech as a foreing language

The diploma thesis "Celebritization of news service and journalism on Czech commercial TV channels" focuses on the growing trend of appointing celebrities as anchormen on news broadcasts. Entertainization and celebritization of news services raises the question of whether these patterns contribute to the professionalization or deprofessionalization of journalism. This work aims to examine the consequences of celebrity presence in newscasting because of the obvious changes in broadcaster representatives. Primarily, this analysis focuses on private channels (Prima, Nova, Barrandov) employing Czech celebrity as anchormen despite their lack of previous media experience or education in the field. The theoretical part introduces the requirements for TV presenters and elaborates on the terms "professionalization" and "celebritization". The methodological part clarifies the selection of presenters researched, as well as the chosen methods of analysis. The qualitative method is utilized to analyze the research portion of this thesis, which mainly addresses the linguistic aspect of the speakers' speech and their non-verbal communication.

Esta pesquisa parte da visão da criança como agente ativo de seu próprio desenvolvimento. Buscou-se investigar a interação criança-criança, os processos formadores de \"cultura\" no grupo de brinquedo e o papel dos modos de comunicação verbal e não-verbal nestes processos de co-construção de significados compartilhados. Foram estudados os estilos de brincadeiras das crianças, as parcerias preferenciais entre elas e as mudanças nas formas de comunicação durante o período estudado. Os sujeitos foram crianças de 1 a 3 anos de idade, acompanhados semanalmente, durante 1 ano e meio, numa creche em São Paulo. Foram realizadas filmagens das crianças em momentos de atividade lúdica livre (com pouca interferência das educadoras), utilizando-se os métodos de amostragem \"focal\" e \"varredura instantânea\". Além disso, foram feitas sessões de observação semicontrolada, filmando-se, separadamente, duplas de crianças com maior ou menor afinidade social, brincando com 10 pares de objetos pré-selecionados. Os resultados mostram que as crianças comunicaram-se mais entre si do que com adultos, tanto de modo verbal quanto não-verbal. Do período inicial de coleta de dados para o final, houve uma diminuição significativa de comportamentos não-verbais indicativos de comunicação e um aumento significativo de episódios de verbalização. No período inicial, houve uma freqüência significativamente maior de verbalizações em contextos de interações agonísticas e imperativas, e no período final houve uma freqüência significativamente maior de verbalizações de convite para interação. Verificou-se um aumento da comunicação verbal quando as crianças estavam com idades entre 1 ano e 10 meses (a mais nova) e 2 anos e 6 meses (a mais velha). Quanto ao comportamento não-verbal, as crianças se comunicaram mais por olhares e expressões faciais, no entanto, no período inicial houve uma freqüência significativamente maior de vocalizações, no período intermediário houve uma freqüência significativamente maior de gestos e acenos e, no período final, de imitações. A imitação foi considerada como um meio das crianças compartilharem significados e de iniciarem ou manterem interações sociais. A situação de duplas foi favorecedora de episódios de imitação e ocorreu maior freqüência de interações sociais após imitação principalmente quando as crianças estavam com idades próximas a 3 anos. Em relação aos estilos de brincadeiras, duplas com maior afinidade social apresentaram freqüência significativamente maior de brincadeiras de contingência social do que duplas com menor afinidade; duplas formadas apenas por meninas brincaram mais de faz-de-conta, duplas formadas somente por meninos brincaram mais de brincadeiras paralelas e duplas mistas brincaram mais de brincadeiras do tipo \"física\". Quando em grupo, as meninas brincaram mais com outras crianças do que sozinhas, diferentemente dos meninos. Foram identificadas e descritas qualitativamente algumas formas de brincadeiras particulares do grupo estudado. A conclusão foi que crianças dessa faixa etária são capazes de construir e compartilhar significados no grupo, mesmo antes de dominarem a comunicação verbal. Porém, também há indícios de que a fala facilite os processos de compartilhamento e persistência de significados no grupo e favoreça o aumento da complexidade das brincadeiras entre as crianças. / This research is based on the view of the child as an active agent of his/her own development. It aimed to investigate the child-child interaction, the processes of \"culture\" creation within the playgroup and the role of verbal and nonverbal forms of communication in those processes of joint construction of shared meanings. The style of the children\'s play, the preferential partnerships between them and the changes in the forms of communication during the study period were examined. The subjects were 1-to-3-year-old children, weekly monitored over a year and a half at a daycare center in São Paulo. The children were videorecorded during free-play activity (with little interference from the educators), and the \"focalsubject\" and \"scan-sampling\" methods were used. In addition, semi-controlled observation sessions were conducted, and pairs of children with greater or smaller social affinity were separately recorded playing with ten pairs of pre-selected objects. Results show that the children communicated more between themselves than with adults, both verbally and nonverbally. From the period the data started to be collected to the end of the study, a significant decrease in nonverbal behaviors indicative of communication and a significant increase in verbalization episodes were observed. A significantly higher frequency of verbalizations in contexts of agonistic and imperative interactions was observed in the initial period, whereas a significantly higher frequency of verbalizations of invitation to interaction was observed in the final period. The verbal communication increased when the children were 1 year and 10 months old (youngest child) to 2 years and 6 months old (oldest child). As for nonverbal behavior, the children\'s communication was predominantly through looks and facial expressions, however there has been a significantly higher frequency of vocalizations in the initial period, a significantly higher frequency of gestures and nods and waves in the intermediary period and of imitations in the final period. Imitation was considered a means through which children share meanings and start or maintain social interactions. The situation of pairs favored episodes of imitation and social interactions were more frequent after imitation mainly when the children were near 3 years of age. Concerning play styles, pairs with greater social affinity produced a significantly higher frequency of social-contingency play than pairs with smaller affinity; pairs formed only by girls did more make-believe play, pairs formed only by boys did more parallel play and mixed pairs did more \"physical\" play. When the girls were in group, they played more with other children than when they were alone, differently from the boys. Some forms of play particular to the studied group were identified and qualitatively described. The research concluded that children in this age bracket are able to build and share meanings within the group, even before mastering the verbal communication. However, there are also signs that the speech facilitates the sharing processes and the persistence of meanings within the group and leads to more complex play between the children.

Depressão é um transtorno de humor de alta prevalência e repercussões negativas para o indivíduo do ponto de vista físico, psicológico e social. Entre os múltiplos aspectos da doença ainda pouco investigados está o comportamento expressivo não-verbal que pode indicar emoções, pensamentos e intenções automáticos que ocasionam problemas interpessoais e piora da depressão. O objetivo desta tese foi investigar o papel da comunicação não-verbal como parâmetro para avaliar características diagnósticas, prognósticas e de melhora clínica da depressão. Para tanto, foram usadas técnicas etológicas para observação de: 1) indicadores não-verbais de pacientes deprimidos (em associação com medidas clínicas e neuropsicológicas); e 2) fatores comportamentais de envolvimento não-verbal de pacientes e do entrevistador. A tese foi dividida em duas partes. Na Parte I apresentam-se estudos que enfocam o comportamento de pacientes deprimidos (n=40) submetidos a três diferentes condições de tratamento com Estimulação Elétrica Transcraniana de Corrente Contínua (ETCC). Pacientes foram avaliados no pré (T0) e pós-tratamento (T1) por meio de escalas para mensuração de sintomas depressivos (medidas clínicas); bateria de testes neuropsicológicos; e entrevistas filmadas. A análise das filmagens foi feita com catálogo de registro de frequência de comportamentos nãoverbais de pacientes (etograma), desenvolvido por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Encontramos que silêncio dos pacientes e menos movimentos expressivos faciais e de cabeça relacionam-se a maior intensidade da depressão, sendo que silêncio em T0 prediz pior prognóstico em T1. Mediante melhora clínica, indicadores de emoções negativas decrescem (ex. choro, testa franzida) enquanto de interesse interpessoal aumentam (ex. contato ocular, yes-nooding). Pacientes também apresentam alterações em funções mnêmicas de longo prazo, atencionais e executivas. Mediante melhora clínica, o desempenho aumenta nas tarefas executivas e atencionais. Melhor performance em tarefa de atenção focada em T0, entretanto, associou-se a menos afetos positivos em T1. Os resultados indicam que a depressão compromete o funcionamento afetivo, cognitivo e expressivo dos pacientes e que indicadores não-verbais apresentam padrão mais consistente de associação com medidas clínicas do que variáveis neuropsicológicas. Na Parte II, apresentam-se estudos que enfocam a interação de pacientes deprimidos (n=38) com seu entrevistador (n=1). Pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento medicamentoso e avaliados no pré (T0) e pós-tratamento (T1) por meio de medidas clínicas e entrevistas filmadas. A análise das filmagens foi feita com um etograma de registro de frequência e duração de comportamentos de pacientes e do entrevistador. Encontramos que comportamentos nãoverbais de envolvimento de pacientes (fator Esforço Comunicativo, EC) e do entrevistador (fator Encorajamento, EN) estão associados e aumentam ao longo da interação. O ajuste (convergência) entre EC e EN ao longo da entrevista associa-se com satisfação dos pacientes. EC em T0 prediz redução de afetos negativos em T1 e, após melhora clínica, EC e EN aumentam. Portanto, o comportamento de busca por suporte social associa-se a maior apoio do entrevistador e este aumento de envolvimento pode indicar melhora clínica. O conjunto de achados sugere que a comunicação não-verbal, avaliada com técnicas etológicas, transmite informações relevantes associadas à gravidade, melhora clínica e prognóstico da depressão / Depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder bearing negative consequences for individuals in physical, psychological and social domains. Among the many aspects of the disease which remain poorly understood, the expressive nonverbal behavior of sufferers is an important example: it has been highlighted as an indicator of emotions, automatic thoughts and intentions which can lead to interpersonal problems and worsening of depression. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of such nonverbal communication in the evaluation of depression diagnosis, prognosis and clinical response. To this end, we conducted an ethological observation where we analyzed: 1) non-verbal indicators of depressed patients (in combination with clinical and neuropsychological measures), and 2) behavioral factors of nonverbal involvement of patients and their interviewers. This thesis is divided in two parts. Part I presents studies focused on the behavior of patients (n=40) treated with different types of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Patients are evaluated before (T0) and after treatment (T1) through clinical scales for the assessment of depressive symptoms, neuropsychological tests, and the analysis of videotaped interviews. The analysis of interviews is based on an ethogram developed by our research group, wherein the frequencies of nonverbal behaviors of patients are registered. We found that silence, as well as low levels of expressive facial and head movements were related to higher depression severity. Silence at T0 also predicted poor prognosis at T1. There was a decrease in the frequency of indicators of negative emotions (e.g. crying, frowning) and increase in pro-social indicators (e.g. eyes contact, yes-nooding) upon clinical improvement. Patients also showed alterations in long-term memory, attention and executive functions. Their performance increased in executive and attentional tasks, upon clinical improvement. However, a better performance in the focused attention task at T0 was associated with less positive affect at T1. The results indicate that depression affects the patients emotional, cognitive and expressive functioning. In addition, non-verbal indicators showed a more consistent pattern of being associated with clinical measures than with neuropsychological measures. In Part II, we show studies focused on the interaction of depressed patients (n=38) with their interviewer (n=1). Patients treated with psychopharmacotherapy were evaluated before (T0) and after treatment (T1) through clinical scales, and videotaped interviews. Interviews were analyzed through the use of an ethogram which considers frequency and duration of both patients and interviewer behaviors. We found that nonverbal behaviors of involvement of patients (Speaking Effort factor, SE) and their interviewer (Encouragement factor, EN) were correlated and both of them increased during the interaction. The adjustment (convergence) between SE and EN during the interview was associated with patient satisfaction. SE at T0 predicted a reduction of negative affect at T1. Additionally, both factors increased after clinical improvement. Therefore, the support seeking behavior is associated with support giving behavior of the interviewer. The increase of both involvement behaviors may therefore indicate clinical improvement. Taken together, these findings suggest that nonverbal communication, when evaluated by ethological techniques, can convey important information on the severity, prognosis and amenability to clinical improvement of depression