Especificações formais são úteis para descrever o que um sistema deve fazer sem definir como, e, em virtude da sua natureza formal e da possibilidade de abstração, é possível analisá-las sistematicamente. No entanto, o uso de especificações formais como parte do desenvolvimento de software não constitui prática comum. Isso se dá, em parte, pelo fato de existirem apenas um pequeno número de metodologias e ferramentas adequadas que dêem suporte a esse desenvolvimento. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia de desenvolvimento que possibilite, a partir de uma especificação formal em notação Z, produzir uma implementação dessa especificação em Java. Essa metodologia centra-se na geração do esqueleto da aplicação Java e na instrumentação desse esqueleto com mecanismos de verificação de condições (invariantes, pré e pós-condições) e rastreamento de violações dessas condições. Através desses mecanismos, possibilita-se intercalar desenvolvimento formal e informal no processo global de desenvolvimento de software. O segundo objetivo é desenvolver uma ferramenta que implemente parte dessa metodologia, produzindo uma implementação parcial que deverá ser complementada pelo usuário. / Formal specifications are useful for describing what a system should do, without defining how, and, owing to its formal nature, it is possible to analyse them systematically. However useful formal specifications are, their usage as part of the software development process is rather rare. This is, in part, due to the scarcity of both methodologies and tools that support this development. The first goal of this work is to define a software development methodology that enables the developer to produce a Java application from a formal specification written in Z. This methodology will rely strongly on the generation of Java application skeletons and instrumentation of the generated code with means of verifying conditions (invariants, pre and post-conditions) e tracing violations of these conditions. Through this mechanisms, it is possible to mix formal and informal development in the global software development process. The second goal of this work is to develop a tool that will implement part of this methodology, producing a partial implementation that must be complemented by the developer.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la comptabilisation de la dette publique sous trois angles distincts et complémentaires. Tout d’abord, nous étudions les normes de comptabilité des retraites publiques. Nous développons une grille théorique d’analyse comparée et diachronique s’appuyant sur un examen des pratiques existantes. Notre analyse met en évidence que les dispositifs existant en Europe sont incompatibles avec le modèle d’épargne individuelle tel que promu par la norme IPSAS 25. Ensuite, nous analysons la relation entre comptabilité de la dette et milieu politique, et en particulier l’hypothèse d’une sous-estimation de la dette en période d’élection. Notre analyse des révisions comptables permet de valider cette hypothèse et indique que les pays en développement sont les plus affectés par cette sous-estimation. Enfin, nous analysons l’impact du caractère sollicité ou non d'une notation sur celle-ci, ainsi que sur l’évaluation de la dette publique par les agences de notation. Notre analyse de Moody’s, Fitch, et S&P indique que les agences favorisent les pays qui sollicitent leur notation par rapport à ceux qui ne la sollicitent pas. / This thesis deals with the accounting of public debt from three distinct and complementary analytical perspectives. First, we study the accounting standards for retirement obligations. We develop a theoretical evaluation grid using a comparative and diachronic analysis based on the review of existing practices. Our analysis highlights that the existing pension schemes in Europe are incompatible with the individual savings model as promoted by the IPSAS 25 norm. Second, we analyze the relationship between debt accounting and the political environment, and test the hypothesis of an underestimation of debt levels around elections. Results allow us to validate our hypothesis and indicate that developing countries are most affected by this underestimation. Third, we examine the impact of the solicitation status of a sovereign rating on the rating itself and on the public debt level assigned by rating agencies. Focusing on Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P, our findings indicate that agencies favor countries soliciting their rating comparing to those who do not solicit them.

Einleitend zur Archivierung in MONARCH entstand ein Text zur bibliothekarischen Veranstaltung in Hamburg, Juli 2008. Wichtig für die Bibliothekare in der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation ist: Ihr gemeinsames Thema ist die Inhaltserschliessung; dabei soll der Rote Faden immer dorthin laufen, wo Neues oder Trends zu entdecken sind.

Literaturbericht Dezimalklassifikationen: DDC, UDK und weitere

Ein Bericht aus der Nationalbibliothek kann nicht anders als mit großen Zahlen zu operieren. Dr. Lösse berichtet über Arbeiten in der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek unter den Stichworten intern, national und international. Intern: Im Jahr 2008 wurden 80 000 Titel mit DDC klassifiziert. Der Web-Service für DDC "MELVIL" wird aktualisiert. Bis zum Erscheinen der 23. Ausgabe der DDC im Jahr 2010 sind über 10 000 Klassen zu bearbeiten. Neues von DDC national: Im Projekt Criss Cross werden Sachschlagwörter mit DDC Notationen verknüpft; von 150 000 SSW sind 65 000 SSW fertig gestellt, MELVIL wird mit diesen Sachschlagwörtern angereichert und die Notationsrecherche wird damit verbessert. Im übrigen beteiligte sich die DNB an einem – nationalen – Automatisierungstest. Zur automatischen Vergabe von DDC-Notationen zu Titelsätzen lieferte Dr. Ulrike Reiner, Göttingen, eine Programmierung (über die sie bei den Jahrestagungen 2007 und 2008 berichtet hat: <a href="http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2007/0139">http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2007/0139</a> <a href="http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2008/0150">http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2008/0150</a> Die Testanordnung umfaßte jeweils ca. 100 Titel aus den zehn Hauptklassen von DDC. Die Verknüpfungsergebnisse wurden bewertet. Ein erneuter Testlauf ist im Jahr 2009 wieder geplant. In der DNB gibt es Möglichkeiten zur DDC-Fortbildung! Ansprechpartner ist Dr. Bee, Frankfurt/ Main: G.Bee@d-nb.de. Anlässlich des Gedenksymposiums für Frau Magda Heiner-Freiling am 10.4.08 erschien die Gedenkschrift "New Perspectives on Subject Indexing and Classification" mit 34 Beiträgen. Gegen eine Schutzgebühr von 10 Euro kann die Gedenkschrift unter der Adresse a.cremer@d-nb.de bestellt werden. Die Weiterentwicklung von MACS (Multilingual access to subjects) erfolgt unter Leitung und in Zusammenarbeit mit der Schweizerischen Nationalbibliothek unter dem Dach von CENL mit Beteiligung der Französischen, Britischen und Deutschen Nationalbibliothek(en). Ziel ist die Herstellung einer Verbindung zwischen den Sachschlagwörtern der drei Schlagwortnormdateien Rameau, Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) und Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) zur sachlichen Suche im deutsch-, englisch- und französischsprachigen Raum. Stand: 65 700 Double RAMEAU-LCSH; 20 000 Tripple RAMEAU-LCSH-SWD; im Jahr 2009 ist verstärkte Einbindung der SWD geplant.

Recently cognitive principles have been discussed for Conceptual Modeling with the aim to increase domain understanding, model comprehension and modeling efficiency. In particular, the principle of Perceptual Discriminability, which discusses the visual differences of modeling constructs, reveals potential for model comprehension if human attention is influenced in a way that important modeling constructs are more easily detected, and can hence faster be processed. Yet, so far no conditions how the human gaze can be influenced have been defined and evaluated for Conceptual Modeling. This dissertation extends Perceptual Discriminability for conditions to attract human attention for those constructs that are important for model comprehension. Furthermore, these conditions are applied to constructs of two different modeling grammars in general as well as to elements of the process flow of Business Process Models. To evaluate the results a laboratory experiment of extended Perceptual Discriminability is described in which significant differences have been identified for process flow comprehension. For the demonstration of the potential of extended Perceptual Discriminability BPMN secondary notation is improved by emphasizing those constructs that are most important for model comprehension. Therefore, those constructs that are important for model comprehension have been identified within a content analysis and have been worked on according to the conditions of extended Perceptual Discriminability for those visual variables that are free for an application in secondary notation.:Preface ii Abstract iii Table of contents iv Table of Figures v List of Tables vi List of Abbreviations vii Part 1 - Summary Paper 1 1. Motivation 2 2. Research design 7 2.1 Research objectives 7 2.2 Scope 9 2.3 Research method 11 3. Structure of the dissertation 13 4. Contribution to theory and practice 17 5. Future Research Ideas 19 Part 2 - Publications 20 Publication 1 21 Publication 2 22 Publication 3 23 Publication 4 24 Publication 5 25 Publication 6 26 Literature 27 Part 3 - Appendix 30

In today's fast changing world, global development of information and communication technology significantly affects many fields of human activity including music and education. As a result, questions concerning effective using of modern technology in musical education have become a major topic within the pedagogical community. Presented dissertation thesis examines utilization of notation software as a modern teaching tool. The software was specifically used to further improve musical creativity of pupils at secondary school (grades 6 to 9). The very first part of the thesis focuses on research framework, contemporary musical technologies, and available notation software tools. A special attention was drawn to MuseScore software that was used in the research. Last but not least, this part of the thesis outlines vital facts connected with musical creativity field of knowledge. Second part of the thesis is dedicated to author's research and starts with determination of project scope, goals, and basic working hypothesis. The actual research was carried out in several phases with subsequent real-life verification of acquired results. Main research work included development of experimental musical teaching methodology for children in sixth grade. Here, the notation software was used as a tool for stimulated...

The Replenishment cycle contains five works that allude to the experience of sleep, beginning with awake drowsiness and ending with the piece inspired by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, titled Conceiving Realities. This last piece is an intermedia work composed for chamber ensemble, live painting with biofeedback, computer, and audiovisual processing. This critical essay describes the composition of Conceiving Realities within the context of the Replenishment cycle, followed by a thorough analysis of the research involved in the technological aspects of the piece, and finally, a description of the instrumentation, notation, intermedia elements, and technology comprising the work. Conceiving Realities uses a system of interactions between painting, biofeedback, music, and video, in which a painter wears brainwave and heartbeat sensors that send data to a computer patch processing the sound of an ensemble as the painter listens and creates the painting while responding to the music. This requires a passive biofeedback system in which the painter is focused on listening and painting. The computer uses the data to process existing sounds, instead of synthesizing new lines. The score blends elements of traditional notation, graphics, and guided improvisation; giving the performers some creative agency. This alludes to the way in which scenarios in dreams occur without voluntary control of the dreamer. Finally, a camera captures the painting and projects three video screens applying individual types of processing to the original video stream, controlled in real time by the amplitude of the ensemble. All these elements create an immersive experience for the audience that is mediated by the interaction of sight and sound.

Contemporary repertoire is not commonly taught or explored by teachers during the intermediate level, when a student's musical training is transitioning to an advanced level. Nonetheless, it is important for piano instructors to be open-minded about contemporary music and have some perspective on the development of music repertoire in the future. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a performance and pedagogical guide to Stephen Chatman's (b. 1950) Fantasies, from both technical and artistic viewpoints. The collection, which consists of eleven pieces, features a wide variety of contemporary idioms, styles, and means of notation. For instance, there are jazz-like syncopated rhythms, asymmetrical accents reminiscent of Primitivism, and Impressionistic or dissonant sonorities. Fantasies is not only a valuable tool for students to explore new sounds and improve their performing techniques while executing nontraditional notations and contemporary idioms, it is also a great teaching resource for instructors to promote students' musicality through hearing, seeing, and thinking. In this study, I provide individual, detailed descriptions for each of the pieces in the score, adding examples on how to address the difficulties they present to the performer. As a result, instructors can better understand how to help students prepare to perform this collection and spark their interest in playing contemporary music.

Resources Events Agents (REA) ontology is a profound business modeling ontology that was developed to define the architecture of accounting information systems. Nevertheless, REA did not manage to get the same attention as other business modeling ontologies. One reason of such abandon is the absence of a meaningful visual notation for the ontology, which has resulted in an abstruse ontology to non-academic audience. Another reason for this abandon is the fact that REA does not have a standard formal representation. This has resulted in a humble amount of researches which have focused on defining meta-models of the ontology while neglecting the wider purpose of REA-based information systems development. Consequently, the ontology was deviated away from its original purpose, and rather used in business schools. To solve the aforementioned issues, this research presents a Model Driven Development (MDD) technique in the form of a REA-based Domain Specific Visual Language (DSVL) that is implemented within a modeling and code generation editor. This effort was taken in order to answer the question of “How would a REA-DSVL based tool make the REA ontology implementable in the domain of information systems development?” In order to answer the research question, a design science methodology (DSRM) was implemented as the structure of this research. The DSRM was chosen because this research aims to develop three main artifacts. These are; a meta-model of REA, a visual notation of REA, and a REA-DSVL-based modeling and code generation tool. The first phase of the DSRM was to identify the problems which were mentioned earlier, followed by the requirements identification phase which drew the outline of the; meta-model, the visual notation, and the tool. After that, the development phase was conducted in order to develop the aforementioned artifacts. The editor was then demonstrated using a case study of a local company in Stockholm-Sweden. Finally, the resulted artifacts were evaluated based on the collected requirements and the results from the case study. Based on the analyses of the artifacts and the case study, this research was concluded with the result that a REA-based DSVL tool can help in boosting the planning and analysis phases of the software development lifecycle (SDLC). This is achieved by automating some of the conventional software planning and design tasks, which would lead to more accurate systems’ designs; thus, minimizing the time of the planning and design phases. And it can be achieved by abstracting the direct logic of REA through providing functionalities that help users from different backgrounds (academic and professional) to embrace a business modeling editor rather than an ontology; thus, attracting a wider users base for implementing REA.