Founded in 1967, the Amsterdam-based improvising collective the Instant Composers Pool is one of the longest consistently performing groups in improvised music. This thesis forms an ethnography and musicological study of the ICP Orchestra, which originated when the "pool" developed a more coherent line-up around 1980. With a background in experimental music as well as free jazz, their performance practice differs in many respects from the practices of American forms of jazz. Whereas most accounts of improvisation emphasise orality and creative interaction in opposition to the performance of composed music, 'instant composition' defines improvisation precisely in terms of compositional thinking. Moreover, founding member and orchestra leader Misha Mengelberg composed a very diverse repertoire for the group which draws on styles from Duke Ellington to John Cage and uses various forms of compositional and notational techniques to explore the different improvisatory possibilities that they afford, thus blurring the distinction between improvisation and composition both in name and in practice. Apart from a detailed historical and ethnographic description of a group that is central to a genre that has been underrepresented in music-historical research, this thesis investigates the repertoire of the ICP and its use as an opportunity to reconsider the relation between musical text and performance. Drawing on my observations and interviews with the musicians, and connecting these to theories of material culture and science and technology studies, it develops a concept of compositions as animated and animating objects in performance, tools and materials that participate in the creative interactive process of improvised performance rather than textual representations of 'the music itself'. I substantiate this theory with detailed descriptions of ICP performances recorded during fieldwork. This contributes to a rethinking of musical notation and simultaneously brings new insights into improvisation as a creative practice.

Haig Utidjian - Abstract In this thesis we attempt to establish, in as concrete and tangible a manner as possible, the procedures used by Ełia Tntesean (1834-1881) in compiling and redacting his version of the melodies of the Armenian Hymnal, and to place his own endeavour in the context of other attempts to record the melodies of Armenian hymns using the Limōnčean system of musical notation in nineteenth-century Constantinople - at a time when the mediaeval neumatic notation had already become largely intractable. Our approach entails the juxtaposition of Tntesean's musicological articles and paedagogical publications with his transcriptions in Western notation and with his mature realisations of the hymnal melodies in the Limōnčean system, published posthumously in 1934 - treating these sources as a coherent corpus, of which the diverse components are allowed to shed light on each other. Comparison with other hymnals from the same period, the investigation of parallels with the neighbouring practice of Ottoman makams, fieldwork with surviving remnants of the oral tradition, and a critical examination of Tntesean's writings and transcriptions enable us to elucidate aspects of notation and performance practice, and to expose a subtle evolution in aesthetic. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the Tntesean...

Black choral music composers in South Africa, inspired by the few opportunities available to them until recent times, have nonetheless attempted to establish, perhaps subconsciously, some choral tradition and, in doing so, incorporate African musical elements in their works. My research traces the foundations and historical development of choral music as an art amongst Vhavenda, and the contributions made thereto by a number of past and present Venda composers that this researcher could manage to identify and trace, to the music of the people. The selected composers are Stephen Maimela Dzivhani, Matthew Ramboho Nemakhavhani, Derrick Victor Nephawe, Joseph Khorommbi Nonge, Israel Thinawanga Ramabannda and Fhatuwani Hamilton Sumbana. Through the application of multiple methodological lenses, the study sets out to analyse, describe, and interpret Venda choral music. Of particular interest is the exploration of the extent to which the ”formal” education that was brought by the Berlin Missionaries influenced Venda choral musicians, particularly the selected Venda choral music composers. Also crucial to this research is the exploration and identification of elements peculiar to indigenous Venda traditional music in the works of these composers. The question is whether it was possible for these composers to realize and utilize their potentials fully in their attempt to evoke traditional Venda music with their works, given the very limiting Western tonic sol-fa notational system they were solely working with. The project also briefly traces the place of Venda choral music within the South African music context and its role within the search for cultural identity. The research has found that the majority of Venda choral music written so far has generally not been capable of evoking indigenous Venda traditional music. Whilst these composers choose themes that are akin to their culture, social settings, legend and general communal life, the majority of the music they set to these themes does not sound African (Venda in particular) in terms of the rhythms and melodies. The majority of the compositions under scrutiny have inappropriate settings of Venda words into the melodies employed. This can be attributed to the limitations imposed by the tonic sol-fa notational system, which was the only system they were taught in the missionary schools established around Venda and which, itself, was flawed as well as the general lack of adequate music education on the part of the composers themselves. Despite these limitations and the very few opportunities available to them, Venda choral music composers nonetheless managed to lay a foundation for choral music as an art amongst their people (Vhavenda). / Art history, Visual Ars and Musicology / D. Mus

The first steps in the software development life cycle are crucial for a successful software product. In this scenario, modeling activities play an important role in the requirements specification and other activities throughout the Project. Although the modeling activities of business processes and activities related to Requirements Engineering are recognized as important individually, some approaches have considered the integration of these activities. In this context, this master thesis proposes an approach and corresponding guidelines for integration of modeling software requirements with SysML and modeling of business processes and workflows with the support of BPMN. This relationship is represented with both graphical models and tabular format. Therefore, software developers can track business processes and software requirements already during the initial activities of the software development process. The proposed approach has been presented to a group of systems analysts, university professors and master students. These participants answered to a questionnaire based on TAM theory mostly agreeing that integrating BPMN and SysML will contribute positively for documentation , validation and tracking requirements. Despite their interest in learning more about the two languages, they declared di culty in performing integration and the cost to use this proposal in projects in industry. This work has also presented a report of the experience in HU / UFS and a guide to integration of BPMN and SysML to assist the development of a patient’s Electronic Health Record in a public hospital. / Os primeiros passos no ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de software são cruciais para um produto de software bem sucedido. Neste cenário, as atividades de modelagem desempenham um papel importante na especificação de requisitos e demais atividades em todo o projeto. Embora as atividades de modelagem de processos de negócio e as atividades relacionadas com a Engenharia de Requisitos sejam reconhecidas como importantes individualmente, algumas abordagens têm considerado a integração destas atividades. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem e orientações correspondentes à integração dos modelos de processos de negócio elaborados com BPMN e modelos de requisitos de software com SysML. Essa relação é representada tanto com modelos gráficos como em formato tabular. Portanto, os desenvolvedores de software podem rastrear os processos de negócio e requisitos de software já durante as atividades iniciais do processo de desenvolvimento de software. A abordagem proposta foi apresentada a um grupo de analistas de sistemas, professores universitários que lecionam a disciplina Engenharia de Software e estudantes de mestrado do curso de Ciência da Computação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, e respondendo a um questionário baseado na teoria TAM afirmaram que a integração BPMN e SysML irá contribuir positivamente nas atividades de documentação, validação e rastreamento de requisitos. Apesar do interesse em aprender mais sobre as duas linguagens, os participantes na pesquisa declararam a dificuldade em realizar a integração e o custo em utilizar esta proposta em projetos reais. Neste trabalho foi ainda apresentado um relato da experiência no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (HU/UFS) e um guia para integração de modelos elaborados com BPMN e SysML, para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de um prontuário eletrônico do paciente em um hospital público.

Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia para mapeamento no espaço de cor colorimétrico CIEXYZ, dos valores de triestímulo obtidos em um espaço de cor não colorimétrico definido pelas curvas de sensibilidade de um sensor eletrônico. A inovação do método proposto é realizar o mapeamento através de três redes neurais artificiais sendo que cada uma é especializada em mapear cores com um determinado triestímulo dominante. É feita a comparação dos resultados do mapeamento com vários trabalhos publicados sobre mapeamento de um espaço de cor em outro usando diversas técnicas. Os resultados mostram a eficiência do método proposto e permitem sua utilização em equipamentos para medir cores, incrementando sua precisão. / This work presents a new method for mapping a non colorimetric color space defined by the sensitivity curves of an electronic color sensor to the colorimetric color space CIEXYZ. The novelty of the proposed method is to perform the mapping by a set of three artificial neural networks, each one specialized in mapping colors with a specific dominant tristimulus. The results are compared with the ones obtained in published works about the mapping of color spaces, using several methods. The results of the method proposed in this work show that it is efficient and it can be used in equipments for measuring colors, improving its precision.

Face à l’érosion globale de la biodiversité des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux, l’identification des mesures de gestion les plus urgentes à mettre en place est cruciale. En s’appuyant sur une approche innovante et multi-facettes de la diversité, les priorités de conservation pour les assemblages de poissons de rivière ont pu être déterminées à l’échelle de la France. La durabilité de ces priorités de conservation face aux principales composantes des changements globaux a ensuite été évaluée afin d’identifier les zones qui protégeront efficacement la biodiversité actuelle dans le futur. La méthodologie développée a finalement été appliquée au réseau hydrographique du département du Pas-de-Calais dans le but d’identifier précisément les priorités locales de conservation et de restauration. Ces outils pourront par la suite être utilisés comme support d’aide à la décision et adaptés selon les besoins des gestionnaires des milieux aquatiques. / The global loss of biodiversity affects freshwater ecosystems, making it crucial to identify the priority management actions in order to protect freshwater biodiversity in an effective and sustainable way. Based on an innovative multi-faceted framework of diversity, the spatial priorities for the conservation of stream fish assemblages have been identified at the scale of France. Their robustness to several drivers of global changes has then been assessed to identify the areas that are likely to efficiently protect the present-day biodiversity in the future. The methodological framework proposed herein has finally been applied to the river network of the Pas-de-Calais department located in northern France to accurately identify the local conservation and restoration priorities. These management tools can be used to support the establishment of management actions in accordance with the needs of the local environmental decision-makers.

[pt] Desenvolvimento de software é um processo altamente colaborativo, no qual a construção do software é o objetivo comum. É apoiado em várias fases por ferramentas computacionais, dentre elas as ferramentas de modelagem de software. Modelos são parte importante do processo de desenvolvimento de software e o foco desta pesquisa, que tem como objetivo investigar a comunicabilidade de modelos de software que são produzidos e consumidos através de ferramentas de modelagem. A comunicabilidade de modelos de software é a capacidade que estes artefatos têm de efetuar o processo de comunicação entre pessoas, ou a de serem usados como instrumentos para realizar parte significativa deste processo. As ferramentas de modelagem têm impacto direto nessa comunicabilidade, já que os produtores e consumidores de modelos interagem com tais ferramentas ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento do software. Durante essa interação, os modelos de software, que são artefatos intelectuais, são criados, alterados, evoluídos, transformados e compartilhados pelas pessoas envolvidas nas atividades de especificação, análise, design e implementação do software em desenvolvimento. Além da influência das ferramentas, a modelagem de software também deve considerar a utilização de notações previamente definidas como premissas para as atividades de modelagem. Esta pesquisa é uma investigação como ferramentas e notações de modelagem influenciam e apoiam o processo intelectual de produção e consumo de modelos de software. Temos a Engenharia Semiótica como teoria guia desta pesquisa, tendo em conta um aspecto essencial para esta que é: um estudo criterioso das ferramentas que os envolvidos no desenvolvimento do software utilizam para construir, usar e divulgar modelos através dos quais coordenam o seu trabalho de equipe. O uso de modelos no processo de desenvolvimento de software é um fenômeno que apresenta vários fatores que não podem ser isolados. Portanto, propomos a tripla Tool-Notation-People (TNP) como um recurso de articulação para caracterizar questões observadas sobre modelos no desenvolvimento de software, ao longo de toda a pesquisa. Junto com a tripla TNP, apresentamos um método que combina as perspectivas cognitiva e semiótica para avaliar as ferramentas de modelagem de software, produzindo dados sobre a metacomunicação designer-usuário, sendo os usuários, neste caso, os desenvolvedores de software. Nosso objetivo é rastrear potenciais relações entre a experiência de interação humano-computador dos evolvidos no processo de desenvolvimento de software no momento de criar/ler/editar modelos com: (a) o produto (tipos de modelo) gerado neste processo; e (b) as interpretações que tais modelos evocam quando usados efetivamente em situações práticas do cotidiano para comunicar e expressar ideias e entendimentos . A Engenharia Semiótica apresenta duplo interesse nesta pesquisa. Por um lado, como uma lente de observação , ela nos oferece diversos recursos para investigar e compreender a construção e uso de artefatos computacionais, seus significados e seus papéis no processo de comunicação. Por outro lado, um melhor entendimento sobre o processo completo que resulta, em última análise, na experiência do usuário durante a interação com o software é relevante para a evolução da própria teoria. Ou seja, esta pesquisa produziu mais conhecimento sobre as condições de comunicação e mútuo entendimento daqueles que, segundo a teoria, comunicam sua intenção e princípios de design através da interface , uma fonte potencialmente valiosa de explicações sobre problemas de comunicabilidade em IHC. / [en] Software development is a highly collaborative process where software construction is the common goal. It is supported at several stages by computer tools, including software modeling tools. Models are important artifacts of the software development process and constitute the focus of this research, which aims to investigate the communicability of software models produced and consumed with the support of modeling tools. Software model communicability is the capacity that such artifacts have of carrying and effecting a communication process among people, or of being used as an instrument to perform a significant part of such process. Modeling tools have a direct impact in that communicability, since model s producers and consumers interact with those tools throughout the software development process. During that interaction, software models, which are intellectual artifacts, are created, changed, evolved, transformed and shared by people involved in activities of specification, analysis, design and implementation of the software under development. Besides the influence of tools, software modeling also needs to take into consideration previously defined notations as premises for modeling activities. This research is an investigation on how tools and notations influence and support the intellectual process of production and consumption of software models. We have Semiotic Engineering as our guiding theory given the essence of it that is: a careful study of tools people interact with to build, use and publish models through which they coordinate teamwork. The use of models in the software development process is a phenomenon that includes several factors that cannot be isolated from each other. Therefore, we propose a Tool-Notation-People triplet (TNP triplet) as a means of articulation to characterize observed issues about models in the software development. Along with the TNP triplet, we introduce a method that combines semiotic and cognitive perspectives to evaluate software modeling tools, producing data about the emission of designer-user metacommunication, users in this case being software developers. We aim to track potential relations between the human-computer interaction experience of those involved in the software development process while creating/reading/editing models with: (a) the product (types of models) generated in the process; and (b) the interpretations that such models evoke when used effectively in everyday practical situations to communicate and express ideas and understandings. The interest of working with Semiotic Engineering in this research is twofold. First, as an observation lens, the theory offers many resources to investigate and understand the construction and use of computational artifacts, their meanings and roles in the communication process. Second, a better perspective about the complete process that results, ultimately, in the user experience during the interaction with the software is relevant for the theory s own evolution. In other words, this research has produced further knowledge about the communication conditions and mutual understanding of those who, according to the theory, communicate their intent and design principles through the interface, a potentially valuable source of explanations about communication problems in HCI.

Föreliggande uppsats syftar till att undersöka vad fyra musiklärare på högstadiet har för musikalisk bakgrund och hur de använder sig av traditionell västerländsk notskrift i undervisningen. Tidigare forskning tar upp noters likhet med skriftspråk, noters roll i musikundervisning och identitet och förebilder i musik. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har sociokulturellt perspektiv använts. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fyra musiklärare i högstadiet och analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultaten visade att noter främst användes i undervisning i trumspel och melodispel på piano och mer sällan i undervisning i sång, gitarr och ackordspel på piano. Det framkom även att de musiklärare som hade en mer populärmusikalisk bakgrund tenderade att använda noter mindre i undervisningen än de med en klassisk bakgrund. Vidare diskuteras ur vilka perspektiv sambandet mellan musikalisk bakgrund och notanvändning kan förstås, praktiska aspekter av att undervisa med eller utan noter och hur musikundervisning speglar noters samhällsstatus. / This study aims to examine the musical background of four music teachers in lower secondary school and how they use traditional Western musical notation in their teaching. Previous research addresses the similarities of musical notation with written language, the role of musical notation in music teaching and identity and role models in music. Socio- cultural perspective has been used as a theoretical starting point. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four music teachers in lower secondary school and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed that musical notation is mainly used in teaching drums and melody playing on piano but rarely when teaching singing, guitar and chord playing on piano. The study also showed that the music teachers who had a more pop musical background tended to use musical notation less in their teaching than those with a classical background. Furthermore, it is discussed from which perspectives the connection between musical background and the use of musical notation can be understood, practical aspects of teaching with or without musical notation and how music teaching reflects the social status of musical notation.

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Aida Slavic aus London berichtete über den derzeitigen Stand bei der Universalen Dezimalklassifikation UDK. Wobei sie einerseits auf die erreichte Qualität und Moder­nität des alten Systems eingeht und andererseits die erreichte Organisationsstruktur im Rahmen des UDC-Konsortiums schildert. Insbesondere zu beklagen ist nach wie vor, dass im deutschsprachigen Raum seit dem Ausscheiden der beiden Normungs­institute DIN und ÖNORM aus der UDK-Gestaltung sich keine Nachfolgestruktur zur Weiterführung der UDK gefunden hat.