Spelling suggestions: "subject:"observational study"" "subject:"observational atudy""
41 |
Controle dos níveis pressóricos em pacientes hipertensos nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas: um grande estudo transversal / Blood pressure control in hypertensive patients in the municipalities of São Paulo and Campinas: a large cross-sectional studyCosta Filho, Francisco Flávio 27 July 2017 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é a principal causa evitável de morbimortalidade cardiovascular no mundo contemporâneo, principalmente nos países de baixa renda. Avaliações populacionais das taxas de sucesso no controle dessa entidade precisam ser instituídas e continuamente realizadas. A compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da hipertensão arterial sistêmica em coortes contemporâneas é importante para o planejamento de novas medidas de intervenção populacional. O presente estudo visa, como objetivo primário, a avaliar a eficácia no controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a determinar preditores independentes associados ao melhor controle pressórico, em uma população de hipertensos sob tratamento medicamentoso derivada do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular. Como objetivo secundário, o estudo visa a avaliar a taxa de sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica que apresentam a primeira medida pressórica alterada, assim como a determinar os preditores independentes desse achado. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, em que foram avaliados os participantes do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular dos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram incluídos nessa análise sujeitos com mais de 18 anos de idade, residentes nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Para responder ao objetivo primário, foram analisados hipertensos com diagnóstico prévio e uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Para responder ao objetivo secundário, foram analisados os sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão e que não estavam em uso de medicações anti-hipertensivas. Utilizou-se análise multivariada para identificar preditores associados ao controle pressórico. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 43.647 sujeitos hipertensos em uso de medicação, sendo que 40,9% destes estavam com níveis pressóricos controlados, considerando a meta de pressão arterial sistólica < 140 mmHg e pressão arterial diastólica < 90 mmHg. Entre os hipertensos não controlados, 42,5% apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica em estágios II ou III (pressão arterial sistólica > 160 mmHg ou pressão arterial diastólica > 100 mmHg). Em análise multivariada, mostraram-se preditores independentes para melhor controle pressórico: idade < 60 anos [razão de chance (RC) 1,14, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,09-1,18], atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 1,18, IC 95% 1,13-1,23), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,04-1,13) e ingesta de frutas diariamente (RC 1,05, IC 95% 1,01-1,10). Mostraram-se preditores para controle pressórico inadequado: sexo masculino (RC 0,69, IC 95% 0,66-0,72), diabetes (RC 0,83, IC 95% 0,80-0,87), etnia negra (RC 0,88, IC 95% 0,83-0,94) ou parda (RC 0,92, IC 95% 0,87-0,97) em relação à branca e obesidade (RC 0,73, IC 95% 0,70-0,76). Entre 45.021 participantes sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 27,6% apresentaram a primeira medida pressórica elevada (pressão arterial > 140 x 90 mmHg). Mostraram-se preditores independentes para esse achado: sexo masculino (RC 2,05, IC 95% 1,96-2,15), idade > 60 anos (RC 1,88, IC 95% 1,78-1,98), etnia negra (RC 1,15, IC 95% 1,06-1,24) ou parda (RC 1,11, IC 95% 1,06-1,17) em relação à branca, obesidade (RC 2,08, IC 95% 1,98-2,19), diabetes (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,01-1,18), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 0,91, IC 95% 0,87-0,96) e atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 0,87, IC 95% 0,83-0,92). CONCLUSÕES: Menos da metade dos hipertensos em tratamento estavam com seus níveis pressóricos controlados. Preditores independentes associados ao controle pressórico foram identificados, sendo três deles modificáveis. Estratégias populacionais devem ser implantadas para o controle efetivo desse importante fator de risco cardiovascular. / INTRODUCTION: Systemic arterial hypertension is the leading avoidable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the contemporary world, mainly in low-income countries. Population evaluation of efficient strategies for blood pressure control should be implemented, and continually evaluated. Epidemiological understanding of systemic arterial hypertension in large cohorts plays important role for planning new interventions in the population level. The study objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of blood pressure control and to determine independent predictors, associated with better blood pressure control, in hypertensive patients on medical treatment from the Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Sao Paulo and Campinas. The secondary objective is to access the rate of patients without previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension in whom the blood pressure measurement is above recommended values, as well as determining independent predictors related with this finding. METHODS: The study design is an observational cross-sectional strategy in the municipalities of São Paulo and Campinas. Patients over the age of 18 living in São Paulo and Campinas, with previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension and use of anti-hypertensive were included. Patients without previous diagnosis of hypertension and not using anti-hypertensive medication were also included. It was conducted a multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors associated with blood pressure control. RESULTS: We identified 43,647 hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive treatment. Of these 17,835 (40.9%) had controlled blood pressure levels, considering a target systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, 42.5% were categorised as stage II or III hypertension (systolic blood pressure >=160 mmHg or diastolic BP >=100 mmHg). In a multivariate analysis, the following independent predictors were identified indicating better blood pressure control: age< 60 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.09-1.18], moderate physical activity (OR 1.18, CI 95% 1.13-1.23), pre-existing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.04-1.13) and daily consumption of fruit (OR 1.05, CI 95% 1.01-1.10). Predictors of poorer BP control were male sex (OR 0.69, CI 95% 0.66-0.72), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.83, CI 95% 0.80-0.87), African ethnicity (OR 0.88, CI 95% 0.83-0.94) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 0.92, CI 95% 0.87- 0.97) when compared to Caucasian ethnicity, obesity (OR 0.73, CI 95% 0.70-0.76). Among 45,021 participants without previous diagnosis of hypertension, 27.6% presented abnormal levels of blood pressure at the first measurement (BP >= 140/90 mmHg). The following independent predictors were identified: male sex (OR 2.05, CI 95% 1.96-2.15), age > 60 years (OR 1.88 CI 95% 1.78-1.98), African ethnicity (OR 1.15, CI 95% 1.06-1.24) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 1.11, CI 95% 1.06-1.17) when compared to Caucasian, obesity (OR 2.08, CI 95% 1.98-2.19), diabetes (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.01-1.18), previous history of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.91, CI 95% 0.87-0.96) and moderate physical activity (OR 0.87, CI 95% 0.83-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of hypertensive patients in treatment had controlled blood pressure. Independent predictors associated with blood pressure control were identified and three of them are modifiable. Population strategies should be implemented for effective control of this clinically relevant cardiovascular risk factor.
|
42 |
Qual a importância da detecção de lesões iniciais de cárie em crianças pré-escolares? Evidências de um estudo de coorte com 2 anos de acompanhamento / What is the importance of detecting initial caries lesions in preschool children? Evidences from a cohort study with 2 years of follow-upRenata Saraiva Guedes 27 August 2015 (has links)
Os objetivos desse estudo de coorte realizado em crianças pré-escolares foram: (1) avaliar a validade preditiva e de constructo utilizando um critério de avaliação de atividade de lesões de cárie associado ao Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie (ICDAS, do inglês International Caries Detection and Assessment System); (2) avaliar o risco de superfícies hígidas, com lesões iniciais de cárie (escores 1 e 2 do ICDAS) e lesões moderadas (escores 3 e 4) progredirem para lesões cavitadas em dentina (escores 5 e 6 do ICDAS) em dentes decíduos; (3) avaliar a influência da presença de lesões iniciais no risco de desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie; (4) avaliar se o impacto da cárie dentária na qualidade de vida de crianças se altera com o incremento de novas lesões ao longo do tempo; e (5) avaliar o impacto da cárie dentária em diferentes estágios de severidade na piora da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em crianças. Um exame inicial foi realizado por 15 examinadores durante o Dia Nacional de Vacinação em junho de 2010, na cidade de Santa Maria (RS). Nesse dia, 639 crianças de um a cinco anos de idade foram examinadas utilizando o ICDAS para detecção das lesões de cárie e um critério adicional para avaliação da atividade das lesões de cárie. Outras variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas relacionadas a cada criança foram coletadas com os pais das crianças. Um questionário para avaliar o impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida das crianças (ECOHIS, do inglês Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale) também foi aplicado aos pais. Após dois anos, as mesmas crianças foram reexaminadas por quatro examinadores treinados e recalibrados para a avaliação das condições relacionadas à cárie dentária. O questionário ECOHIS também foi reaplicado. A associação entre as diversas variáveis explanatórias e os desfechos foram avaliadas usando análises de regressão de Poisson apropriadas (regular ou de multinível) que permitiram o cálculo dos valores de risco relativo e respectivos intervalos de confiança a 95%. Após dois anos, um total de 469 crianças foram reavaliados (taxa de acompanhamento positivo de 73,4%). As lesões de cárie ativas não cavitadas na superfície oclusal apresentaram um risco duas vezes maior de progressão quando comparado com as lesões inativas. Também foi observado que lesões não cavitadas em crianças com lesões de cárie severa no início do estudo apresentaram três vezes maior risco de progressão do que crianças com apenas lesões iniciais. Além disso, crianças com lesões moderadas ou severas apresentaram maior risco de desenvolverem novas lesões comparadas a crianças livres de cárie. Esse efeito foi observado em crianças com lesões iniciais quando eram menores de três anos. Quando o desfecho foi o impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida, as crianças que tiveram novas lesões apresentaram piora na qualidade de vida quando comparadas com aquelas crianças que não desenvolveram novas lesões cariosas, e isso foi relacionado à severidade. Considerando os diferentes estágios da doença cárie na avaliação longitudinal da qualidade de vida, apenas as crianças com lesões moderadas ou crianças com lesões severas no início do estudo apresentaram piora na qualidade de vida após dois anos. Em conclusão, o sistema de atividade de cárie adicional associado ao ICDAS apresenta validade preditiva e de constructo em dentes decíduos. No entanto, as lesões de cárie iniciais de um modo geral apresentam baixa taxa de progressão, e essas lesões têm maior risco de progressão em crianças com pelo menos uma lesão moderada ou severa em outro dente. Outro fato é que a presença de lesões moderadas ou severas é um importante preditor para o surgimento de novas lesões de cárie. No entanto, comparado a crianças livres de cárie, crianças com apenas lesões iniciais de cárie aparentemente possuem maior risco de desenvolverem novas lesões somente nas idades mais precoces (até três anos de idade). Ainda, pôde-se constatar que o maior número de novas lesões de cárie provoca uma piora da qualidade de vida em crianças pré-escolares. Entretanto, a presença de lesões iniciais não causa um impacto na qualidade de vida após dois anos, mas a presença de lesões moderadas e extensas provocam essa piora. / The aims of the present cohort study carried out in preschool children were: (1) to evaluate predictive and construct validity of an additional criteria to assess caries lesions activity associated to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS); (2) to evaluate the risk of sound surfaces, initial (scores 1 and 2 of ICDAS) and moderate caries lesions (ICDAS scores 3 and 4) to progress to dentin cavitated lesions (ICDAS scores 5 and 6) in primary teeth; (3) to investigate the influence of presence of initial caries lesions on risk of occurrence of new caries lesions; (4) to evaluate if the impact of dental caries on quality of life of children suffers worsening due to the occurrence of new caries lesions; and (5) to investigate the impact of dental caries in different stages of progression on worsening of oral health-related quality of life. An initial examination was conducted by 15 examiners during the National Children\'s Vaccination Day in June, 2010, in Santa Maria (RS). At this day, 639 children aged from one to five years were examined using the ICDAS for the detection of caries lesions and with an additional criteria for evaluation of caries lesions activity. Other demographic and socioeconomic variables related to each child were collected with the children\'s guardians. A questionnaire to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life of the children (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale - ECOHIS) was also applied for the parents. After two years, the same children were reexamined by four trained and recalibrated examiners to evaluate the oral conditions related to the dental caries. ECOHIS was also answered again. Association among the explanatory and the outcome variables were assessed through Poisson regression analysis (regular or multilevel), which permitted to calculate the relative risk values and respective 95% confidence intervals. After two years, a total of 469 children were re-evaluated (follow-up rate of 73.4%). Active non-cavitated caries lesions in occlusal surfaces presented a twice higher risk of progression when compared with inactive lesions. It was also observed that non-cavitated caries lesions in children presenting extensive caries lesions at the baseline had thrice higher risk of progression than in children with only initial caries lesions. Moreover, children with moderate or extensive caries lesions showed higher risk of having new caries lesions than caries free children. This effect was observed in children who were younger than three years old. When the variable outcome was the impact of oral health on quality of life, children who had new caries lesions presented worsening on quality of life when compared with children who had not developed new caries lesions, and this was related to the severity. Considering the different stages of dental caries on the longitudinal evaluation, only children with moderate or extensive caries lesions at the baseline presented worsening on the quality of life after two years. In conclusion, the additional criteria system to assess caries activity used with the ICDAS presents predictive and construct validity in primary teeth. Nevertheless, initial caries lesions generally present a low progression rate, and these lesions have higher risk of progression in children with at least one moderate or extensive caries lesion in other tooth. Other fact is that the presence of moderate or extensive caries lesions is an important predictor for caries incidence. Nonetheless, compared with caries-free children, children with only initial caries lesions apparently have higher risk of developing new caries lesions only at the earlier ages (up to three years old). In addition, it was observed that higher number of new caries lesions provokes worsening on quality of life of preschool children. However, presence of only initial caries lesions does not cause impact on quality of life after two years, but presence of moderate and extensive caries lesions does cause.
|
43 |
Qual a importância da detecção de lesões iniciais de cárie em crianças pré-escolares? Evidências de um estudo de coorte com 2 anos de acompanhamento / What is the importance of detecting initial caries lesions in preschool children? Evidences from a cohort study with 2 years of follow-upGuedes, Renata Saraiva 27 August 2015 (has links)
Os objetivos desse estudo de coorte realizado em crianças pré-escolares foram: (1) avaliar a validade preditiva e de constructo utilizando um critério de avaliação de atividade de lesões de cárie associado ao Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie (ICDAS, do inglês International Caries Detection and Assessment System); (2) avaliar o risco de superfícies hígidas, com lesões iniciais de cárie (escores 1 e 2 do ICDAS) e lesões moderadas (escores 3 e 4) progredirem para lesões cavitadas em dentina (escores 5 e 6 do ICDAS) em dentes decíduos; (3) avaliar a influência da presença de lesões iniciais no risco de desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie; (4) avaliar se o impacto da cárie dentária na qualidade de vida de crianças se altera com o incremento de novas lesões ao longo do tempo; e (5) avaliar o impacto da cárie dentária em diferentes estágios de severidade na piora da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em crianças. Um exame inicial foi realizado por 15 examinadores durante o Dia Nacional de Vacinação em junho de 2010, na cidade de Santa Maria (RS). Nesse dia, 639 crianças de um a cinco anos de idade foram examinadas utilizando o ICDAS para detecção das lesões de cárie e um critério adicional para avaliação da atividade das lesões de cárie. Outras variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas relacionadas a cada criança foram coletadas com os pais das crianças. Um questionário para avaliar o impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida das crianças (ECOHIS, do inglês Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale) também foi aplicado aos pais. Após dois anos, as mesmas crianças foram reexaminadas por quatro examinadores treinados e recalibrados para a avaliação das condições relacionadas à cárie dentária. O questionário ECOHIS também foi reaplicado. A associação entre as diversas variáveis explanatórias e os desfechos foram avaliadas usando análises de regressão de Poisson apropriadas (regular ou de multinível) que permitiram o cálculo dos valores de risco relativo e respectivos intervalos de confiança a 95%. Após dois anos, um total de 469 crianças foram reavaliados (taxa de acompanhamento positivo de 73,4%). As lesões de cárie ativas não cavitadas na superfície oclusal apresentaram um risco duas vezes maior de progressão quando comparado com as lesões inativas. Também foi observado que lesões não cavitadas em crianças com lesões de cárie severa no início do estudo apresentaram três vezes maior risco de progressão do que crianças com apenas lesões iniciais. Além disso, crianças com lesões moderadas ou severas apresentaram maior risco de desenvolverem novas lesões comparadas a crianças livres de cárie. Esse efeito foi observado em crianças com lesões iniciais quando eram menores de três anos. Quando o desfecho foi o impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida, as crianças que tiveram novas lesões apresentaram piora na qualidade de vida quando comparadas com aquelas crianças que não desenvolveram novas lesões cariosas, e isso foi relacionado à severidade. Considerando os diferentes estágios da doença cárie na avaliação longitudinal da qualidade de vida, apenas as crianças com lesões moderadas ou crianças com lesões severas no início do estudo apresentaram piora na qualidade de vida após dois anos. Em conclusão, o sistema de atividade de cárie adicional associado ao ICDAS apresenta validade preditiva e de constructo em dentes decíduos. No entanto, as lesões de cárie iniciais de um modo geral apresentam baixa taxa de progressão, e essas lesões têm maior risco de progressão em crianças com pelo menos uma lesão moderada ou severa em outro dente. Outro fato é que a presença de lesões moderadas ou severas é um importante preditor para o surgimento de novas lesões de cárie. No entanto, comparado a crianças livres de cárie, crianças com apenas lesões iniciais de cárie aparentemente possuem maior risco de desenvolverem novas lesões somente nas idades mais precoces (até três anos de idade). Ainda, pôde-se constatar que o maior número de novas lesões de cárie provoca uma piora da qualidade de vida em crianças pré-escolares. Entretanto, a presença de lesões iniciais não causa um impacto na qualidade de vida após dois anos, mas a presença de lesões moderadas e extensas provocam essa piora. / The aims of the present cohort study carried out in preschool children were: (1) to evaluate predictive and construct validity of an additional criteria to assess caries lesions activity associated to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS); (2) to evaluate the risk of sound surfaces, initial (scores 1 and 2 of ICDAS) and moderate caries lesions (ICDAS scores 3 and 4) to progress to dentin cavitated lesions (ICDAS scores 5 and 6) in primary teeth; (3) to investigate the influence of presence of initial caries lesions on risk of occurrence of new caries lesions; (4) to evaluate if the impact of dental caries on quality of life of children suffers worsening due to the occurrence of new caries lesions; and (5) to investigate the impact of dental caries in different stages of progression on worsening of oral health-related quality of life. An initial examination was conducted by 15 examiners during the National Children\'s Vaccination Day in June, 2010, in Santa Maria (RS). At this day, 639 children aged from one to five years were examined using the ICDAS for the detection of caries lesions and with an additional criteria for evaluation of caries lesions activity. Other demographic and socioeconomic variables related to each child were collected with the children\'s guardians. A questionnaire to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life of the children (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale - ECOHIS) was also applied for the parents. After two years, the same children were reexamined by four trained and recalibrated examiners to evaluate the oral conditions related to the dental caries. ECOHIS was also answered again. Association among the explanatory and the outcome variables were assessed through Poisson regression analysis (regular or multilevel), which permitted to calculate the relative risk values and respective 95% confidence intervals. After two years, a total of 469 children were re-evaluated (follow-up rate of 73.4%). Active non-cavitated caries lesions in occlusal surfaces presented a twice higher risk of progression when compared with inactive lesions. It was also observed that non-cavitated caries lesions in children presenting extensive caries lesions at the baseline had thrice higher risk of progression than in children with only initial caries lesions. Moreover, children with moderate or extensive caries lesions showed higher risk of having new caries lesions than caries free children. This effect was observed in children who were younger than three years old. When the variable outcome was the impact of oral health on quality of life, children who had new caries lesions presented worsening on quality of life when compared with children who had not developed new caries lesions, and this was related to the severity. Considering the different stages of dental caries on the longitudinal evaluation, only children with moderate or extensive caries lesions at the baseline presented worsening on the quality of life after two years. In conclusion, the additional criteria system to assess caries activity used with the ICDAS presents predictive and construct validity in primary teeth. Nevertheless, initial caries lesions generally present a low progression rate, and these lesions have higher risk of progression in children with at least one moderate or extensive caries lesion in other tooth. Other fact is that the presence of moderate or extensive caries lesions is an important predictor for caries incidence. Nonetheless, compared with caries-free children, children with only initial caries lesions apparently have higher risk of developing new caries lesions only at the earlier ages (up to three years old). In addition, it was observed that higher number of new caries lesions provokes worsening on quality of life of preschool children. However, presence of only initial caries lesions does not cause impact on quality of life after two years, but presence of moderate and extensive caries lesions does cause.
|
44 |
Controle dos níveis pressóricos em pacientes hipertensos nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas: um grande estudo transversal / Blood pressure control in hypertensive patients in the municipalities of São Paulo and Campinas: a large cross-sectional studyFrancisco Flávio Costa Filho 27 July 2017 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é a principal causa evitável de morbimortalidade cardiovascular no mundo contemporâneo, principalmente nos países de baixa renda. Avaliações populacionais das taxas de sucesso no controle dessa entidade precisam ser instituídas e continuamente realizadas. A compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da hipertensão arterial sistêmica em coortes contemporâneas é importante para o planejamento de novas medidas de intervenção populacional. O presente estudo visa, como objetivo primário, a avaliar a eficácia no controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a determinar preditores independentes associados ao melhor controle pressórico, em uma população de hipertensos sob tratamento medicamentoso derivada do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular. Como objetivo secundário, o estudo visa a avaliar a taxa de sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica que apresentam a primeira medida pressórica alterada, assim como a determinar os preditores independentes desse achado. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, em que foram avaliados os participantes do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular dos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram incluídos nessa análise sujeitos com mais de 18 anos de idade, residentes nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Para responder ao objetivo primário, foram analisados hipertensos com diagnóstico prévio e uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Para responder ao objetivo secundário, foram analisados os sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão e que não estavam em uso de medicações anti-hipertensivas. Utilizou-se análise multivariada para identificar preditores associados ao controle pressórico. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 43.647 sujeitos hipertensos em uso de medicação, sendo que 40,9% destes estavam com níveis pressóricos controlados, considerando a meta de pressão arterial sistólica < 140 mmHg e pressão arterial diastólica < 90 mmHg. Entre os hipertensos não controlados, 42,5% apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica em estágios II ou III (pressão arterial sistólica > 160 mmHg ou pressão arterial diastólica > 100 mmHg). Em análise multivariada, mostraram-se preditores independentes para melhor controle pressórico: idade < 60 anos [razão de chance (RC) 1,14, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,09-1,18], atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 1,18, IC 95% 1,13-1,23), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,04-1,13) e ingesta de frutas diariamente (RC 1,05, IC 95% 1,01-1,10). Mostraram-se preditores para controle pressórico inadequado: sexo masculino (RC 0,69, IC 95% 0,66-0,72), diabetes (RC 0,83, IC 95% 0,80-0,87), etnia negra (RC 0,88, IC 95% 0,83-0,94) ou parda (RC 0,92, IC 95% 0,87-0,97) em relação à branca e obesidade (RC 0,73, IC 95% 0,70-0,76). Entre 45.021 participantes sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 27,6% apresentaram a primeira medida pressórica elevada (pressão arterial > 140 x 90 mmHg). Mostraram-se preditores independentes para esse achado: sexo masculino (RC 2,05, IC 95% 1,96-2,15), idade > 60 anos (RC 1,88, IC 95% 1,78-1,98), etnia negra (RC 1,15, IC 95% 1,06-1,24) ou parda (RC 1,11, IC 95% 1,06-1,17) em relação à branca, obesidade (RC 2,08, IC 95% 1,98-2,19), diabetes (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,01-1,18), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 0,91, IC 95% 0,87-0,96) e atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 0,87, IC 95% 0,83-0,92). CONCLUSÕES: Menos da metade dos hipertensos em tratamento estavam com seus níveis pressóricos controlados. Preditores independentes associados ao controle pressórico foram identificados, sendo três deles modificáveis. Estratégias populacionais devem ser implantadas para o controle efetivo desse importante fator de risco cardiovascular. / INTRODUCTION: Systemic arterial hypertension is the leading avoidable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the contemporary world, mainly in low-income countries. Population evaluation of efficient strategies for blood pressure control should be implemented, and continually evaluated. Epidemiological understanding of systemic arterial hypertension in large cohorts plays important role for planning new interventions in the population level. The study objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of blood pressure control and to determine independent predictors, associated with better blood pressure control, in hypertensive patients on medical treatment from the Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Sao Paulo and Campinas. The secondary objective is to access the rate of patients without previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension in whom the blood pressure measurement is above recommended values, as well as determining independent predictors related with this finding. METHODS: The study design is an observational cross-sectional strategy in the municipalities of São Paulo and Campinas. Patients over the age of 18 living in São Paulo and Campinas, with previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension and use of anti-hypertensive were included. Patients without previous diagnosis of hypertension and not using anti-hypertensive medication were also included. It was conducted a multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors associated with blood pressure control. RESULTS: We identified 43,647 hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive treatment. Of these 17,835 (40.9%) had controlled blood pressure levels, considering a target systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, 42.5% were categorised as stage II or III hypertension (systolic blood pressure >=160 mmHg or diastolic BP >=100 mmHg). In a multivariate analysis, the following independent predictors were identified indicating better blood pressure control: age< 60 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.09-1.18], moderate physical activity (OR 1.18, CI 95% 1.13-1.23), pre-existing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.04-1.13) and daily consumption of fruit (OR 1.05, CI 95% 1.01-1.10). Predictors of poorer BP control were male sex (OR 0.69, CI 95% 0.66-0.72), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.83, CI 95% 0.80-0.87), African ethnicity (OR 0.88, CI 95% 0.83-0.94) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 0.92, CI 95% 0.87- 0.97) when compared to Caucasian ethnicity, obesity (OR 0.73, CI 95% 0.70-0.76). Among 45,021 participants without previous diagnosis of hypertension, 27.6% presented abnormal levels of blood pressure at the first measurement (BP >= 140/90 mmHg). The following independent predictors were identified: male sex (OR 2.05, CI 95% 1.96-2.15), age > 60 years (OR 1.88 CI 95% 1.78-1.98), African ethnicity (OR 1.15, CI 95% 1.06-1.24) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 1.11, CI 95% 1.06-1.17) when compared to Caucasian, obesity (OR 2.08, CI 95% 1.98-2.19), diabetes (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.01-1.18), previous history of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.91, CI 95% 0.87-0.96) and moderate physical activity (OR 0.87, CI 95% 0.83-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of hypertensive patients in treatment had controlled blood pressure. Independent predictors associated with blood pressure control were identified and three of them are modifiable. Population strategies should be implemented for effective control of this clinically relevant cardiovascular risk factor.
|
45 |
Avdramatisera för att komponera : En självstudie i hur musikskapande kompositionsprocesser inom givna ramar påverkar lust till att skapa / Taking the stress out of composing : A self-study of how music composition processes within given limits affect the desire to createHansson, Eskil January 2021 (has links)
Under projektets gång har fem kompositioner skapats utifrån förbestämt utvalda avgränsningar. Resultatet analyserades utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk utifrån Carl Jungs arbete inom den analytiska psykologin. Syftet med studien är att få en förståelse för hur mina skapandeprocesser kan förstås sett ur västerländsk psykologi samt hur lust i skapande kan främjas utifrån avgränsade metoder. Loggbok användes som dokumentationsmetod och analyserades sedan med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet presenteras i enskilda teman med underrubriker som besvarar forskningsfrågorna: Hur kan kreativa processer förstås utifrån ett Jungianskt perspektiv? På vilka sätt kan lust till skapande främjas? Arbetet avslutas med diskussion av resultatet i förhållande till studiens valda litteratur, forskning samt det valda teoretiska perspektivet. / During the project five compositions were created within predetermined given limits. The result was analyzed based on Carl Jung's ideas within analytical psychology. The purpose with the study is to gain an understanding how the psyche gets affected within creative processes and to explore how desire to create can be encouraged with help from limited methods. Journaling was used as the documentation method and was then analyzed with a thematic analysis. The results are presented in individual categories with subheadings that answer the research questions: How can creative processes be understood from a Jungian perspective? In what ways can the desire to create be encouraged? The study finishes with a discussion of the result in relation to the studies selected litterature, research and the selected theoretical perspective.
|
46 |
Defining a Model for Tool Consumption Rate on Asphalt Reclamation MachinesTaylor, Matthew H. 30 November 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Asphalt and concrete reclamation machines are used to cut roadways when a repair is required. The performance of these machines can affect the quality of road repairs, and cost/profitability for both contractors and governments. We believe that several performance characteristics in reclamation machines are governed by the placement and pattern of cutting picks on the cutter head. Previous studies, focused on mining and excavation applications, have shown strong correlation between placement and wear. The following study employs a screening experiment (observational study) to find significant contributors to tool wear, in applications of asphalt milling or reclamation. We have found that picks fail by two primary modes: tip breakage, and body abrasive wear. Results indicate that the circumferential spacing of a bit, relative to neighboring bits, has the strongest effect on tip breakage. We have also shown that bit skew angle has a large positive effect on body abrasive wear.
|
47 |
Challenges to Adversarial Interplay Under High Uncertainty: Staged-World Study of a Cyber Security EventBranlat, Matthieu 21 October 2011 (has links)
No description available.
|
48 |
IMPACT - Integrative Medicine PrimAry Care Trial: protocol for a comparative effectiveness study of the clinical and cost outcomes of an integrative primary care clinic modelHerman, Patricia, Dodds, Sally, Logue, Melanie, Abraham, Ivo, Rehfeld, Rick, Grizzle, Amy, Urbine, Terry, Horwitz, Randy, Crocker, Robert, Maizes, Victoria January 2014 (has links)
BACKGROUND:Integrative medicine (IM) is a patient-centered, healing-oriented clinical paradigm that explicitly includes all appropriate therapeutic approaches whether they originate in conventional or complementary medicine (CM). While there is some evidence for the clinical and cost-effectiveness of IM practice models, the existing evidence base for IM depends largely on studies of individual CM therapies. This may in part be due to the methodological challenges inherent in evaluating a complex intervention (i.e., many interacting components applied flexibly and with tailoring) such as IM.METHODS/DESIGN:This study will use a combination of observational quantitative and qualitative methods to rigorously measure the health and healthcare utilization outcomes of the University of Arizona Integrative Health Center (UAIHC), an IM adult primary care clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. There are four groups of study participants. The primary group consists of clinic patients for whom clinical and cost outcomes will be tracked indicating the impact of the UAIHC clinic (n=500). In addition to comparing outcomes pre/post clinic enrollment, where possible, these outcomes will be compared to those of two matched control groups, and for some self-report measures, to regional and national data. The second and third study groups consist of clinic patients (n=180) and clinic personnel (n=15-20) from whom fidelity data (i.e., data indicating the extent to which the IM practice model was implemented as planned) will be collected. These data will be analyzed to determine the exact nature of the intervention as implemented and to provide covariates to the outcomes analyses as the clinic evolves. The fourth group is made up of patients (n=8) whose path through the clinic will be studied in detail using qualitative (periodic semi-structured interviews) methods. These data will be used to develop hypotheses regarding how the clinic works.DISCUSSION:The US health care system needs new models of care that are more patient-centered and empower patients to make positive lifestyle changes. These models have the potential to reduce the burden of chronic disease, lower the cost of healthcare, and offer a sustainable financial paradigm for our nation. This protocol has been designed to test whether the UAIHC can achieve this potential.TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinical Trials.gov NCT01785485.
|
49 |
PROGRESS – prospective observational study on hospitalized community acquired pneumoniaAhnert, Peter, Creutz, Petra, Scholz, Markus, Schütte, Hartwig, Engel, Christoph, Hossain, Hamid, Chakraborty, Trinad, Bauer, Michael, Kiehntopf, Michael, Völker, Uwe, Hammerschmidt, Sven, Löffler, Markus, Suttorp, Norbert 05 September 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a high incidence disease resulting in about 260,000 hospital admissions per year in Germany, more than myocardial infarction or stroke. Worldwide, CAP is the most frequent infectious disease with high lethality ranging from 1.2 % in those 20–29 years old to over 10 % in patients older than 70 years, even in industrial nations. CAP poses numerous medical challenges, which the PROGRESS (Pneumonia Research Network on Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility for the Evolution of Severe Sepsis) network aims to tackle: Operationalization of disease severity throughout the course of disease, outcome prediction for hospitalized patients and prediction of transitions from uncomplicated CAP to severe CAP, and finally, to CAP with sepsis and organ failure as a life-threatening condition. It is a major aim of PROGRESS to understand and predict patient heterogeneity regarding outcome in the hospital and to develop novel treatment concepts. Methods: PROGRESS was designed as a clinical, observational, multi-center study of patients with CAP requiring hospitalization. More than 1600 patients selected for low burden of co-morbidities have been enrolled, aiming at a total of 3000. Course of disease, along with therapy, was closely monitored by daily assessments and long-term follow-up. Daily blood samples allow in depth molecular-genetic characterization of patients. We established a
well-organized workflow for sample logistics and a comprehensive data management system to collect and manage data from more than 50 study centers in Germany and Austria. Samples are stored in a central biobank and clinical data are stored in a central data base which also integrates all data from molecular assessments. Discussion: With the PROGRESS study, we established a comprehensive data base of high quality clinical and molecular data allowing investigation of pressing research questions regarding CAP. In-depth molecular characterization will contribute to the discovery of disease mechanisms and establishment of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. A strength of PROGRESS is the focus on younger patients with low burden of co-morbidities, allowing a more direct look at host biology with less confounding. As a resulting limitation, insights from PROGRESS will require validation in representative patient cohorts to assess clinical utility. Trial registration: The PROGRESS study was retrospectively registered on May 24th, 2016 with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02782013
|
50 |
Operationsteamets omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förebygga hypotermi : En observationsstudie med kvantitativ ansatsRydgren, Madeleine, Svensson, Emma January 2019 (has links)
Introduktion: Hypotermi innebär att patientens kärntemperatur är under 36 grader. Alla patienter riskerar att bli hypoterma vid kirurgiska ingrepp om inga förebyggande åtgärder utförs. Det går att förebygga hypotermi med antingen värmetillförande åtgärder eller genom att bibehålla patientens normala temperatur. Hypotermi kan leda till komplikationer för patienten så som sämre sårläkning, postoperativa sårinfektioner, ökad risk för trycksår, hjärtproblem och ökad blödningsbenägenhet. Trots att studier har visat på kunskap om ämnet är hypotermi vanligt förekommande vid kirurgiska ingrepp. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning omvårdnadsåtgärder utfördes av operationsteamet för att förebygga hypotermi intraoperativt. Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ strukturerad observationsstudie. Data samlades in under 43 operationer på två sjukhus i södra Sverige. Observationerna utgick från ett protokoll som skapades utefter AORN (Association of perioperative registered nurses) och NICE:s (National institute for health och care excellence) riktlinjer och innehöll 12 förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förhindra hypotermi. Resultat: Samtliga patienter fick varma täcken och varma intravenösa vätskor. All personal följde WHO:s checklista och majoriteten undvek att exponera patienten i onödan. Omvårdnadsåtgärder som inte utfördes lika frekvent var varmluftstäcke, varma spolvätskor, fot och benvärmare samt temperaturmätning på patienten. Aluminiumtäcke, värmemadrass, värmemössa och varm huddesinfektion användes aldrig. På de patienter som en temperatur togs på hade omvårdnadsåtgärderna en god effekt då majoriteten av patienterna inte längre var hypoterma i slutet av den intraoperativa fasen. Slutsats: Operationsteamet använde sig alltid av förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärd för att förhindra hypotermi, några i högre utsträckning än andra. Några patienter var fortfarande hypoterma i slutet av den intraoperativa fasen vilken kan tyda på att en förbättring skulle kunna ske på de omvårdnadsåtgärder som inte användes lika frekvent. / Introduction: The definition of hypothermia is when the patients core temperature is below 36 degrees. All the patients have an increased risk of becoming hypothermic during surgical procedures if no preventive measures are taken. Hypothermia is preventable with either heat inducing measures or by maintaining the patient’s normal temperature. Hypothermia can lead to complications for the patients such as impaired wound healing, Increased risk of postoperative wound infection, increased risk of bedsores, heart conditions and increased tendency to bleed. Although studies have shown knowledge of this topic hypothermia is a common occurrence in surgical procedures. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate in which extension nursing measures were used by the operations team to prevent hypothermia intraoperatively. Method: The study was a quantitative structured observational study. Data was collected during 43 operations at two hospitals in southern Sweden. The observations followed a protocol that was created along AORN (Association of perioperative registered nurses) and NICE: s (National institute for health and care excellence) recommendations and contained 12 nursing measures to prevent hypothermia. Result: All the patients received warm blankets and warm intravenous fluids. All the operating staff used the WHO: s checklist and the majority avoided unnecessary patient exposure. The nursing measures that were used less frequently were warm air blankets, feet-and leg warmers and temperature measurement on the patient. Aluminum blankets, heating mattress, heat caps and warm skin antisepsis were never used. On the patients of whom a temperature was taken, the nursing measures had a good effect since the majority of the patients were no longer hypothermic at the end of the intraoperative phase. Conclusion: The operation team always used care measures to prevent hypothermia, some to a greater extent than others. Some patients were still hypothermic at the end of the intraoperative phase, which may indicate that an improvement could occur in the nursing measures that weren’t used as frequently.
|
Page generated in 0.122 seconds