Det uppskattas att ungefär en tredjedel av arbetsmarknaden består av röstkrävande yrken, det vill säga yrken där rösten är ett viktigt och nödvändigt redskap för att utföra sitt arbete. Tidigare forskning har identifierat lärare, sångare och präster som yrken med röstkrävande arbetsuppgifter. Forskningen är dock över 20 år gammal, och aktuell forskning om vilka röstkrav som ställs på arbetsmarknaden, särskilt hos grupper som inte är överrepresenterade vad gäller röstproblem, saknas. Syftet med den här studien är att identifiera vilka röstkrav som ställs inom yrkesgrupper i Sverige idag. Totalt 477 deltagare besvarade en enkät med frågor om uppskattad talartid under en arbetsdag, samt vilka röstkrävande arbetsuppgifter och röstkrävande arbetsmiljöfaktorer som förekom på deras arbetsplats. Resultatet från den här deskriptiva tvärsnittsstudien visar att flera yrken som tidigare blivit identifierade som röstkrävande yrken, även är röstkrävande yrken idag. Ytterligare identifierade yrken i den här studien var till exempel arbetstagare inom museum- och biblioteksverksamhet, sjuksköterskor med vidareutbildning, till exempel barnsjuksköterskor, chefer inom utbildning, och yrkesgruppen ”författare, journalister och tolkar”. De mest förekommande röstkraven var att muntligt instruera eller informera kollegor, prata i telefon och att kommunicera muntligt med kunder eller klienter. Vidare forskning med ett större deltagarantal behövs för att ytterligare identifiera röstkrävande yrkesgrupper och röstkrav på den moderna arbetsmarknaden, där rösten förväntas hålla under allt fler arbetsverksamma år. / It is estimated that approximately one third of the labour market consists of vocally demanding occupations, namely occupations where the voice is an important and necessary tool to execute one’s work. Previous research has identified teachers, singers, and priests as occupations with vocally demanding work. However, the research is over 20 years old, and current research about vocal requirements on the labour market, especially amongst groups that are not overrepresented regarding voice problem, are missing. The purpose of this study is to identify which vocal requirements are essential on the modern Swedish labour market. A total of 477 participants completed a survey with questions about estimated speaking time during a workday, as well as which vocally demanding work tasks and vocally challenging work environmental factors occured at their workplace. The result from the descriptive cross-sectional study shows that several occupations that previously have been identified as vocally demanding occupations, also are vocally demanding occupations today. Further identified occupations in this study were employees working within libraries and museums, nursing professionals with continued education such as pediatric nurses, education managers, and the occupational group “authors, journalists, and interpreters”. The most occurring vocal demands in the Swedish labour market today were verbally instructing or informing colleagues, speaking on the phone, and verbally communicating with customers/clients/patients/users/visitors. Further research with a larger number of participants is needed to identify vocally demanding occupational groups and vocal requirements on the modern Swedish labour market, where the voice is expected to last during an increasing amount of working years.

Titel: Att vara kvinna i männens värld- En kvalitativ studie om kvinnors utvecklingsmöjligheter inom mansdominerade yrken Frågeställning: Vilka karriärhinder upplever kvinnor inom mansdominerade yrken?  Syfte: I följande arbete ämnar vi identifiera hinder för karriärmässig utveckling för kvinnor inom  mansdominerade yrken, för att skapa förutsättningar för organisationer att bygga bort dessa hinder.  Metod: Studien har en induktiv forskningsansats och en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Det empiriska materialet utgår från nio intervjuer med kvinnor som arbetar inom mansdominerade yrken. Slutsatser: De karriärhinder som uppstår för kvinnor som arbetar inom mansdominerade yrken baseras i konservativ kultur, diskriminering, att andra kvinnor blir konkurrenter,  image, sexism och problematiken med att veta sitt eget värde. På följande vis blir kvinnor utpekade som det “andra könet” och underordnade mannen och mansnormen. / Title: Being a woman in the world of men- A qualitative study of women's development opportunities in male-dominated occupations Research question: Which career obstacles do women experience in male-dominated occupations? Purpose: In the following paper, we intend to identify obstacles to career development for women in male-dominated professions, in order to provide conditions for organizations to remove said obstacles. Method: This study has an inductive research approach and a qualitative research strategy. The empirical material is based on nine interviews with women who work in male-dominated occupations. Conclusions: The career barriers that arise for women working in male-dominated professions are based on other women becoming competitors, discrimination, sexism, conservative culture, personal image, and the issue of knowing their own worth. In the following way, women are designated as the "other sex" and subordinate to the male and the male norm.

[ES] La ciudad nos regala un sinfín de situaciones, paisajes y contactos que van construyendo el espacio de lo vivido. En este tejido espacial, deambulan, habitan e interactúan los diversos cuerpos que, en su heterogeneidad de formas, orientaciones, tiempos, van orquestando la condición viva del tejido urbano. El considerar la espacialidad del cuerpo como protagonista, nos enfrenta de inmediato a dos problemáticas que se convierten simultáneamente en los ejes principales sobre los que se desarrolla la siguiente investigación: La primera, sobre el cómo construir un discurso "encarnado" del espacio, desde una disciplina donde mayoritariamente el desarrollo de ésta está mermado al hecho de "hacer" objetos para la contemplación y regocijo del pensamiento. Y la segunda, sobre el cómo representar dicho discurso, en cuanto a expresar mediante palabras e imágenes el alcance de lo que se quiere postular. La presente tesis doctoral tiene como fin explorar los recursos conceptuales, metodológicos y representacionales que colaboren en la visibilización e impacto de las relaciones reversibles de los cuerpos en el tejido urbano. Y, por tanto, que permitan construir un discurso arquitectónico centrado en la experiencia de las personas, y en específico, en el análisis y representación de las espacialidades que producen y reproducen sus cuerpos en el territorio. / [CA] La ciutat ens regala una infinitat de situacions, paisatges i contactes que van construint l'espai del viscut. En aquest teixit espacial, deambulen, habiten i interactuen els diversos cossos que, en la seua heterogeneïtat de formes, orientacions, temps, van orquestrant la condició viva del teixit urbà. El considerar l'espacialitat del cos com a protagonista, ens enfronta immediatament a dues problemàtiques que es converteixen simultàniament en els eixos principals sobre els quals es desenvolupa la següent investigació: La primera, sobre el com construir un discurs "encarnat" de l'espai, des d'una disciplina on majoritàriament el desenvolupament d'aquesta està minvat al fet de "fer" objectes per a la contemplació i gaubança del pensament. I la segona, sobre el com representar aquest discurs, quant a expressar mitjançant paraules i imatges l'abast del que es vol postular. La present tesi doctoral té com a fi explorar els recursos conceptuals, metodològics i representacionals que col·laboren en la visibilització i impacte de les relacions reversibles dels cossos en el teixit urbà. I, per tant, que permeten construir un discurs arquitectònic centrat en l'experiència de les persones, i en específic, en l'anàlisi i representació de les espacialitats que produeixen i reprodueixen els seus cossos en el territori. / [EN] The city gives us an endless number of situations, landscapes and contacts that build the space of what has been lived. In this spatial fabric, the various bodies wander, inhabit and interact which, in their heterogeneity of forms, orientations, times, orchestrate the living condition of the urban fabric. Considering the spatiality of the body as the protagonist, immediately confronts us with two problems that simultaneously become the main axes on which the following research is developed: The first, on how to build an "embodied" discourse of space, from a discipline where the development of it is mostly reduced to the fact of "making" objects for contemplation and rejoicing of thought. And the second, on how to represent said discourse, in terms of expressing through words and images the scope of what is to be postulated. This doctoral thesis aims to explore the conceptual, methodological and representational resources that collaborate in the visibility and impact of the reversible relationships of bodies in the urban fabric. And, therefore, that allow the construction of an architectural discourse focused on the experience of people, and specifically, on the analysis and representation of the spatialities that their bodies produce and reproduce in the territory. / La presente tesis ha sido beneficiada con la Beca Crea Chile 2019 del Ministerio de las Artes, el Patrimonio y las Culturas del Gobierno de Chile / Diaz Vera, MA. (2022). El cuerpo en la ciudad. Hacia estrategias de análisis de encorporamiento espacial [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/186918

The paucity of women in senior leadership positions as indicated in the Business Women Association of South Africa 2011 census corroborates that gender equality is still a concerning issue even in the democratic era that we live in. This study explores career developmental experiences of women in senior leadership position in the civil engineering industry. The primary objective was to investigate how these professional women were managing their careers and what career experiences contributed to their ascent to the senior echelons of management. Meaning to the career experiences of these women had been given according to the self-determination theory. By means of purposive selection, seven women at senior management level were selected from both the private and public sectors in the civil engineering industry. Based on the semi-structured interviews conducted, personal documents reviewed and footnotes recorded; it was evident that there were different factors that had facilitated the ascent of these women to senior positions. Their career experiences were also characterised by challenges that subsequently instigated the development of coping strategies and methods. The study has implications for organisations in civil engineering that wish to attract and retain women from generations to come. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The paucity of women in senior leadership positions as indicated in the Business Women Association of South Africa 2011 census corroborates that gender equality is still a concerning issue even in the democratic era that we live in. This study explores career developmental experiences of women in senior leadership position in the civil engineering industry. The primary objective was to investigate how these professional women were managing their careers and what career experiences contributed to their ascent to the senior echelons of management. Meaning to the career experiences of these women had been given according to the self-determination theory. By means of purposive selection, seven women at senior management level were selected from both the private and public sectors in the civil engineering industry. Based on the semi-structured interviews conducted, personal documents reviewed and footnotes recorded; it was evident that there were different factors that had facilitated the ascent of these women to senior positions. Their career experiences were also characterised by challenges that subsequently instigated the development of coping strategies and methods. The study has implications for organisations in civil engineering that wish to attract and retain women from generations to come. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The study set out to investigate the factors influencing turnover among professional staff in some selected NGOs in Malawi. Using qualitative and participatory methods, the study used the levels of complexity model to analyse the factors leading to the problem of staff turnover in the selected NGOs. The main findings were that: · Professional staff turnover was 50% within a period of 18 months across all the NGOs interviewed. · For the professional staff, the main factors contributing to staff turnover were: ineffective organisational policies, systems and procedures; poor relationships and communication; and poor organisational values and culture. · In addressing the problem, NGO leaders tend to concentrate on efforts to improve salaries and other monetary benefits; and training opportunities. In order to more comprehensively address the problem of staff turnover among the professional staff however, NGO leaders must adopt a process or an Organisation Development (OD) approach. / Public Administration & Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

The aim of this study was to identify the health needs and problems of black employees within the Germiston City Health Department in order to indicate a possible relationship between such needs and problems and a high rate of absenteeism. Although the findings could relate to all employees, this study was limited to black employees only. Data was collected by means of observation, perusal of health records and personal interviews with personnel as well as with the selected sample. The results of the study highlighted the specific health needs and problems of employees as well as factors which could influence their health status and which could contribute to the problem of absenteeism. The main factors identified included interalia poor working conditions and unsatisfactory methods of solving employees problems. Relevant recommendations were made ;· to address the problem of absenteeism in the Germiston City Health Department / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Diese Dissertation umfasst drei Aufsätze, von denen sich die ersten beiden mit dem Phänomen der beruflichen Mobilität von Arbeitnehmern im westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt befassen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht für Absolventen einer dualen Berufsausbildung die kausalen Lohneffekte von Mobilität über Firmen und Berufe hinweg. Die Instrumentenvariablenschätzungen, welche exogene Variation in regionalen Arbeitsmarktcharakteristika ausnutzen, zeigen, dass Berufswechsel innerhalb des Ausbildungsbetriebs einen Karrierefortschritt darstellen. Bei Jobwechseln dominiert der Verlust von firmenspezifischem Humankapital. Allerdings nimmt der Lohnverlust nicht weiter zu, wenn zusätzlich zur Firma auch der Beruf gewechselt wird. Angesichts dieser Ergebnisse dokumentiert der zweite Aufsatz Muster von beruflicher Mobilität in Westdeutschland über den Zeitraum 1982--2008 innerhalb von und zwischen Firmen. Die Häufigkeit von beruflicher Mobilität hat seit 1982 zwischen Firmen signifikant zugenommen und innerhalb von Firmen signifikant abgenommen. Die Analyse betrachtet zudem mögliche Erklärungsansätze für diese Entwicklungen, wie zum Beispiel den demografischen Wandel oder den Zusammenhang zwischen beruflicher Mobilität und Arbeitslosigkeit. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Produktmarktderegulierung und Arbeitsmarktergebnissen. Die Reform der deutschen Handwerksordnung von 2003 wird als natürliches Experiment genutzt, um mögliche Einflüsse der Abschaffung von Markteintrittsbarrieren auf selbstständige und abhängige Beschäftigung zu untersuchen. Da Zweifel an der Gültigkeit der identifizierenden Annahmen aufkommen, können die Schätzergebnisse nicht kausal interpretiert werden. Dennoch legen die Ergebnisse zumindest in Teilen nahe, dass der in der Literatur bereits dokumentierte positive Effekt auf selbstständige Beschäftigung plausibel ist, wohingegen die Reform vermutlich keinen Anstieg der abhängigen Beschäftigung in den deregulierten Berufen zur Folge hatte. / This thesis comprises three essays, out of which the first two study the phenomenon of worker mobility across occupations in the West German labor market. The first essay studies the causal wage effects of mobility across firms and occupations among graduates from apprenticeship training. Exploiting variation in regional labor market characteristics the instrumental variables estimations indicate that occupation switches within the training firm involve a career progression. For job switches the loss of firm-specific human capital seems to dominate. However, the wage loss does not grow when an occupation switch occurs simultaneously. In light of these results, the second essay in this thesis studies patterns of occupational mobility in West Germany over the period 1982--2008 separately within and across firms. Most importantly, occupational mobility rates across firms have significantly increased since the early 1980s, while within-firm occupational mobility rates have significantly decreased. The essay also assesses potential explanations for these developments, such as demographic change or the relationship between occupational mobility and unemployment. The third essay in this thesis studies the relationship between product market deregulation and labor market outcomes. It exploits the 2003 reform of the German Crafts Code as a natural experiment to study how the abolishment of barriers to firm entry may affect self-employment and dependent employment. Since there are doubts regarding the validity of the identifying assumptions, the results cannot be interpreted causally. Nevertheless, the analysis at least partially corroborates the evidence for a positive reform effect on self-employment documented elsewhere in the literature, while the reform seems not to have had a positive effect on dependent employment in the deregulated crafts occupations.

Introdução: Esse estudo investigou a violência de gênero contra mulheres profissionais de enfermagem perpetrada por parceiros íntimos (VPI), familiares e outros agressores. Objetivos: Estimar a ocorrência de violência psicológica, física, sexual; caracterizar os agressores, a busca de ajuda e locais procurados; analisar as diferenças entre enfermeiras e auxiliares/técnicas de enfermagem quanto à freqüência da violência de gênero e verificar a nomeação de violência aos atos de agressão identificados. Métodos: Nesse estudo transversal foram entrevistadas 179 profissionais de 20 a 59 anos (50 enfermeiras e 129 auxiliares/técnicas de enfermagem), utilizando-se um questionário validado e aplicado face a face por entrevistadoras treinadas. Resultados: A VPI foi a mais freqüente (63,7%; IC95%:55,7-70,4) seguida pela violência por outros (45,8%; IC95%:38,3-53,4) perpetrada por pacientes/acompanhantes, colegas de trabalho da área da saúde, estranhos, chefia de enfermagem e conhecidos. A violência por familiares ocupou o terceiro lugar (41,3%; IC95%: 34,0-48,9) e foi cometida, principalmente, por pai, irmãos (homens), tios e primos. Houve importante sobreposição dos tipos de VPI, sendo a forma exclusiva de violência psicológica a mais comum (19,2%), seguida pelas três formas (17,5%) e violência psicológica conjugada à física (14,7%). Auxiliares/técnicas de enfermagem referiram mais VPI que enfermeiras (p<0,05). As profissionais de enfermagem, de forma geral, buscaram pouca ajuda: 20,3% para a violência por outros, 29,3% para a violência por familiares e 29,7% para a VPI. Não perceberam o vivido como violento, 31,9% das entrevistadas. Conclusões: Os elevados índices de violência de gênero identificados evidenciam a presença dessa forma de violência também entre mulheres profissionais de saúde de alta escolaridade. Propõe-se que essa temática seja foco de atenção das equipes supervisoras nos locais de trabalho, através de uma abordagem acolhedora e ética. Sugere-se que o tema seja abordado para a proteção da saúde das profissionais e para uma melhor prática assistencial. / Background: This study investigated gender violence against female nursing staff perpetrated by male intimate partners (IPV), family members and other aggressors. Objectives: To estimate the occurrence of psychological, physical and sexual violence; characterize the aggressors, as well as the attempt to seek help and where it was sought; analyze the differences between nurses and nursing aides/technicians as to the frequency of gender violence and to verify if the acts of aggression are designated as violence. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 179 professionals, aged 20 to 59 years old, were interviewed (50 nurses and 129 nursing aides / nurse technicians). A validated questionnaire was applied in face to face interviews conducted by trained interviewers. Results: IPV was the most frequent form of violence (63.7%; IC95%:55.7-70.4), followed by violence perpetrated by others (45.8% IC95%: 38.3-53.4) including patients and people accompanying them, colleagues within the field of health, chiefs of the nursing staffs, acquaintances and strangers. Family members occupied the third place as aggressors, (41.3%; IC95%:34.0-48.9), and the majority of these were fathers, brothers, uncles and cousins. There was an important amount of overlap of the types of IPV, being that the most common exclusive form was psychological violence (19.2%), followed by psychological, physical and sexual violence in conjunction (17.5%) and then by both psychological and physical violence (14.7%). Nursing aides/ technicians mentioned the occurrence of IPV more frequently than did the nurses (p<0.05). In general, the nursing staff did not seek help frequently: only 20.3% of those who suffered violence from other aggressors, 29.3% from family members and 29.7% from IPV sought help. Those who did not perceive their experience as a form of violence represented 31.9% of the subjects interviewed. Conclusions: The high rates of gender violence identified in this study are evidence of the occurrence of this form of violence among female health professionals with high levels of education. It is suggested that team supervisors be encouraged to focus on this theme in the workplace, addressing it by means of an ethical and supportive approach. By contributing towards the protection of health professional\'s well being, this could also help improve the quality of assistance for which they are responsible.

This case study examined how a group of young girls at a secondary school in northern England made sense of their participation in a gender specific vocational education initiative designed to encourage female interest in skilled trade education and professions. The investigation consists of a qualitative case study that included ‘practical’ and historical components. On the practical side, the study looked at a gender specific initiative (girls only) aimed at Year 9 students (12-14 years old) at Garden Road Community and Technology School. The one-day sessions were held at local area colleges or vocational education and training (VET) training facilities and covered skilled trade fields that are traditionally male-dominated (e.g. automotive, construction and engineering). My methodology for the study consisted of two data sources, interviews and a review of public VET policy-related documents. The data was gathered using two methods, with individual and group interviews as the primary one, and public VET policy-related document analysis as the secondary one. In total, 13 current, 2 former and an additional 2 formerly registered (now graduates who decided to pursue non-traditional vocational education and professions) students at the school were interviewed. Beside former and current students, interviews were conducted with 2 instructors and 1 senior administrator at the school. The selection of government policy-related documents covered 2002 to 2011. The study is framed by a feminist informed genealogy that invokes Foucault’s (1990) notion of ‘biopower’ and Pillow’s (2003) notion of the ‘gendered body.’ Meanwhile, Ted Aoki’s (2003) concepts of curriculum-as-plan and curricula-as-lived are used to analyze and discuss the review of UK government policy-related documents and participant narratives. The theme-based presentation of student narratives centred on the girls’ understanding and experience of: the session process and content; gender; non-traditional VET as educational and occupational options; and the impact of the sessions on their educational and professional choices. The student narratives suggest several things that relate to their understanding of gender and non-traditional VET. First, the sessions proved to be both interesting and informative and students expressed an interest in taking part in more (and) varied gender-specific sessions. Second, traditional constructions of gender and gendered behavior are commonly used in job-related discourse as evidenced by the use of the terms ‘boys jobs’ and ‘girls jobs’ among the students. In addition, students had limited opportunities for exposure to non-traditional VET education and professions; and what knowledge they do have is generally dependent upon family knowledge and experience in the area. From a document review standpoint, the findings show that government commitment in terms of interest and financial backing for VET has been inconsistent. Resultantly, schools are left to identify and maintain a range of community-based partnerships that may not always see gender segregation in VET as a major concern. The significance of this study rests in the presentation of the girls’ ‘lived curriculum’ and ‘gendered’ experiences as points that can offer insight into what transpires within vocational education initiatives and settings. Furthermore, from a feminist perspective the research also highlights the continued need to work with schools on how gender is presented, discussed and understood among students. Failure to consider the gendered nature of discourse about education and professional options that takes place within school and class settings limits students’ perspectives about what is available and possible.