La naïveté, définie comme l’absence de reconnaissance d’un nouvel « ennemi » ou de réponses appropriées en raison d’un manque d’expérience, à été longtemps considérée comme une des caractéristiques des espèces insulaires natives, et comme un des principaux facteurs de leur sensibilité face à l’arrivée de prédateurs ou compétiteurs introduits, particulièrement en milieux insulaires. A travers l’analyse des réponses comportementales aux odeurs d’espèces invasives, nous avons étudié la naïveté de différents modèles biologiques d’espèces natives (squamates, oiseaux, mammifères), au niveau insulaire (Nouvelle-Calédonie) et continental (Mali). Ces expérimentations ont concerné différents types d’interactions (prédateurs invasifs vs proies natives, compétiteurs ou agresseurs invasifs vs compétiteurs natifs), avec une gamme d’espèces introduites depuis plusieurs dizaines, centaines, voire milliers d’années, ou face à des espèces non-encore introduites mais avec une forte probabilité d’introduction. La naïveté apparait comme un facteur complexe, présent chez des espèces natives insulaires et continentales, dépendant du couple d’espèces introduite/native considéré, et pouvant être perdu sous l’influence de différents facteurs liés à l’histoire de l’invasion et à l’intensité de l’impact de l’espèce introduite. Etudier les conséquences de la perte de naïveté, permet de mieux comprendre le rôle de la naïveté dans les processus de persistance, de déclin ou d’extinction d’espèces natives suite à l’arrivée de nouveaux « ennemis », et d’éclairer les stratégies de gestion destinées à limiter l’impact des espèces introduites et l’érosion mondiale de la biodiversité. / The introduction of alien predators are causing rapid extinctions or declines in many native prey species, and these impacts are generally attributed to prey naïveté, i.e. their failure to recognize a novel enemy and respond appropriately, due to a lack of experience, particularly on island ecosystems. Here, we tested behavioral responses of different native species towards invasive species odors for several biological models of native species (squamates, mammals, birds), on island (New Caledonia) and mainland (Mali) ecosystems. We tested different types of species interactions (invasive predators vs native prey, invasive competitors/aggressors vs native competitors), for species introduced since decades, centuries, millennium, or not yet introduced but with a high risk of introduction. Naïveté is a complex phenomenon, that occurs both for mainland and island native species, that varies among species probably as a consequence of time since introduction and of the intensity of the threat posed by invasive species. Studying the consequences of the loss of naïveté improve our understanding of the factors underpinning the persistence, declines or extinctions of native species after alien species introduction and provide insights for developing accurate management strategies of invasive species impacts and limiting the current biodiversity loss.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on August 28, 2009). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Marianne Wokeck. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-99).

L’avancée de l’âge entraîne une diminution du contrôle moteur ainsi que l’apparition de troubles de la marche et de l'équilibre. Ces difficultés affectent la capacité des personnes âgées à accomplir les activités de la vie quotidienne et à maintenir leur indépendance (Salthouse, 2000 ; Seidler et al., 2010). Dans le cadre des théories de la simulation, de nombreuses études ont révélé des similitudes, tant au niveau comportemental que neuronal, entre exécution et simulation motrice (Decety & Jeannerod, 1995 ; Grezes & Decety, 2001). Selon Jeannerod (2001), ce processus cognitif permet de simuler mentalement une action, tandis qu’un mécanisme d’inhibition est mis en place pour contrôler toute exécution motrice externe (Bonnet et al., 1997 ; Jeannerod, 1994). Il est toutefois difficile de caractériser ce processus et d’ainsi révéler les troubles de simulation. Par ailleurs, peu d’études se sont intéressées à stimuler le processus de simulation motrice, notamment par l’utilisation de stimuli odorants. En effet, il a été rapporté que les odeurs avaient de nombreux effets sur la cognition (Millot et al., 2002), les émotions (Matsunaga et al., 2012), mais également l’exécution motrice (Castiello et al., 2006). Ce travail de thèse vise à évaluer l’effet de l’environnement odorant sur la simulation motrice lors de tâches d’observation et d’imagerie d’actions motrices chez des participants jeunes et âgés sains. Dans une première partie, nous avons révélé la simulation motrice à l’aide d’une cellule de force, lors de l’observation d’actions. Une amplitude plus importante des variations de la force de préhension a été observée lors du visionnage de scènes vidéo d’actions chez des sujets jeunes (étude 1), reflet de la mise en place du processus de simulation motrice. Ces résultats ont été retrouvés lors de la présentation de photos représentant des activités de faible (marche) ou forte (course) intensité (étude 2). Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet des odeurs sur le processus de simulation motrice, la cognition et les émotions. En effet, les odeurs sont fortement liées à la mémoire, qu’elle soit émotionnelle (souvenirs) ou sémantique (catégorisation d’une odeur). Placés dans un environnement odorant, les participants ressentaient une sensation de bien-être lorsque les odeurs rappelaient des souvenirs autobiographiques (étude 3). En nous basant sur le modèle d’Act-in (Versace et al.,2014), sentir une odeur entrainerait une réactivation des traces en mémoire et permettrait de se représenter les caractéristiques perceptuelles d’un objet. Ainsi, sentir une orange (gros fruit) ou une fraise (petit fruit) impliquerait une simulation et une exécution motrice différente en fonction de leurs caractéristiques propres. Nous avons ainsi évalué l’influence des odeurs de fraise et d’orange sur la simulation d’actions impliquant la manipulation de fruits (Etude 4). Il était observé un relâchement de la contraction musculaire lorsqu’une odeur de fraise était présentée. L’odeur d’orange entrainait en revanche une plus importante contraction musculaire, et cela même si les participants devaient s’imaginer manipuler une fraise. Ces études ouvrent la question de la représentation perceptuelle évoquée par l’odeur et pouvant influencer la simulation et donc l’exécution. Utiliser des odeurs pourrait, dès lors, être utile lors la prise en soin des personnes ayant des troubles de la motricité en augmentant la sensation de bien-être ressenti et en stimulant le processus de simulation motrice par l’évocation des caractéristiques de perception par l’odeur. Un ensemble de perspectives de recherches et d’applications cliniques s’ouvrent au regard de ces résultats, et seront discutées dans cette thèse. / With advanced age, a decline in fine motor control, gait and balance is observed. These difficulties affect the elderly’s ability to perform daily activities and maintain their independence (Salthouse, 2000; Seidler et al., 2010). In the context of simulation theories, numerous studies revealed similarities between motor execution and simulation, both at a behavioral and a neural level, in neuronal behavioral behavior (Decety and Jeannerod 1995, Grezes and Decety 2001). According to Jeannerod (2001), this cognitive process permits to simulate an action, while a mechanism of inhibition operates to control any external motor execution (Bonnet et al., 1997, Jeannerod, 1994). However, it is difficult to characterize this process and thus reveal the simulation disorders. In addition, few studies were interesting in the stimulation of the motor simulation process, especially by using odorant stimuli. Indeed, odors can have effects on cognition (Millot et al., 2002), emotions (Matsunaga et al., 2012), and motor execution (Castiello et al., 2006). This thesis aims to evaluate the effect of the odorant environment on motor simulation during action observation and motor imagery task in healthy young and elderly participants. In the first part, we revealed the motor simulation by using a grip-force sensor during action observation and motor imagery tasks. A higher amplitude of the grip force variations was observed in young participants when they were watching video scenes of actions (study 1), reflecting the involving of motor simulation process. These results were also found when pictures depicting either a low (walk) or high (race) intensity of force were presented to young participants (study 2). In the same way, these variations were observed in elderly participants when they were watching video of reach-to-grasp actions (study 3). In the second part, we were interested in the effect of odors on the motor simulation process, cognition and emotions. Indeed, odors are strongly related to memory, either in an emotional (memories) or in a semantic (categorization of an odor) way. Placed in an odorant environment, participants felt more positive affects when the odors recalling autobiographical memories were diffused (Study 4). Based on the Act-in model (Versace et al., 2014), perceiving an odor would lead to a reactivation of memory traces implying the perceptual characteristics of this odor. Thus, smelling an orange (large fruit) or a strawberry (small fruit) would lead to a different motor simulation and execution according to their own characteristics. We thus evaluated the influence of strawberry and orange odors on the simulation of reaching-grasping actions involving fruit handling (Study 4). A size-congruence effect was found when a strawberry odor was diffused, as revealed with the muscular release observed. On the other hand, the orange odor led to a more important muscular contraction, especially when the participants had to imagine handle a strawberry. These studies open the question of the perceptual representation evoked by the odors that can influence the simulation process and thus the execution. Using odors could be relevant in clinical settings for people who are suffering from motor disorders by improving the well-being feeling and also stimulate the motor simulation process by evoking perceptual characteristics with the odors. A set of research perspectives and clinical applications will be opened considering these results and will be discussed in this thesis.

This study examines how smells were perceived in 18th century Stockholm by analyzing odor references in the poetry collection Fredman’s Epistles (1790) (Sw. Fredmans epistlar) by Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795). Using a specific form of contextualizing, the purpose of the study is to show how the meaning of smells in 18th century Stockholm appears when the smelling objects in the epistles are put in a relevant context. By extension, the investigation will show how the smell sensations in the epistles reveal attitudes towards life, death and certain social and cultural phenomena. I argue that the inhabitants of Stockholm in the 18th century, depending on their social and cultural belonging, shared many of the attitudes towards places, people and phenomena that are reproduced in the epistles. I also argue that 18th century Stockholm was not as dominated by foul smells as has been claimed by previous research. This study sheds new light on how different smells were perceived, described and understood in 18th century Stockholm.

Understanding the mechanisms of memory is vital in making sense of the continuity of the self, our experience of time and of the relation between mind and body. The invertebrate Drosophila melanogaster offers us an opportunity to study and comprehend the overwhelming complexity of memory on a smaller scale. The work presented here investigates the neural circuitry in the fly brain required for olfactory memory processing. Our observation that Dorsal Paired Medial (DPM) neurons, which project only to mushroom body (MB) neurons, are required during memory storage but not for acquisition or retrieval, led us to revisit the role of MB neurons in memory processing. We show that neurotransmission from the α'β' subset of MB neurons is required to acquire and stabilize aversive and appetitive odor memory but is dispensable during memory retrieval. In contrast neurotransmission from MB αβ neurons is only required for memory retrieval. These data suggest a dynamic requirement for the different subsets of MB neurons in memory and are consistent with the notion that recurrent activity in a MB α'β' neuron-DPM neuron loop is required to consolidate memories formed in the MB αβ neurons. Furthermore, we show that a single two-minute training session pairing odor with an ethologically relevant sugar reinforcement forms long-term appetitive memory that lasts for days. This robust, stable LTM is protein-synthesis-, Creb- and radish-dependent and relies on the activity in the DPM neuron and mushroom body α'β' neuron circuit during the first hour after training and mushroom body αβ neuron output during retrieval. Lastly, experiments feeding and/or starving flies after training reveals a critical motivational drive that enables memory retrieval. Neural correlates of motivational states are poorly understood, but using our assay we found a neural mechanism that accounts for this motivation-state-dependence. We demonstrate a role for the Neuropeptide F (dNPF) circuitry, which led to the identification of six dopaminergic MB-MP neurons that innervate the mushroom bodies as being critical for appetitive memory performance. Directly blocking the MB-MP neurons releases memory performance in fed flies whereas stimulating them suppresses memory performance in hungry flies. These studies provide us with an enhanced knowledge of systems level memory processing in Drosophila.

INTRODUÇÃO: Lesões vegetantes malignas (LVM) resultam da infiltração cutânea por células cancerígenas e, ao se exteriorizarem, adquirem aspecto vegetante. Odor fétido, exsudato profuso, sangramento, dor e infecção são sintomas comuns, que se somam ao sofrimento físico e psíquico destes pacientes. O cuidado de LVM insere-se na assistência aos pacientes em cuidados paliativos. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar a produção científica sobre LVM e identificar evidências para o tratamento tópico do odor fétido de LVM. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de revisão sistemática. A questão clínica de pesquisa, construída utilizando-se a estratégia PICO, foi “Quais são os tratamentos tópicos/curativos utilizados para o controle dos sintomas odor, exsudato, sangramento, dor e/ou infecção das lesões vegetantes malignas?" A busca bibliográfica ocorreu em 09/2006 e utilizou 14 bases de dados: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs e EBM Reviews. Não houve restrição quanto ao desenho de estudo e idioma. Os dados foram extraídos pelo pesquisador A, checados pelo B e decisões ocorreram em consenso. Pela análise dos resumos, foram incluídos estudos sobre LVM e que abordaram no mínimo 1 dos 5 sintomas investigados. Os estudos sobre odor foram analisados na íntegra e classificados quanto à qualidade do estudo, nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se 11.111 estudos, dos quais 325 (2.93%) referiam-se ao controle de algum dos sintomas das LVM por meio de intervenções tópicas: 12,37% relacionavam-se ao odor, 16,77% ao exsudato, 17,82% ao sangramento, 31,03% à dor e 22,01% à infecção de LVM; outros 202 estudos foram excluídos por não tratarem dos sintomas em análise. Entre os estudos (n=34) que analisaram o controle do odor, 5 foram ensaios clínicos (14,71%), 20 revisões narrativas (58,82%), 5 séries de casos, 3 relatos de caso (8,82%) e 1 estudo de prevalência (2,94%). Foram identificados 16 tratamentos tópicos. Gel de Metronidazol tópico apresentou Evidência Forte para o controle do odor (grau A, nível 1C); Curativo de Carvão Ativado e Curativo de Mesalt, Evidência moderada (grau B, nível 2B); Pomada de Curcumin, Evidência Moderada (grau B, nível 2C). Evidência Fraca (grau C) e Muito Fraca (grau D) foram observadas em 12 tratamentos tópicos, que foram: Intervenções com Antibióticos tópicos, Chá verde, Enzimas tópicas, Hidrogéis, Iogurte, Mel, Óleos essenciais, Óleo essencial tópico (associado à Clorofila VO e Antibiótico sistêmico), Pasta de açúcar, Soluções anti-sépticas, Sulfadiazina de Prata e Trióxido de arsênico. A heterogeneidade das intervenções e a qualidade metodológica dos estudos não permitiram metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Dos 11.111 estudos identificados, 2.93% (n=325) referiam-se aos sintomas em análise por meio de tratamentos tópicos. Dos 59 estudos sobre odor, 34 estudos atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão. Encontraram-se poucos estudos de boa qualidade e as principais limitações metodológicas foram os desenhos dos estudos, o tamanho da amostra e a ausência de escalas para mensuração do odor. Encontrou-se evidência Grau A ou B para o tratamento de LVM com Gel de Metronidazol Tópico, Curativo de Carvão Ativado, Curativo de Mesalt e Pomada de Curcumin. / INTRODUCTION: Fungating malignant wounds (FMW) is the result of the cutaneous infiltration by cancerous cells and, when exteriorized, they acquire fungating aspect. Malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain and infection are common symptoms, wich are added to the psychological and physical suffering of these patients. The manage of FMW is inserted in the assistance of patients in palliative care. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the scientific literature on FMW and to identify evidences for the topical therapy of malodour in FMW. METHODS: Systematic review. The clinical question of research, using the strategy PICO, was \"Which are the topical/dressings therapy are used for the control of the malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain or infection of FMW? \" The bibliographical search occurred in 09/2006 and it used 14 databases: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs and EBM Reviews. The data were extracted by reviewer A, checked by B and decisions were taken in consensus. By the analysis of the abstracts, studies about FMW that approached 1 of the 5 investigated symptoms were included. The studies about malodour were entirely analyzed and classified as regards the quality of the study, evidence level and recommendation degree. RESULTS: It was obtained 11.111 studies and of those, 325 (2.93%) referred to the control of some symptoms of FMW through of topical interventions: 12,37% related to the malodour, 16,77% to the exudate, 17,82% to the bleeding, 31,03% to the pain and 22,01% to the infection of FMW; other 202 studies were excluded once they treat other symptoms. Among the studies (n=34) that analyzed the control of the malodour, 5 were clinical trials (14,71%), 20 narrative reviews (58,82%), 5 series of cases, 3 case reports (8,82%) and 1 prevalence study (2,94%); they identified 16 topical treatments. Topical Metronidazole gel presented Strong Evidence for the control of the malodour (degree A, level 1C); Activated Charcoal Dressing and Mesalt Dressing, moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2B); Ointment of Curcumin, Moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2C). Weak evidence (degree C) and Very Weak (degree D) were observed in 12 topical therapy, that were: Interventions with topical Antibiotics, green Tea, topical Enzymes, Hidrogels, Honey, Yogurt, essential Oils, topical essential Oil (associate to the Clorofila PO and systemic Antibiotic), Paste of sugar, antiseptic Solutions, Silver Sulfadiazine and Arsenic trioxide lotion. The heterogeneity of the interventions and the methodological quality of the studies didn\'t allow meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Among of the 11.111 identified studies, 2.93% (n=325) they referred to the symptoms in analysis through topical therapies. Of the 59 studies about malodour, 34 attended to all of the inclusion criteria. There were few studies of good quality and the main methodological limitations were the designs of the studies, the size of the sample and the absence of scales for mensuration of the malodour. Evidence degree A or B was found for treatment of FMW with Topical Metronidazol Gel, Activated Charcoal Dressing, Mesalt Dressing and Ointment of Curcumin

INTRODUÇÃO: Lesões vegetantes malignas (LVM) resultam da infiltração cutânea por células cancerígenas e, ao se exteriorizarem, adquirem aspecto vegetante. Odor fétido, exsudato profuso, sangramento, dor e infecção são sintomas comuns, que se somam ao sofrimento físico e psíquico destes pacientes. O cuidado de LVM insere-se na assistência aos pacientes em cuidados paliativos. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar a produção científica sobre LVM e identificar evidências para o tratamento tópico do odor fétido de LVM. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de revisão sistemática. A questão clínica de pesquisa, construída utilizando-se a estratégia PICO, foi “Quais são os tratamentos tópicos/curativos utilizados para o controle dos sintomas odor, exsudato, sangramento, dor e/ou infecção das lesões vegetantes malignas?” A busca bibliográfica ocorreu em 09/2006 e utilizou 14 bases de dados: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs e EBM Reviews. Não houve restrição quanto ao desenho de estudo e idioma. Os dados foram extraídos pelo pesquisador A, checados pelo B e decisões ocorreram em consenso. Pela análise dos resumos, foram incluídos estudos sobre LVM e que abordaram no mínimo 1 dos 5 sintomas investigados. Os estudos sobre odor foram analisados na íntegra e classificados quanto à qualidade do estudo, nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se 11.111 estudos, dos quais 325 (2.93%) referiam-se ao controle de algum dos sintomas das LVM por meio de intervenções tópicas: 12,37% relacionavam-se ao odor, 16,77% ao exsudato, 17,82% ao sangramento, 31,03% à dor e 22,01% à infecção de LVM; outros 202 estudos foram excluídos por não tratarem dos sintomas em análise. Entre os estudos (n=34) que analisaram o controle do odor, 5 foram ensaios clínicos (14,71%), 20 revisões narrativas (58,82%), 5 séries de casos, 3 relatos de caso (8,82%) e 1 estudo de prevalência (2,94%). Foram identificados 16 tratamentos tópicos. Gel de Metronidazol tópico apresentou Evidência Forte para o controle do odor (grau A, nível 1C); Curativo de Carvão Ativado e Curativo de Mesalt, Evidência moderada (grau B, nível 2B); Pomada de Curcumin, Evidência Moderada (grau B, nível 2C). Evidência Fraca (grau C) e Muito Fraca (grau D) foram observadas em 12 tratamentos tópicos, que foram: Intervenções com Antibióticos tópicos, Chá verde, Enzimas tópicas, Hidrogéis, Iogurte, Mel, Óleos essenciais, Óleo essencial tópico (associado à Clorofila VO e Antibiótico sistêmico), Pasta de açúcar, Soluções anti-sépticas, Sulfadiazina de Prata e Trióxido de arsênico. A heterogeneidade das intervenções e a qualidade metodológica dos estudos não permitiram metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Dos 11.111 estudos identificados, 2.93% (n=325) referiam-se aos sintomas em análise por meio de tratamentos tópicos. Dos 59 estudos sobre odor, 34 estudos atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão. Encontraram-se poucos estudos de boa qualidade e as principais limitações metodológicas foram os desenhos dos estudos, o tamanho da amostra e a ausência de escalas para mensuração do odor. Encontrou-se evidência Grau A ou B para o tratamento de LVM com Gel de Metronidazol Tópico, Curativo de Carvão Ativado, Curativo de Mesalt e Pomada de Curcumin. / INTRODUCTION: Fungating malignant wounds (FMW) is the result of the cutaneous infiltration by cancerous cells and, when exteriorized, they acquire fungating aspect. Malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain and infection are common symptoms, wich are added to the psychological and physical suffering of these patients. The manage of FMW is inserted in the assistance of patients in palliative care. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the scientific literature on FMW and to identify evidences for the topical therapy of malodour in FMW. METHODS: Systematic review. The clinical question of research, using the strategy PICO, was \"Which are the topical/dressings therapy are used for the control of the malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain or infection of FMW? \" The bibliographical search occurred in 09/2006 and it used 14 databases: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs and EBM Reviews. The data were extracted by reviewer A, checked by B and decisions were taken in consensus. By the analysis of the abstracts, studies about FMW that approached 1 of the 5 investigated symptoms were included. The studies about malodour were entirely analyzed and classified as regards the quality of the study, evidence level and recommendation degree. RESULTS: It was obtained 11.111 studies and of those, 325 (2.93%) referred to the control of some symptoms of FMW through of topical interventions: 12,37% related to the malodour, 16,77% to the exudate, 17,82% to the bleeding, 31,03% to the pain and 22,01% to the infection of FMW; other 202 studies were excluded once they treat other symptoms. Among the studies (n=34) that analyzed the control of the malodour, 5 were clinical trials (14,71%), 20 narrative reviews (58,82%), 5 series of cases, 3 case reports (8,82%) and 1 prevalence study (2,94%); they identified 16 topical treatments. Topical Metronidazole gel presented Strong Evidence for the control of the malodour (degree A, level 1C); Activated Charcoal Dressing and Mesalt Dressing, moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2B); Ointment of Curcumin, Moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2C). Weak evidence (degree C) and Very Weak (degree D) were observed in 12 topical therapy, that were: Interventions with topical Antibiotics, green Tea, topical Enzymes, Hidrogels, Honey, Yogurt, essential Oils, topical essential Oil (associate to the Clorofila PO and systemic Antibiotic), Paste of sugar, antiseptic Solutions, Silver Sulfadiazine and Arsenic trioxide lotion. The heterogeneity of the interventions and the methodological quality of the studies didn\'t allow meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Among of the 11.111 identified studies, 2.93% (n=325) they referred to the symptoms in analysis through topical therapies. Of the 59 studies about malodour, 34 attended to all of the inclusion criteria. There were few studies of good quality and the main methodological limitations were the designs of the studies, the size of the sample and the absence of scales for mensuration of the malodour. Evidence degree A or B was found for treatment of FMW with Topical Metronidazol Gel, Activated Charcoal Dressing, Mesalt Dressing and Ointment of Curcumin

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-02-22T18:44:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Alves dos Santos.pdf: 2856868 bytes, checksum: 09e364c04de604bece868531688a5915 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T18:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Alves dos Santos.pdf: 2856868 bytes, checksum: 09e364c04de604bece868531688a5915 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / A ferida neoplásica acomete cerca de 5% a 10% dos pacientes com câncer em cuidados paliativos. O foco central do cuidado dessas feridas é o controle dos sintomas, em que o odor está presente em 10,4% e o exsudato em 14,6% dos casos, sendo responsáveis pelo impacto no aspecto psicossocial do paciente. O estudo teve como objetivo de avaliar as associações entre odor, exsudato e isolamento social em pacientes com feridas neoplásicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa do tipo transversal prospectivo realizado com os pacientes com feridas neoplásicas no Ambulatório de cuidados paliativos do Núcleo de Atenção Oncológica do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética do HUAP c/nº: 183.757. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante a consulta de enfermagem pela da aplicação das escalas de odor, exsudação (Push) e escala de Likert de três dimensões para avaliação dos aspectos sociais do paciente, bem como dados contidos em prontuário para caracterização da clientela. Para a análise estatística aplicou-se o teste de normalidade Shapiro wilk, verificando que a amostra não é paramétrica (p valor ≤ 0,05) para as variáveis: tamanho da lesão, ferida total, odor total e exsudato total (escala likert) e paramétrica (p valor > 0,05) para a variável idade. Os dados foram apresentados em forma de mediana e intervalo interquartil (x ̃± Q3-Q1) para análises das variáveis não paramétricas; média e desvio padrão (x̅ ±D.P) para variável paramétrica. Realizou-se o teste de Kruskal Wallis para verificação de associação multivariada entre os dados clínicos e da escala e o teste de Spearman para verificar se o grau do odor, quantidade de exsudato, tamanho e localização da lesão apresentam correlação com a interferência da socialização do paciente. A confiabilidade da ISPOE foi medida pelo coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. Constatou-se, então a correlação entre o grau de odor e as perguntas 1 e 5 da escala da dimensão odor. Assim, o odor interfere no constrangimento (p; 0,0053) e frequentar locais públicos (p; 0,0495). A quantidade de exsudato apresentou correlação com a primeira questão da escala da dimensão exsudato, interferindo no constrangimento (p; 0,0453). A variável tipo de ferida apresentou correlação com as questões 3 e 5, logo, interferindo na relação com a família e em frequentar locais públicos, fatores esses que favorecem o isolamento social em pacientes com feridas neoplásicas As variáveis: tamanho da lesão e local da lesão não apresentaram correlação significativa com as questões da escala na dimensão ferida. As três dimensões da escala apresentaram consistência interna satisfatória com alfa: 0,82 (dimensão ferida); 0,94 (dimensão exsudato) e 0,88 (dimensão odor). Com isso, o odor e o exsudato interferem negativamente fatores sociais e psicológicos que podem favorecer, diretamente, o isolamento social. Além do conhecimento sobre as particularidades dessas lesões e dos produtos adequados ao cuidados, é fulcral que o profissional de enfermagem conheça os principais queixas relacionadas à lesão e o impacto que causam ao cotidiano do paciente. Conhecer esse conflito social e psicológico fará toda a diferença no cuidado de enfermagem, pois, dessa forma, poderá atuar de maneira assertiva e holística no cuidado no cotidiano do paciente, enxergando-o para além dos sintomas: seus anseios psicológicos e sociais. A constatação da associação entre as variáveis poderá auxiliar a avaliação dos aspectos que podem interferir na qualidade de vida e no cuidado prestado aos pacientes com feridas neoplásicas. / Neoplastic wound affects about 5% to 10% of cancer patients in palliative care. The central focus of the care of these wounds is to control the symptoms, where the odor is present in 10.4% and exudate in 14.6% of cases, being responsible for the impact on the psychosocial aspect of the patient. The study aimed to evaluate the association between odor, exudate and social isolation in patients with neoplastic wounds. This is a quantitative study of the kind prospective cross-sectional with patients with neoplastic wounds in outpatient palliative care in Oncology Attention Core of University Hospital Antonio Pedro, approved by HUAP Ethics Committee c / No: 183757. Data collection was performed during the nursing consultation by the application of odor scales, exudation (Push) and Likert scale of three dimensions to assess the social aspects of the patient, as well as data contained in records for population. The statistical analysis was applied to the normality test Shapiro Wilk, verifying that the sample is not parametric (p value ≤ 0.05) for the variables: size of the lesion, the total wound, the total odor and overall exudate (Likert scale) and parametric (p value> 0.05) for the age variable. Data were presented as median and interquartile range ((x) ± Q3-Q1) for analysis of nonparametric variables; mean and standard deviation (x ̅ ± S.P) for parametric variable. He held the Kruskal Wallis test for multivariate association check between clinical data and scale and the Spearman test to see if the odor degree, amount of exudate, size and location of the lesion correlate with the interference of socialization patient. The reliability of ISPOE was measured by Cronbach alpha coefficient. It was found, then the correlation between the degree of odor and the questions 1 to 5 scale of the odor scale. Thus, the odor interferes with the constraint (p, 0.0053) and attend public places (p; 0.0495). The amount of exudate correlated with the first issue of exudate size scale, interfering with embarrassment (p; 0.0453). The variable type of injury correlated with the issues 3:05, so interfering with the relationship with the family and attend public places, factors that favor social isolation in patients with neoplastic Variables wounds: lesion size and location of injury no significant correlation with the range of issues in the wound size. The three dimensions of the scale showed satisfactory internal consistency with alpha: 0.82 (wound size); 0.94 (exudate dimension) and 0.88 (size odor). Thus, the odor and exudate negatively affect social and psychological factors that may contribute, directly, social isolation. In addition to the knowledge about the characteristics of these injuries and products suitable for care, it is crucial that nursing professionals know the main complaints related to the injury and the impact they cause to the daily life of the patient. Knowing that social and psychological conflict will make all the difference in nursing care, because thus may act assertively and holistic care in the patient's daily life, seeing it beyond the symptoms: their psychological and social aspirations. The finding of association between variables may assist the evaluation of aspects that can interfere with quality of life and care provided to patients with neoplastic wounds.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / As historians have expanded their interests from focusing on great men and groundbreaking events to perspectives that explore everyday experiences or ordinary people, odor emerges as an important interpretative lens. Understanding the olfactory history of communities, especially what types of odors were present and how people perceived and reacted to them, enlarges historians’ understanding of the life experiences and behaviors of people in the past. The historical study of odor provides insights into how quality of life and standards of living have changed over time. Understanding how people of different times reacted to odors suggests how they perceived the sensory world around them, including people living close by. In this thesis, I examine the olfactory conditions of the neighborhood surrounding the Union Stockyards and associated meat processing facilities on Chicago’s south side in the first decade of the twentieth century. During this period, an overpowering combination of putrid odors characterized this neighborhood, known as Back of the Yards. Various factors contributed to this malodorous “smellscape,” and it impacted the quality of life of the predominantly immigrant communities that made up the workforce and residents of that neighborhood.