The cab assembly line in Oskarshamn is one of the world's most high tech production unit. With close to 300 robots the cab is assembled with merely programmed robots and no input from humans. Scania CV AB is a world leading manufacturer of trucks with high influence on the market globally. Even though robots do most of the work, there have been human brains behind the robot execution, and there is constant work ongoing to further increase efficiency and cycle times to meet the increasing global demand for logistics services. The robots are mainly programmed offline, using the ABB software Robotstudio, which basically creates a digital representation of the actual control system without interfering with the production. Testing upgraded programs as well as simulating them offline before implementation is an essential daily operation to make the production meet the demands. This thesis is divided into two objectives, one theoretical and one practical. The theoretical part focuses on the software, and consists of a critical analysis of a series of different software solutions for programming robots offline, as well as a look into how the offline programming processes work today in-house. The practical objective is to further improve the quality of the simulations conducted through creating tools to answer the calls from functional packages for the different processing equipment used on site. These functional packages lets you perform spot welding, gluing or gripping for instance, and as it is an outsourced service a lot of the coding is encrypted which prevents simulations being conducted with the pre-programmed routines, it makes the simulations crash. This report presents conclusions made regarding the use of offline programming equipment both in the regards of daily operations as well as long term strategies with digital twins and digitization. It also proves that the functional packages still can be simulated even though the code has been manipulated and encrypted at one point. It holds the complete ways of how to, from a 3D CAD model, create mechanisms, synchronize external axes, and creating smart components to answer digital inputs and presenting digital outputs to the system to have a fully functional simulation run.

El mercado peruano ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años, y el sector retail no se ha quedado atrás. El desarrollo del internet y la aparición de nuevas tecnologías, como teléfonos móviles han permitido esto. Así mismo, el consumidor ya no solo compra a través de un canal, sino suele realizar compras a través del canal online y offline, así como, migrar entre estos canales, durante el proceso de compra. De igual modo, la categoría de ropa es la que tiene una mayor penetración en el canal digital. Del mismo modo, las cadenas de tiendas por departamento buscan crecer en este canal. Por ello, es que se decidió investigar sobre los factores que inciden en la compra online y offline de ropa femenina en tiendas por departamento en mujeres de 20 a 30 años de edad de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana. El presente estudio posee una investigación de campo cualitativo y cuantitativo gracias a la realización de focus groups, entrevistas a expertos y encuestas realizadas al público objetivo. De esta manera, en una primera parte, se podrá encontrar la teoría relacionada a la omnicanalidad y a los factores según canal. Luego, se conocerá la opinión del público objetivo primario y de los expertos sobre los temas relacionados. También, se contrastarán sus opiniones y se cuestionarán los objetivos de investigación. / Abstract: The Peruvian market has evolved over the years, and the retail sector has not been left behind. The development of the internet and the emergence of new technologies such as mobile phones have allowed this. Likewise, the consumer no longer only buys through a channel, but usually makes purchases through the online and offline channel, as well as migrating between these channels, during the purchase process. Similarly, the category of clothing is the one that has greater penetration in the digital channel and department store chains seek to grow in this channel. For this reason, it was decided to investigate the factors that affect the online and offline purchase of women's clothing in department stores in women between 20 and 30 years of age in zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima. This study has a qualitative and quantitative field research thanks to focus groups, interviews with experts and surveys conducted with the target audience. In this way, in the first part, it will be possible to find the theory related to omnicanality and to the factors according to channel. Then, the opinion of the primary target public and of the experts on the related topics will be known. Also, their opinions will be contrasted and the research objectives will be questioned. / Trabajo de investigación

The advent of the industrial revolution has brought a great number of changes in the functioning of various processes in manufacturing industries. The ways and means of working have evolved exponentially with the implementation of advanced technology. Moreover, with the increasing technology, the customer demands have also been varying dynamically due to changes in customer requirements focusing on individual customization. To cope with the dynamic demand, manufacturing industries had to make sure their products are manufactured with higher quality and shorter lead times. Implementation and efficient usage of technology has provided industries with the necessary tools to achieve market demand and stay competitive by growing continuously. The transformation aims to reach the level of zero-defect manufacturing and ensure higher first-time right yield capability with minimum utilization of available resources. However, technological advancements have not developed the quality inspection process of the manufacturing industry at the same level as other processes. Due to this, the quality inspection processes are still human dependent which requires a highly skilled human operator to perform inspection procedures using sensory abilities to detect deviations. Research suggests that human quality inspection is prone to errors due to fatigue as the process is continuous, strenuous, and tedious work. The efficiency of human inspection is around 80% which becomes a chronic problem in safety-critical and high-value manufacturing environments. Moreover, with the increasing level of customization and technology, the products are becoming more complex with intricate shapes and only human inspection is not enough to meet the customer requirements. Especially in the case of automotive industry in Body in White applications, human inspection of outer body panels, engine parts with tighter tolerances alone does not make the cut. Advancements in the field of metrology have led to the introduction of Coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which are classified as contact and non-contact measuring machines. The measurements are performed offline away from the production line, using the sampling method. The contact measuring machines are equipped with touch trigger probe devices that travel all over the part to make a virtual image of the product which is time-consuming but accurate. Whereas the noncontact measuring machines are equipped with laser scanners or optical devices which scan the part and develop a virtual model which is fast but has accuracy and repeatability issues due to external factors. But coordinate measuring machines have proven to be bottlenecks as they were not able to synchronize with the production pace and could not perform aninspection on all the produced parts, which would help in collecting data. The gathered data can be used to analyse root causes and generate trends in defect detection. With the advancements in non-contact measuring systems, automotive industries have also realized the potential of implementing inline measurement techniques to perform quality inspection. The non-contact measuring system consists of a robotic arm or setup which is equipped with a camera, sensors, and a complex algorithm to identify defects. This provides the robotic arm with machine vision which is works by taking a series of images of the product from various and process these images to detect deviations using digital image processing techniques. The inline measurement has proven to be accurate, fast, and repeatable to be implemented in synchronization with the production line. Further, the automotive industries are moving towards hybrid inspection systems which capitalize on the measuring speed of the robot and the fast decision-making ability of human senses.

Résumé indisponible. / The VIPAFLEET project aims at developing a framework to manage a fleet of IndividualPublic Autonomous Vehicles (VIPA). We consider a fleet of cars distributed at specifiedstations in an industrial area to supply internal transportation, where the cars can beused in different modes of circulation (tram mode, elevator mode, taxi mode). The goalis to develop and implement suitable algorithms for each mode in order to satisfy all therequests either under an economic point aspect or under a quality of service aspect, thisby varying the studied objective functions.We model the underlying online transportation system as a discrete event basedsystem and propose a corresponding fleet management framework, to handle modes,demands and commands. We consider three modes of circulation, tram, elevator andtaxi mode. We propose for each mode appropriate online algorithms and evaluate theirperformance, both in terms of competitive analysis and practical behavior by computationalresults. We treat in this work, the pickup and delivery problem related to theTram mode and the Elevator mode the pickup and delivery problem with time windowsrelated to the taxi mode by means of flows in time-expanded networks.

Abstract not available.

With the gradual upgrade of fresh food consumption in China, the integration of online platforms and retail entities has brought more convenient and diverse fresh food consumption experiences to customers. This thesis is to explore how the customers loyalty in Chinese fresh e-commerce are affected by online and offline customer experience. This paper draws on strategic experience modules and situation experience theory and proposes three influencing factors respectively according to the two situations of online and offline. Specifically, this thesis analyzes the impact of the aesthetic experience, online service experience, and virtual community sense experience, environmental experience, service staff experience and community sense experience on customer loyalty. As a leader of fresh e-commerce, Hema Fresh has achieved great success especially during this epidemic and has been recognized by Chinese customers. This study collects 298 online questionnaires from Hema Fresh’s customers in China and uses SPSS for regression analysis to test these six factors. Empirical results show that enhancing customer aesthetic experience, online service experience, environmental experience and community sense experience can improve customer loyalty of fresh e-commerce in China, but our results do not show that virtual community sense experience and service staff experience can enhance customer loyalty. Meanwhile, this study finds that the effects of online and offline situations on customer loyalty of fresh e-commerce are different. By providing the experience and background of Chinese fresh e-commerce, it enriches the research on fresh e-commerce. Also, this study explores different types of customer experience impact on customer loyalty from the online and offline situations of customer consumption, contributing to the research on customer experience and provides implications for Chinese fresh e- commerce to improve customer loyalty.

In modern times, live video streaming events in companies has become an increasingly relevantmethod for communications. As a platform provider for these events, being able to deliverrelevant recommendations for event scheduling times to users is an important feature. A systemproviding relevant recommendations to users can be described as a recommender system.Recommender systems usually face issues such as having to be trained purely offline, astraining the system online can be costly or time-consuming, requiring manual user feedback.While many solutions and advancements have been made in recommender systems over theyears, such as contributions in the Netflix Prize, it still continues to be an active research topic.This work aims at designing a recommender system which observes users' past sequentialscheduling behavior to provide relevant recommendations for scheduling upcoming live videoevents. The developed recommender system uses reinforcement learning as a model, withcomponents such as a generative model to help it learn from offline data.

Under det senaste decenniet har e-handeln expanderat och det gångna årets pandemi i form av covid-19 har bara ökat denna tillväxt. Stora delar av beklädnadshandeln har i samband med detta övergått från att ske offline till online. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad som får konsumenten att välja att handla i fysisk butik vs e-handel. För att uppnå syftet använder sig studien av två kvalitativa metoder i form av fyra fokusgruppsdiskussioner med erfarna konsumenter online och offline inom generation Y. Vidare genomförs det sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från tre företag som driver både fysisk butik samt e-handel. Insamlad data analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att konsumenterna utnyttjar fysiska butiker genom dess tillgång till provrum och personlig service samt att e-handel uppmanar mer till köp genom marknadsföring online. Genom analys av resultatet dras slutsatsen att tillgänglighet, utbud och pris är de främsta drivkrafterna till vilken kanal som används av konsumenterna. Att närvaro på sociala medier och recensioner i digitala kanaler påverkar konsumenterna är också slutsatser som dras.

Background: The retail sector is rapidly developing over the past years. Retailers are investing more efforts and resources to provide a seamless experience through multiple channels. These developments led to significant changes in customer behaviour. Customers buying activities and way of selecting the products and retailers faced different changes and developments. The online retailing sector is entitled to continuous development. The latest development was due to the Covid-19 global pandemic that came without any previous notice. The customer behaviour starts adopting the digital online channels in most of their needs and wants. The appearance of new customer behaviour patterns due to Covid-19 lead to the emergence of new customer behaviour.Purpose: This study is of an exploratory and constructive nature. It is concerned with deepening the knowledge about the change in customer buying behaviour brought by Covid-19 on the retailing sector. The aim of the study is to identify and test new behavioural patterns that would influence the Swedish millennials’ in selecting between online and offline stores for shopping and buying fashion products.Method: An abductive approach was followed in this paper. Mixed methods of both qualitative and quantitative were used to fulfil the purpose of this exploratory research. The research followed a sequential exploratory design of two data collection phases. Theiiempirical data was conducted from (4) focus groups sessions with a total number of (20) interviewee, and (94) relevant responses from a web-based survey.Conclusion: The study has revealed two significant findings and contributed to propose a conceptual model. The fruitful results of this study are: (1) there is a vast customers’ migration towards online stores. (2) there are new behavioural patterns related to Covid-19 that are influencing the customer buying behaviour. (3) A proposed conceptual model which is concerned with the factors influencing the customer buying behaviour in selecting between online and offline fashion stores.

The aim of this thesis is to explore how Telegram is used as a tool for social media protests inRussia. The thesis will focus on the relationship between offline and online protests andmainly discuss the application Telegram in this context. It will analyze the positive andnegative attributes, as well as the effects and future of Telegram as a tool for social mediaprotests. It will do this by drawing on theory on political socialization, as well asmediatization, while also looking at various research that has been made on the subject. Theresult shows that Telegram is used as a tool for the Russian people to express their longingand wish for freedom, while it also shows that the Russian state is trying to prevent harm tothe Russian people, while still harming them differently, by censoring and blocking theirsocial media. The conclusion discusses these results and questions whether Telegram canuphold the image as a platform for freedom of speech for the Russian citizens.