Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur unga queer-personer upplever Uppsala. Utifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv besvaras frågeställningarna ”Hur upplever unga som identifierar sig som queer att bo och leva sina vardagsliv i Uppsala?” och ”På vilket sätt rör man sig i staden och hur påverkar olika platser ens sätt att vara eller uttrycka sig?”. Materialet utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer av sju personer som identifierar sig som queer och metoden bygger på en kombination av innehållsanalys och narrativ analys. Resultatet visar att identiteten är tätt sammankopplad med upplevelsen av platsen och beteendet skiftar beroende på hur accepterande man uppfattar den givna platsen. Uppfattningen är att Uppsala är en tillåtande plats som präglas av öppenhet, samtidigt som det finns platser som kan leda till obehag utifrån ens queera identitet. Det finns platser i staden där normerna kring vilket beteende som är accepterat är starkare än andra. På dessa platser väljer flera att anpassa sitt beteende eller dölja delar av sin identitet för att minska känsla av att vara out of place.

Aujourd’hui nous pouvons être à un endroit du monde et réaliser des prises de vues à des centaines de kilomètres. La distance, qui jusqu’à présent se limitait à celle de la perception de notre œil, n’a aujourd’hui plus de limites, grâce aux nouvelles technologies. Cette thèse étudie la situation de l’artiste, dans le traitement du paysage, face à ces choix offerts à lui, entre l’analogique et le numérique. Ce serait la multiplicité de ce qu’offrent les technologies qui, par la main de l’artiste, permettraient de faire muter le paysage contemporain. Selon notre hypothèse, les Mutation(s) du paysage contemporain ne se joueraient pas uniquement sur une continuité temporelle, suivant l’évolution des technologies, oubliant progressivement l’analogique au profit du numérique. Il y aurait bien cet Entre qui se révèlerait être au cœur de nos questionnements. La thèse se développe en trois parties, comme une sorte de triptyque : Hors-champ, Instants, Non-lieu, en prenant appui sur notre pratique d’artiste. Partant de nos origines bretonnes, nous irons puiser dans des légendes et cultures celtes (l’Anaon, l’intersigne, etc.) qui nous entraîneront vers l’Asie (les évaporés au Japon, etc.), naviguant entre les technologies, entre le visible et l’invisible, entre le réel et le virtuel. En définitive, la mutation (au pluriel) est une et multiple à la fois. Cette figure complexe (au sens d’Edgar Morin) rappelle celle du Yi-Jin, dont sa définition suggère des mises en rapport de signes. Elle n’est pas sans proximité avec l’écriture oghamique, qui est un alphabet antique celte. Notre thèse est que l’Ogham, en connivence avec le Yi-Jin, participerait d’une nouvelle définition du paysage contemporain. / We can be in one place in the world and take pictures of places located at hundreds of kilometers away. The distance, that up to now, used to be limited to our eyes’ perception, has no more limits, thanks to new technologies. This thesis analyzes the position of the artist in the treatment of landscape in view of the choices offered between analogue and digital.This would be the multiplicity of the technological possibilities, that through the hands of the artist, allows to mutate the contemporary landscape. According to our hypothesis, the Mutation(s) of contemporary landscape, would not be based exclusively on a temporal continuity, following the technological evolution, that progressively forgets the analogue in favor of the digital. There would be this In Between that would be at the center of our questioning. The thesis develops itself in 3 parts, like a sort a tryptique: off-track - instants - out of place, based on our practice as artist. Departing from our Brittany origins, we will immerse into the Celtic legends (the “Anaon”, the “intersigne”, etc.) and cultures that will take us to Asia (the “evaporated” in Japan, etc.), shifting between the technologies, between the visible and the invisible, between the real and the virtual.In the end, the mutation (in plural) is one and many at the same time. This complex representation (in the sense of Edgar Morin) reminds that of Yi-Jin, of which his definition suggests the relationship between signs. It is not without the proximity of the Oghamic writing, that is an ancient Celtic alphabet. Our position is that the Ogham, in connection with the Yi-Jin, would be part of a new definition of the contemporary landscape.

With the emergence of quantum physics and computer science in the 20th century, a new era was born which can solve very difficult problems in a much faster rate or problems that classical computing just can't solve. In the 21st century, quantum computing needs to be used to solve tough problems in engineering, business, medical, and other fields that required results not today but yesterday. To make this dream come true, engineers in the semiconductor industry need to make the quantum circuits a reality. To realize quantum circuits and make them scalable, they need to be fault tolerant, therefore Clifford+T gates need to be implemented into those circuits. But the main issue is that in the Clifford+T gate set, T gates are expensive to implement. Carry Look-Ahead addition circuits have caught the interest of researchers because the number of gate layers encountered by a given qubit in the circuit (or the circuit's depth) is logarithmic in terms of the input size n. Therefore, this thesis focuses on optimizing previous designs of out-of-place and in-place Carry Look-Ahead Adders to decrease the T-count, sum of all T and T Hermitian transpose gates in a quantum circuit.

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This study investigates what role menstruation have for women in the village of Nakwa, Tanzania; how inadequate MHM affects the perception of women; and how menstruation is affecting the gender equality within a marriage in Nakwa. Most women in Nakwa village struggle to maintain high standards of cleanliness regarding their own Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM). This is due to many contributing factors relating to ingrained cultural beliefs that menstruation is something shameful and dirty. Most males within the household manage the finances, and menstrual hygiene products are not considered a priority, which further detaches the women from the possession of power over their own MHM. The theoretical framework used in this study is built upon two pillars, the woman as the inferior sex, and menstruation as something dirty and polluting, contributing to menstrual shame. These pillars are constructed upon two academic works; The Second Sex (1953) by Simone De Beauvoir, and Purity and Danger (1984) by Mary Douglas. Substantive previous research is accounted for to support the two pillars. Two weeks of field studies in Nakwa village during February and March 2017 included 23 individual semi-structured interviews and one group interview, with regularly menstruating married women. The results show a linkage between inadequate MHM, devaluation and inferiority of women and gender inequality.

This thesis explores how newly arrived students experience conditions for learning and inclusion in their lived transitions within the Swedish school system. The thesis deploys an ethnographic approach combining interviews with participant observation. The data comprise interviews with 22 students at three points in time and three cycles of participant observation over the course of 15 months (in three municipalities of different sizes). Deploying the concept of post-migration ecology, Study I maps the structural conditions that the educational landscape offers newly arrived students after migration to Sweden. The findings point to the emergence of a parallel school system through which the newly arrived students’ individual needs risk being overlooked. Study II uses a sociocultural perspective to compare the pedagogical and social resources offered in introductory and regular classes, concluding that introductory classes are characterised by weak challenges and strong support, whereas the opposite is true for regular classes. From a critical phenomenological perspective, Study III focuses on the individual students’ embodied experiences of being out of line in school (in a Swedish monolingual school setting). Paradoxically, the separate introductory class in this setting apparently offers a sense of inclusion, whereas the regular class is related to student experiences of exclusion. Study IV analyses temporal aspects of the students' lived transition to upper secondary school. Drawing on a phenomenology of blockage, it documents how extended periods in introductory programmes create a disjunction between the students' imagined and lived school careers. In brief, through analyses that encompass organisational and structural conditions, as well as lived experience, this thesis shows that the lived transitions of newly arrived students can be understood as instances of parallel school lives, a discontinued past and a postponed future. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Newly arrived children and learning - a cross-disciplinary study on the learning conditions for newly arrived children in Swedish schools

Our society changed, but the urban water and sanitation system of today is roughly the same as it was 100 years ago. The system is designed for, developed from and sustained by human activities, and has since its introduction affected household patterns of routine activities. The urban water and sanitation system is now being criticised for not being sustainable due to excessive material, energy and chemical use, and failure to recycle and reuse resources. Altering household practices is perceived as one important step towards improved sustainability. In this study, two changes in water and sanitation arrangements at the household level are analysed: individual meters for volumetric billing of hot and cold water, and dry toilets with separate collection of urine and faeces. These arrangements increase system transparency, and their proponents believe that the arrangements enhance resource recycling and/or rsource savings. However, success in this regard can only be achieved if accompanied by appropriate household routines. The extent to which such appropriate routines come about and why (not) is the focus of attention in this study; the aim is to describe and analyse the interaction between householder routines and changes in water and sanitation arrangements. This study takes as its starting point household everyday life. A methodological combination of time-diaries, interviews, physical measurements and simple observations is developed and implemented in two cases; the housing area Ringdansen with flats (volumetric billing) and the collective Gebers based on an ecological way of life (dry toilets). The theoretical approach is developed from time-geography and culture analysis. The methodological and theoretical approaches have proven useful and can be developed further. Household responded differently to the volumetric billing in Ringdansen, but in general, no sweeping routine changes took place in the households. A comparison of average total water usage per household (at an aggregated level) between the two cases, showed no significant difference. Water-use routines are also similar in the two areas, even though variations appear between households. There seems to be a socio-culturally defined lower limit for water use, regarded as necessary for maintaining sufficient standards of cleanliness and comfort, irrespective of the influence of ecological or economic incentives. Differences in household composition, built-in technical arrangements and existence of a garden (Gebers) explain the differences in hot and cold water usage between the two areas. The dry toilet was shown to have a decisive impact on toilet disposal routines; only biodegradable waste products are thrown into it and the cleaning agents are environmentally friendly toilet disposal routines that reach beyond the 'good' routines evolving from environmental concern. The relationship between changes in water and sanitation arrangements and householder routines may be expressed as follows: an extensive change in arrangements, either technical/physical, organisational and/or economical, results in more radical routine changes, and more so if combined. However, the improvement as regard ecological sustainability is conditional on what is socio-culturally accepted - social sustainability.

Ao acompanhar a trajetória intelectual de Jamil Almansur Haddad desde suas primeiras publicações até sua morte, esta Tese de doutorado traz à luz o percurso de um literato pertencente à segunda geração de imigrantes libaneses e suas relações paradoxais com o meio intelectual brasileiro e, em especial, o paulistano. Seu percurso biográfico ilustra um desdobramento do movimento literário árabe da imigração, que desempenhou papel central no processo de renascimento da literatura árabe no final do século XIX. Imerso no contexto cultural de um país em busca da conformação de sua verdadeira identidade nacional e vivendo na cidade de São Paulo - que em meados do século XX foi um dos maiores polos de imigração do mundo Jamil, através de sua experiência biográfica e de seu caminho literário, revela nuances de um processo intermediário de hibridação cultural. / This thesis follows the intellectual trajectory of Jamil Almansur Haddad from his first publications to his death, bringing to light the trajectory of a poet that belongs to the second generation of Lebanese immigrants and his paradoxical relations with the Brazilian intellectual environment and, in particular, the paulistano one. His biographical journey illustrates an unfolding of the Arab literary movement of immigration, which played a central role in the process of rebirth of Arab literature in the late nineteenth century. Immersed in the cultural context of a country in search of the conformation of its true national identity and living in the city of São Paulo - which in the mid-twentieth century was one of the largest poles of immigration in the world - Jamil, through his biographical experience and his literary path, reveals nuances of an intermediate process of cultural hybridization.

Constituant des réflecteurs d'urbanité, les espaces publics font aujourd'hui l'objet d'une attention accrue de la part des aménageurs et des planificateurs dans un contexte de compétition urbaine où l'attractivité devient l'une des principales stratégies de développement (Harvey, 1989). Dans cette perspective, de nombreuses transformations touchent les espaces publics, à l'instar de leur privatisation (Zukin, 1995 ; Le Goix et Loudier Malgouyres, 2005), de leur marchandisation (Sorkin, 1992 ; Zukin, 1995) ou de leur sécurisation (Németh et Hollander, 2010), soulevant alors des conflits d'appropriation. Les fonctions associées aux espaces publics, de sociabilité, d'interaction et de libre accessibilité (Ghorra-Gobin, 2001), évoluent donc considérablement. Ces changements ont été analysés par de nombreux auteurs, lesquels ont révélé les dynamiques de mise à l'écart et d'exclusion des personnes les plus marginalisées (Smith, 1996 ; Mitchell, 1997), dont la visibilité limite la portée des politiques urbaines de revitalisation. Pourtant, au-delà des espaces publics centraux et iconiques et de l'action des pouvoirs publics, des conflits d'appropriation se manifestent également dans les espaces publics ordinaires (Paddison et Sharp, 2007) et résidentiels. En construisant leurs " mondes ", certains groupes peuvent restreindre celui d'autres groupes et déclencher des cohabitations parfois difficiles. Comprendre ces conflits nécessite alors d'intégrer à l'analyse les rapports qu'entretiennent les citadins à leurs espaces de vie, primordiaux dans la structuration des espaces publics. En effet, dans leurs pratiques, dans la projection de soi dans l'espace urbain, les citadins participent à leur production (De Certeau, 1990 ; Lefebvre, 2000), et les appropriations mises en œuvre peuvent être vectrices de conflits, de mises à l'écart ou d'inaccessibilité à certains espaces publics. Plus particulièrement à une époque où les espaces publics tendent à être investis comme une extension du chez-soi, leur production dans la proximité et la participation des résidents peuvent déclencher des processus d'exclusion (Fleury, 2007) et de résistance des populations marginalisées qui investissent aussi ces lieux comme un " chez-soi ". Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'analyser ce type de conflits d'appropriation. Dans cette perspective, nous inscrivons notre réflexion dans l'interprétation de l'espace géographique comme structure topologique de positions (Desmarais, 1992 ; Hubert, 1993 : Parazelli, 1997). Ces préceptes épistémologiques nous permettent d'aborder le partage des espaces publics à travers les concepts d'appropriation et d'habiter, et de porter une attention particulière aux pratiques mises en œuvre par les riverains et les personnes marginalisées dans leurs espaces de vie. Cela nous permet notamment d'éclairer le sens de l'appropriation des espaces publics et d'expliciter les significations relatives aux conflits. En tissant également des liens théoriques avec les concepts de purification de l'espace (Sibley, 1995) et d' " out of place " (Cresswell, 1996), il s'agit de comprendre comment les pratiques mises en œuvre dans ces appropriations peuvent se contraindre les unes les autres et marginaliser davantage les personnes marginalisées. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés à deux quartiers, la Goutte d'Or à Paris et le Village Shaugnessy à Montréal, à vocation davantage résidentielle qu'iconique, et au sein desquels se manifestent des conflits pour l'appropriation des espaces publics. À travers une cinquantaine d'entrevues avec divers acteurs : des riverains et des personnes marginalisées ou des travailleurs communautaires mais également des responsables politiques, des urbanistes et architectes, nous montrons comment les espaces publics s'avèrent particulièrement importants dans les pratiques d'habiter. Ceux-ci constituent des positions attractives que les personnes marginalisées et les riverains investissent de manière à se les approprier et à pouvoir s'y reconnaître. Par les socialisations et leur occupation, les personnes marginalisées parviennent ainsi à constituer un " chez-soi " identificatoire tandis que par leur réappropriation, par l'animation et leur embellissement, les riverains les instituent comme une extension résidentielle du " chez-soi ". Or, ces dynamiques d'appropriation, et les prégnances qu'elles inscrivent dans l'espace, vont à l'encontre les unes des autres. L'inadéquation de la présence et des comportements des personnes marginalisées avec le mode de vie résidentiel désiré du quartier constitue l'un des éléments moteurs de la mobilisation des riverains et des désirs de purification de l'espace (Sibley, 1995). Face aux pratiques des personnes marginalisées s'affirment alors le " commun " des valeurs résidentielles désirées et la constitution d'un " nous ". Or ces exigences résidentielles renvoient à la volonté des riverains de créer un " intérieur coexistentiel " (Sloterdijk, 2005) protecteur dans l'ensemble des espaces publics du quartier, au sein duquel les personnes marginalisées ne sont pas incluses, à moins de s'y conformer. La diffusion de valeurs résidentielles dans les espaces publics limiterait ainsi les prégnances associées à la marginalité, réduisant leur sentiment d'appartenance au quartier et la reconnaissance de soi, et les incitant alors à se déplacer, à adopter des tactiques de résistance pour maintenir leur occupation des lieux ou à normaliser leurs comportements. De fait, dans ces espaces publics ordinaires, des rapports de force se manifestent également pour leur appropriation, mettant en lumière des rapports de pouvoir qui s'éloignent du revanchisme ou de la tolérance zéro. Ceux-ci prennent une forme plus subtile de dispersion, à travers le contrôle des références topologiques associées aux diverses positions. Ces résultats invitent alors à interroger le partage des espaces publics à travers la cohabitation et à réfléchir aux moyens de faire des espaces publics des lieux dans lesquels l'ensemble des habitants d'un quartier puisse se reconnaître.

Ao acompanhar a trajetória intelectual de Jamil Almansur Haddad desde suas primeiras publicações até sua morte, esta Tese de doutorado traz à luz o percurso de um literato pertencente à segunda geração de imigrantes libaneses e suas relações paradoxais com o meio intelectual brasileiro e, em especial, o paulistano. Seu percurso biográfico ilustra um desdobramento do movimento literário árabe da imigração, que desempenhou papel central no processo de renascimento da literatura árabe no final do século XIX. Imerso no contexto cultural de um país em busca da conformação de sua verdadeira identidade nacional e vivendo na cidade de São Paulo - que em meados do século XX foi um dos maiores polos de imigração do mundo Jamil, através de sua experiência biográfica e de seu caminho literário, revela nuances de um processo intermediário de hibridação cultural. / This thesis follows the intellectual trajectory of Jamil Almansur Haddad from his first publications to his death, bringing to light the trajectory of a poet that belongs to the second generation of Lebanese immigrants and his paradoxical relations with the Brazilian intellectual environment and, in particular, the paulistano one. His biographical journey illustrates an unfolding of the Arab literary movement of immigration, which played a central role in the process of rebirth of Arab literature in the late nineteenth century. Immersed in the cultural context of a country in search of the conformation of its true national identity and living in the city of São Paulo - which in the mid-twentieth century was one of the largest poles of immigration in the world - Jamil, through his biographical experience and his literary path, reveals nuances of an intermediate process of cultural hybridization.