250 000 enfants sont impliqués dans les dispositifs de l'Aide Sociale à l'Enfance ; 135 000 sont placés. Ils devraient présenter des taux élevés de troubles mentaux car la raison principale qui conduit au placement, le dysfonctionnement familial sévère et durable, est aussi un facteur de risque largement reconnu au développement de la plupart des troubles mentaux survenant dans l'enfance. Les rares études d'épidémiologie pédopsychiatrique réalisées auprès de cette population spécifique et repérable dans quelques pays anglo-saxons et germaniques, affirment effectivement des taux dépassant volontiers les 50%. Ces enfants sont paradoxalement peu pris en charge par les dispositifs de pédopsychiatrie, car la place des parents, ici défaillants, y est en général essentielle et l'articulation entre les professionnels des champs socio-éducatif et médico-psychologique est médiocre. Le contact avec les services de pédopsychiatrie se fait volontiers par les urgences en situation de crise comportementale. Après avoir décrit l'histoire de la « protection de l'enfance » et de la pédopsychiatrie, notamment leur construction concomitante et entremêlée à partir du 19ème siècle, nous analysons les points favorisant et défavorisant leur rencontre. Nous envisageons aussi les possibilités et les freins à la recherche scientifique en milieu socio-éducatif. Nous présentons ensuite les résultats de deux études menées auprès d'adolescents placés en foyers du département des Bouches-du-Rhône : une étude de prévalence des troubles mentaux et une étude de leur Qualité de la Vie et des liens de ces valeurs avec les troubles mentaux. / 250 000 children and adolescents are involved in the child welfare system in France. 135 000 are living in « out-of-home care ». These children should have high rates of mental disorders because the severe familial dysfonction which drive them in these social institutions is a wellknown risk factor for the main mental disorders too. Prevalence studies of mental disorders among this very specific population are rares and have been held in anglo-saxon or germanics countries. They show mental disorders rates above 50%. However, their access to regular mental services is weak, because of failing parents and the poverty of the partnerships between social workers and child mental health professionals. These adolescents often meet child psychiatry through emergency during a behavioral crisis. We describe, in a first part, the history of child welfare system and of the child psychiatry, in particular through their co-construction since the 19th century. We analyze the elements influencing their partnerships. We examine too the difficulties to organize scientific research in the field of the child welfare. We presents, then, the results of two studies among adolescents living in residential group homes in the county of Bouches-du-Rhône (France) : a prevalence of mental disorders study and a Quality of Life study including the links between these values and the mental disorders. Results show mental disorders rates five times more frequents than in general population, and much more among girls, with specific psychopathologic profiles and an irregular expression of mental health needs degrading the screening. These data are the first in France.

O bem-estar subjetivo e eventos de vida estressores foram investigados transversalmente (Estudo I), longitudinalmente (Estudo II) e como grupo de Attrition (Estudo III) com 1080 participantes de ambos os sexos, 7-16 anos, em situação de vulnerabilidade, que viviam com a família ou em instituições de acolhimento. Foram utilizados: entrevista estruturada, Inventário de Eventos Estressores, Escala de Afeto e Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida. Os resultados mostraram que os participantes das famílias vivenciaram menos eventos estressores, estavam mais satisfeitos com a família e com o self, vivenciaram menos afeto negativo e mais positivo, quando comparados aos institucionalizados. No entanto, o grupo do acolhimento preservou a satisfação com a escola e com as amizades e, ao mesmo tempo, aumentou a satisfação com o self e self comparado ao longo do tempo, possivelmente devido aos cuidados recebidos no acolhimento e ao afastamento das situações adversas na família. Subsídios para intervenções são discutidos. / The subjective well-being and stressful life events were investigated transversally (Study I), longitudinally (Study II), and as a group of Attrition (Study III) in a total sample of 1080 participants of both sexes, 7-16 years in a situation of vulnerability, separated in two groups: living with family or out-of-home care institutions. A structured interview, a Stressful Events Inventory, an Affect Scale and a Multidimensional Scale of Life Satisfaction were used. The results showed that living with family group experienced fewer stressful events, were more satisfied with family and their selves, experienced less negative affect, and had more positive, comparing to the institutionalized. However, that group kept the school and friendship satisfaction, and increased satisfaction with self over time. The institutionalization and removal from adverse situations at home may be an explanation for those results. Support interventions are discussed.

O bem-estar subjetivo e eventos de vida estressores foram investigados transversalmente (Estudo I), longitudinalmente (Estudo II) e como grupo de Attrition (Estudo III) com 1080 participantes de ambos os sexos, 7-16 anos, em situação de vulnerabilidade, que viviam com a família ou em instituições de acolhimento. Foram utilizados: entrevista estruturada, Inventário de Eventos Estressores, Escala de Afeto e Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida. Os resultados mostraram que os participantes das famílias vivenciaram menos eventos estressores, estavam mais satisfeitos com a família e com o self, vivenciaram menos afeto negativo e mais positivo, quando comparados aos institucionalizados. No entanto, o grupo do acolhimento preservou a satisfação com a escola e com as amizades e, ao mesmo tempo, aumentou a satisfação com o self e self comparado ao longo do tempo, possivelmente devido aos cuidados recebidos no acolhimento e ao afastamento das situações adversas na família. Subsídios para intervenções são discutidos. / The subjective well-being and stressful life events were investigated transversally (Study I), longitudinally (Study II), and as a group of Attrition (Study III) in a total sample of 1080 participants of both sexes, 7-16 years in a situation of vulnerability, separated in two groups: living with family or out-of-home care institutions. A structured interview, a Stressful Events Inventory, an Affect Scale and a Multidimensional Scale of Life Satisfaction were used. The results showed that living with family group experienced fewer stressful events, were more satisfied with family and their selves, experienced less negative affect, and had more positive, comparing to the institutionalized. However, that group kept the school and friendship satisfaction, and increased satisfaction with self over time. The institutionalization and removal from adverse situations at home may be an explanation for those results. Support interventions are discussed.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar på vikten av att stötta barn i dygnsvård i deras kontakt med ursprungsfamiljen. Det finns flertalet studier som belyser barnet och ursprungsfamiljens upplevelser av kontakten dem emellan. Hur socialsekreterarna arbetar med kontakten i Sverige är dock inte ett lika utforskat område.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare arbetar med kontakten mellan barn i dygnsplacering och barnets ursprungsfamilj samt vilka risker och skyddsfaktorer de såg med kontakten mellan det dygnsplacerade barnet och dess ursprungsfamilj.Metod: Metoden som användes var kvalitativ där kvalitativa intervjuer samt en fokusgrupp ligger som grund för resultatet.Resultat och slutsats: Socialsekreterarna ansåg att deras arbete kräver en förmåga av att vara kreativ i hur de planerar kontakten samt i deras egna bemötande till ursprungsfamiljen. Det framkom att utöver vårdnadshavare var övriga personer i ursprungsfamiljen bortglömda eller bortprioriterade då kontakten planerades. / Background: Earlier studies show the importance of supporting the contact between children in out-of-home care and their birth-family. There are several studies that highlight the experiences of the contact between children in out-of-home care and their birth-families. How social workers in Sweden work with the contact is an unexplored area.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers manage contact between children in out-of-home care and their birth-family and the risk and safety factors regarding the contact between the child in out-of-home care and its birth-family.Method: The basis for the qualitative study were individual interviews and a focus group.Results and conclusion: The social workers considered that their work required an ability to be creative in how they plan the contact between the child and its birth-family and how they respond to the birth-family. The study also demonstrates how others from the birth-family than the child’s parents were forgotten or ignored in the contact planning.

No description available.

The aim of this study is to contribute to an understanding of the need for collaboration in creating education plans and school placements for children and youth placed in out-of-home care. By interviewing nine representatives from social services, the municipal education department and primary and secondary schools, this study addresses tensions that arise in school planning in the critical phases for this target group: prior to placement in out-of-home-care and upon return home.Previous studies have found that children and youth placed in out-of-home care receive insufficient support for their education, and that collaboration functions better when the collaboration is well-anchored in organizational management, but worse, at an operational level, when there is less understanding of the collaborating partners’ competences and guidelines. This study has used the theory of institutional logics as a framework to highlight the material practices (routines and role descriptions) and symbolic constructions (intentions and values) that constitute each institution’s motive for organizational collaboration in providing schooling for children and youth in out-of-home-care. Through qualitative semi-structured interviews inspired by narrative method, it has emerged that social services are driven by an urgent logic, the education department by a judicial logic and the schools by both a pragmatic and a holistic logic. By creating procedures based on the interviewees' statements regarding prioritized tasks, the framework of institutional logics has clarified the tensions that arise when contrasting logics compete in the critical phases of child and youth placement. These tensions consist of a dichotomy between care and education, neither party seeing the entirety of the needs of the clients/students and shortcomings in communication. This study has also highlighted the presence of institutional voids in the collaboration process. There are elements in collaboration that the parties cannot influence, such as laws and guidelines on confidentiality, approaches to guardians of children and youth in placement as well as difficulties in collaborating with other municipalities as each one has different routines and expectations. / Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om samverkan kring planering av skolgång och skolbyte för placerade barn och unga. Genom intervjuer med nio representanter från socialtjänst, utbildningsförvaltning och skola har denna studie kunnat presentera de spänningar som uppstår i planerandet av skolgång i de särskilt kritiska faserna inför en placering och när placerade flyttar hem igen.  Tidigare studier har funnit att placerade barn och unga inte får de förutsättningar de behöver för att klara skolan och att samverkan fungerar bättre när det är väl förankrat i ledningen men sämre på verksamhetsnivå där det finns mindre kunskap om samverkansparternas befogenheter och riktlinjer. Studien har använt teorin om institutionella logiker som teoretiskt ramverk för att synliggöra de materiella praxis (rutiner och rollbeskrivningar) och symboliska konstruktioner (intentioner och ingångsvärden) som utgör var samverkansparts rationalitet och motiv till samverkan inom det organisatoriska fält som är planering av skolgång för placerade barn och unga. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med inspiration av narrativ metod och tematisk analys har det framkommit att socialtjänsten drivs av en akut logik, utbildningsförvaltningen av en rättslig logik och skolan av både en pragmatisk och en holistisk logik. Genom att skapa gångordningar utifrån intervjupersonernas utsagor om prioriterade arbetsuppgifter i samverkan har logikerna kunnat synliggöra de spänningar som uppstår när logikerna möts i de kritiska faserna. Dessa spänningarna består av en dikotomi mellan behandling och utbildning, att ingen av parterna ser helheten i placerades ärenden och att det brister när det kommer till överlämning av information till varandra. Genom det teoretiska begreppet institutionella vakuum har studien synliggjort att det finns element inom samverkan som parterna inte kan påverka. Det gäller till exempel frågor om lagar och riktlinjer kring sekretess, förhållningssätt till vårdnadshavare samt svårigheten att samverka med externa kommuner när alla kommuner har olika rutiner och förväntningar.

Återförening är en del av det sociala arbetets uppgifter och är en förutsättning för att föräldrar och deras placerade barn ska kunna återförenas. Trots detta, är återförening ett outforskat eller ett begränsat område. Syftet med denna studie har därför varit att undersöka återförening med hjälp av två forskningsfrågor. Metoden som har använts är en scoping-review av 15 peer-reviewed artiklar. Det första syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som begränsar eller möjliggör återförening mellan föräldrar och deras placerade barn. Studiens resultat visar att föräldrar, familjehemsföräldrar och socialarbetare är faktorer som både utgör hinder och möjligheter till en återförening. Det andra syftet var att undersöka vilka olika stödformer som främjar kontakten mellan föräldrar och deras familjehemsplacerade barn. Studiens resultat visade att det krävs känslomässigt och praktiskt stöd till föräldrar för att kunna hålla kontakt med sina placerade barn. Föräldrar som har kontakt med sina barn ökar enbart inte sannolikheten för en återförening, utan är även viktig för både föräldrars och barns välbefinnande, oavsett placering. Forskningen visade att det ofta var svårt för föräldrar att hålla kontakt med sina barn av flera olika anledningar. Socialarbetare behöver både öka sin förståelse för föräldrar till familjehemsplacerade barn och samarbeta med olika aktörer. Trots resultatet har det blivit tydligt att föräldrar till familjehemsplacerade barn och återförening är ett område som kräver ytterligare forskning. Detta för att belysa föräldrar och belysa vilka faktorer socialarbetare behöver arbeta med för att leva upp till sina uppdrag. / Reunification is one of the tasks of social work and is a prerequisite for the reunification of parents and their children in care. Despite this, reunification is an unexplored or limited area. The aim of this study has therefore been to investigate reunification by means of two research questions. The method used is a scoping review of 15 peer-reviewed articles. The first aim of the study was to investigate the factors that limit or enable reunification between parents and their placed children. The results of the study show that parents, foster parents and social workers are factors that constitute both obstacles and opportunities for reunification. The second aim was to investigate the different forms of support that promote contact between parents and their children in foster care. The results of the study showed that parents need emotional and practical support to maintain contact with their foster children. Parents having contact with their children not only increases the likelihood of reunification, but is also important for the well-being of both parents and children, regardless of placement. The research showed that it was often difficult for parents to maintain contact with their children for a variety of reasons. Social workers need to both increase their understanding of parents of children in foster care and collaborate with different stakeholders. Despite the findings, it has become clear that parents of foster children and reunification is an area that requires further research. This is to shed light on parents and highlight what factors social workers need to work with to fulfill their mission.

No / Existing research on the impact of growing up in care focuses upon either the care experience itself or the period of transition from care to independence. Our knowledge of outcomes largely ceases when former residents of the care system reach their early twenties. There are strong social justice reasons for extending research into the older adult lives of such young people. We know a great deal about the multiple disadvantages that such individuals face as children. But research is largely silent about their subsequent adult lives. While we must be cautious in drawing causal links to the childhood care experience as the time period since life in care extends, we know that early experiences can affect care-leavers across their life coursejust as childhood experience affects all adults in a variety of ways. In this review, we highlight evidence drawn from research in Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and the United States, with particular attention paid to the first two of those countries. We use a wide range of sources and identify areas for further consideration, including access to personal records, mental health, education, and parenting. By doing so, we seek to open up this area for further research with the hope that such research will lead to an increasing recognition of care-leavers' needs and thus to improvements in social policy and service provision.

The aim of this study was to examine whether certain background variables (sex, age group, reasons for placement, amount of problems, involuntary placement/voluntary placement) affect the probability of children/youths being placed in emergency homes (jourhem) and whether these variables correlate with the occurrence of placement breakdown. The material consists of 445 requests for children/youths to be placed in emergency homes in six municipalities within the Stockholm region during a three-year-period (2016-2018). Frequency tables, cross tables and simple and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data and Bronfenbrenner's theory of developmental ecology was used as the theoretical framework. Results show that emergency homes differ from other types of placement in some regards: behavioral problems reduced the probability of placement occurring significantly compared to problems relating to the parent's abilities as a caregiver. Youths had a significantly higher risk for placement breakdown than children. Involuntary care reduced the likelihood of placement occurring and increased the risk for placement breakdown compared to voluntary placement. The prevalence of placement breakdowns was similar to the figures found in prior research on other forms of placements. The implications for social work and the need for further research is discussed.

The dissertation analyses access to welfare resources within the areas of schooling, leisure and peer relations for youth in out of home care. The study was conducted in three counties in mid Sweden and is a replication of the recurrent Swedish surveys of living condition of children in general populations. By using the same design, children aged 13–18 (n=272) in foster care and residential care were approached. Throughout the analysis results are compared with conditions for peers living at home, based on data from the 2004/2005 survey on living conditions for children (Child-ULF). Furthermore the results are linked to the young people’s experience of psychosomatic complaints and emotional wellbeing and discussed within the theoretical framework of childhood sociology. Questions regarding society’s ability to convey resources to youth while in care as well as young persons’ potential to exercise determination while in care are also discussed. The study shows that youth in care in general have access to fewer resources than those in general populations in the studied areas. For youth in residential care the differences compared to peers living at home are substantial, while conditions for youth in foster care are more alike those of young people in general. Youth in residential care have fewer school related resources and fewer contacts with friends than peers living at home. Youth in foster and residential care are more subjected to bullying than the general population. The overall conclusions are that society, in the form of foster parents and residential staff fails in certain areas to convey resources to youth in care. The young people’s lack of resources poses limitations to their potential to exercise self-determination while in care. The study points out areas where targeted efforts might be needed to improve the living conditions for youth in out of home care and perhaps broaden their potential to exercise self-determination while in care as well as after. / Välfärd i samhällsvården? En levnadsnivåundersökning av barn och ungdomar i socialtjänstens dygnsvård