The purpose of this study was to understand how becoming a physical education teacher is shaped by personally and socially constructed knowledge and is affected by the rules and resources of the structural systems in which physical education teacher education (PETE) takes place. The study was influenced by the traditions of Personal Construct Theory (Kelly 1955), the theoretical tenets of social constructionism (Gergen 1991), and Giddens’s work on structuration (1984) and self-identity (1991). Ten PETE students participated in the study over almost three years. They undertook repertory grid sessions periodically through their study, followed by ‘learning conversations’, in which the grid itself was discussed, reworked and collaboratively analysed. All conversations were audio taped and were fully transcribed. The data were analysed in three ways, all of which were used to construct a story of the study. First, the grids were analysed for patterns, consistencies across students and for consistencies within students. These grids provided the first level story that related to constructions of knowledge. These constructions were then content analysed using analysis categories developed from Gergen’s notion of the saturated self and Giddens’ ideas of identity in late modernity. These analyses represented what Giddens calls a double hermeneutic since to all intents and purposes, the story of the study was constructed from the participants’ constructions of what it is to be a physical education teacher. The data suggests that during the process of constructing professional knowledge the student experienced a series of dilemmas of professional self-identity. It seems that to become a PE teacher, the dilemmas must be worked through until a position of what Giddens calls ontologist security has been achieved. Some students in this study had not managed to reach such a point before they left university and entered the teaching profession. In spite of this, the methods of the study allowed the participants to begin to articulate their theories and visions of teaching physical education. The therapeutic qualities of Kelly’s theory encouraged a number of the students to ‘see it differently’ (Rossi, 1997) and to begin to develop a rationale for physical education based on educational practice that considers the needs of individuals and the promotion of a socially just community. I have argued however that this ‘critical’ approach to physical education pedagogy was considered risky and as such students who were prepared to engage in such risk strategies also had other strategic relational selves (Gergen, 1991) to minimise risk at key times during their teacher education.

<p>I den empiriska undersökning har fem idrottslärare intervjuats om vad det innebär att vara</p><p>idrottslärare i dagens skola. För att genomföra undersökningen används kvalitativa</p><p>intervjuer för att kunna komma mer på djupet och förstå hur lärarna tänker, dels angående</p><p>arbetet som lärare i stort och dels arbetet som just idrottslärare.</p><p>Alla fem lärarna är tvåämneslärare och alla jobbar i arbetslag. De har ungefär samma struktur</p><p>på sina idrottslektioner. Däremot skiljer de sig lite när man tittar på betygsbedömningen. Fyra</p><p>av lärarna utgår ifrån de nationella och de lokala betygskriterierna, medan en inte gör det, för</p><p>han anser inte att det befintliga betygssystemet är objektivt.</p><p>Svaren från intervjuerna har jag kopplat till de förändringar som skett i skolan under de</p><p>senaste 25 åren. Detta för att se hur många av förändringarna som är genomförda i praktiken.</p>

I den empiriska undersökning har fem idrottslärare intervjuats om vad det innebär att vara idrottslärare i dagens skola. För att genomföra undersökningen används kvalitativa intervjuer för att kunna komma mer på djupet och förstå hur lärarna tänker, dels angående arbetet som lärare i stort och dels arbetet som just idrottslärare. Alla fem lärarna är tvåämneslärare och alla jobbar i arbetslag. De har ungefär samma struktur på sina idrottslektioner. Däremot skiljer de sig lite när man tittar på betygsbedömningen. Fyra av lärarna utgår ifrån de nationella och de lokala betygskriterierna, medan en inte gör det, för han anser inte att det befintliga betygssystemet är objektivt. Svaren från intervjuerna har jag kopplat till de förändringar som skett i skolan under de senaste 25 åren. Detta för att se hur många av förändringarna som är genomförda i praktiken.

Background There are concerns over the low proportion of young people in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA] who regularly participate in physical activity [PA] (Al-Hazzaa, 2004; Al-Hazzaa, et al., 2011). Schools have a unique opportunity to promote PA and provide adequate PA opportunities for young people via the formal/informal curriculum, school sports programmes, and out-of-hours PA (Dobbins et al., 2009). However, implementing effective PA promotion programmes in schools is a challenge and requires consideration of a range of factors. In Saudi Arabia context, the secondary boys school PE programme comprises two main elements: 1) the PE curriculum which is compulsory for all students and includes one 45 minute PE lesson per week; 2) the extra-curricular programme which is optional and comprises the Internal Physical Activity Programme (IPAP) and the External Physical Activity Programme (EPAP). The IPAP activities occur during breaks between lessons whilst the EPAP takes place after school. Both are delivered by PE teachers. Research Aims The aims of this study were: 1) To investigate the nature and extent of the promotion of PA in boys secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. 2) To explore physical education teachers perspectives on the promotion of PA in boys secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. 3) To identify the factors that influence the promotion of PA in boys secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework for the study was based on Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1997) which presumes that PA behaviour is influenced by: personal characteristics; behavioural factors; and environmental factors. In addition, the Active School model (Cale, 1997; Cale & Harrris, 2005) was utilised as a conceptual framework, guiding the investigation of PA promotion within schools and the analysis of data. Methodology In order to investigate the research questions, a two phased mixed method (Creswell, 2009) research project was carried out. Phase one involved a detailed survey questionnaire, informed by the Active School model, which was designed to gather information about PE teachers policies, practices and views with respect to the promotion of PA. The questionnaire s validity was enhanced via a number of Saudi experts who confirmed its appropriateness for use in the Saudi context. Moreover, a pilot study was undertaken to obtain valuable feedback relating to the format, content and clarity of both the survey questionnaire and interview schedule before the main study. The questionnaire was distributed to all secondary boys schools in Riyadh in KSA (N=181 schools). The response rate was 52%. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 was employed in the analysis of the data. Phase two involved semi-structured interviews. Prior to conducting these, the interview schedule was piloted at one secondary school. Six PE teachers drawn from the survey sample were interviewed and the interview data were then transcribed and analysed using MAXQD10 software. Research Findings The survey revealed that two thirds of the secondary boys schools had a plan or policy for the promotion of PA, and almost 70% of PE teachers thought that their school significantly contributed to the promotion of PA. Games activities (e.g. football) dominated the PE curriculum, and the majority of schools also organised inter-school games competitions (e.g. league). In contrast, exercise and fitness-related activities (e.g. circuit training) were less common within the schools PE curricula. The PE curriculum was viewed by the teachers as the most important avenue to promote PA, followed by the IPAP and EPAP (95%, 91% and 73% respectively). Sports/activity facilities varied between schools, particularly in terms of indoor facilities, and over half of the PE teachers considered their indoor and outdoor facilities to be inadequate for promoting PA (54% and 57% respectively). The vast majority (90.3%) of the schools did not offer PA opportunities to parents/families. Furthermore, three quarters of the teachers expressed a need for professional development specifically in the area of PA promotion. On a positive note, headteachers and local PE supervisors were reported to be supportive of efforts to promote PA in the schools and provided support for both the IPAP and EPAP. All PE teachers, who were interviewed, considered the time allocated to PE programme to be insufficient for promoting PA amongst pupils. Further, some teachers viewed PE lessons as time off from serious school subjects and entertaining time . Most teachers reported that parents considered PE as unimportant and/or playtime . Discussion/Conclusion PE teachers views on role of schools in the promotion of PA were generally positive. The ways in which the teachers practiced the promotion of PA varied and maybe have been due to their narrow understanding of the whole school approach to PA promotion. The teachers focused on the PE curriculum and the PE extra-curricular programmes as the main avenues through which to promote PA within their schools, and gave less attention to other avenues such as the whole school environment. Almost all of the teachers had a sporting philosophy for PE leading them to privilege competitive sports. Although the teachers reported to have support from head teachers and local PE supervisors, many schools were not as conducive to PA promotion as they could be due to the narrow range of physical opportunities on offer, and the teachers lack of relevant professional development, the limited sports facilities and the insufficient maintenance of these. In addition, the status of, and time allocated to PE were found to be an issue influencing the promotion of PA in schools. It was concluded that actions could be taken to broaden PA promotion within Saudi schools. For example, policy update and development for PA promotion could be improved to address clothing and changing, traffic/transport, and playground bullying; establish links with outside sports agencies and professionals; and increase PA opportunities before or after school, or at weekends. The findings suggest that if the descriptor comprehensive which is widely used to distinguish whole school approaches from curriculum-only models of PA promotion is to be fully realised, schools need to make a clear and explicit effort to promote PA within the social/cultural environment. Further that research is needed on the social and cultural values, norms and perspectives affecting PA promotion in schools.

The purpose of my study was to examine how teachers in physical education experience different frame factors impact on their outdoor education and their choice of didactic approach. My study is based on Lundgren´s frame factor theory and Peitersen´s didactic learning model. I have used a qualitative research method to answer my questions. I have been using semi-structured interviews to interview six PE teachers who all teach at high school level. Based on my results we see that the teachers experience teaching hours and class sizes as the frame factors that mainly affect the outdoor education. Teachers often choose to split up the outdoor activities into sequences in order to achieve better learning. Based on my results the report concludes that the teachers experience outdoor education as a major part of physical education. They consider the organizational framework to be strenuous and to be something that requires careful didactic planning. / Syftet med min studie har varit att undersöka hur lärare i idrott och hälsa upplever olika ramfaktorers inverkan på sin friluftsundervisning samt deras val av didaktiskt tillvägagångssätt. Min studie lutar sig mot Lundgrens (1989) ramfaktorsteori samt Peitersens (2001) didaktiska inlärningsmodell. För att besvara mina frågeställningar har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod används. Jag har med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer intervjuat sex idrottslärare som alla jobbar på högstadiet. Utifrån mina resultat ser man att idrottslärarna upplever undervisningstiden och klasstorlekarna som de ramfaktorer som påverkar friluftsundervisningen i störst grad. Lärarna väljer ofta en deluppbyggnadsundervisning när de ska lära ut friluftsliv i skolan. Utifrån mina resultat är uppsatsens slutsats att idrottslärarna upplever friluftsundervisningen som en stor del av ämnet. De anser att de organisatoriska ramarna är påfrestande och kräver en noga didaktisk planering.

A school classroom is a complex, dynamic social system. As the formal and informal norms and rules of classroom behaviour evolve, a stable socio-psychological climate is created. Teachers frequently speak of a classroom's climate, atmosphere, tone or ambience and consider it to be both important in its own right and influential on student learning. Classroom climate is considered a useful criterion variable for evaluating the instructional and learning process. It helps educators to understand the social, emotional and psychological dimensions in classroom life. Over the past two decades, researchers have produced numerous studies attesting to the importance of classroom climate in mediating cognitive and affective outcomes. The three common approaches to studying classroom environment involve systematic observation, case studies and assessing student and teacher perceptions. Perceptual measures were used in this study. Although important educational climate work has been undertaken by researchers interested in a variety of school subject areas, very little research has been done on the classroom climate of physical education classes. The ultimate aim of the study was to derive knowledge of and insight into the classroom climate in physical education classes. To realise this goal the following aims were set for this study: To conceptualise and identify the determinants that decide classroom climate enhancement in general and specifically PE-classes by means of a literature study. To measure the reliability and validity of a suitable instrument to measure the classroom climate in PE-classes. To determine the classroom climate by means of the suitable measuring instrument. To achieve the first aim of the study an empirical literature survey was conducted where classroom climate was conceptualised and specific determinants were identified which could influence classroom climate in general and the classroom climate in PE-classes specifically. To achieve the second aim, a pilot study was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of an adjusted form of the CES (CES-PE) and the ML-LO to be used in PE classes. Reliability and validity of the CES-PE and ML-LO to be used in PE settings, were proved. To achieve the third aim of the study a questionnaire study was conducted on 1178 pupils and 22 teachers in 11 schools of the Northwest and Gauteng provinces. The pupils included in the study ranged from standards 6 to 9. The results of the empirical research were as follows: The classroom climate experienced in PE-classes was regarded as being very positive. The PE teacher perceived the classroom climate in a more positive light than the pupils. There were no major differences between boys and girls of the classroom climate experienced. There were no major differences between the different standards of the classroom climate experienced. Some determinants that could influence classroom climate in PE-classes were measured with the ML-LO. Results thereof were that the pupils regarded the PE-teacher, PE-uniform, the status of PE, the use of PE in the school programme and the availability of PE-apparatus positively. There were some negative aspects, the main one being that there was not sufficient time to undress and dress and for hygiene care after PE-classes. The PE-teachers completed an additional questionnaire (MO-LO) to gather their views on certain aspects in PE classes. Two main findings came to light: firstly that PE-teachers regard themselves as being well equipped to teach PE at school and, secondly, that the main goal of the PE-teacher is to make PE-classes enjoyable and thereby foster a positive attitude towards physical activities and sport in the pupils. The following recommendation resulting from this research was considered to be the most important: There is a vast necessity for further research to be done in the RSA with regard to the creation of a positive classroom climate in secondary schools, especially in light of the new education policies. This aspect can be addressed by including courses in classroom climate at tertiary education centres. / Proefskrif (PhD (Menslike Bewegingskunde))--PU vir CHO, 1995

A school classroom is a complex, dynamic social system. As the formal and informal norms and rules of classroom behaviour evolve, a stable socio-psychological climate is created. Teachers frequently speak of a classroom's climate, atmosphere, tone or ambience and consider it to be both important in its own right and influential on student learning. Classroom climate is considered a useful criterion variable for evaluating the instructional and learning process. It helps educators to understand the social, emotional and psychological dimensions in classroom life. Over the past two decades, researchers have produced numerous studies attesting to the importance of classroom climate in mediating cognitive and affective outcomes. The three common approaches to studying classroom environment involve systematic observation, case studies and assessing student and teacher perceptions. Perceptual measures were used in this study. Although important educational climate work has been undertaken by researchers interested in a variety of school subject areas, very little research has been done on the classroom climate of physical education classes. The ultimate aim of the study was to derive knowledge of and insight into the classroom climate in physical education classes. To realise this goal the following aims were set for this study: To conceptualise and identify the determinants that decide classroom climate enhancement in general and specifically PE-classes by means of a literature study. To measure the reliability and validity of a suitable instrument to measure the classroom climate in PE-classes. To determine the classroom climate by means of the suitable measuring instrument. To achieve the first aim of the study an empirical literature survey was conducted where classroom climate was conceptualised and specific determinants were identified which could influence classroom climate in general and the classroom climate in PE-classes specifically. To achieve the second aim, a pilot study was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of an adjusted form of the CES (CES-PE) and the ML-LO to be used in PE classes. Reliability and validity of the CES-PE and ML-LO to be used in PE settings, were proved. To achieve the third aim of the study a questionnaire study was conducted on 1178 pupils and 22 teachers in 11 schools of the Northwest and Gauteng provinces. The pupils included in the study ranged from standards 6 to 9. The results of the empirical research were as follows: The classroom climate experienced in PE-classes was regarded as being very positive. The PE teacher perceived the classroom climate in a more positive light than the pupils. There were no major differences between boys and girls of the classroom climate experienced. There were no major differences between the different standards of the classroom climate experienced. Some determinants that could influence classroom climate in PE-classes were measured with the ML-LO. Results thereof were that the pupils regarded the PE-teacher, PE-uniform, the status of PE, the use of PE in the school programme and the availability of PE-apparatus positively. There were some negative aspects, the main one being that there was not sufficient time to undress and dress and for hygiene care after PE-classes. The PE-teachers completed an additional questionnaire (MO-LO) to gather their views on certain aspects in PE classes. Two main findings came to light: firstly that PE-teachers regard themselves as being well equipped to teach PE at school and, secondly, that the main goal of the PE-teacher is to make PE-classes enjoyable and thereby foster a positive attitude towards physical activities and sport in the pupils. The following recommendation resulting from this research was considered to be the most important: There is a vast necessity for further research to be done in the RSA with regard to the creation of a positive classroom climate in secondary schools, especially in light of the new education policies. This aspect can be addressed by including courses in classroom climate at tertiary education centres. / Proefskrif (PhD (Menslike Bewegingskunde))--PU vir CHO, 1995

Teaching in outdoor recreation has long been an obvious part of the school, especially in the field of sports and health. In the new school reform, Lgr 11, outdoor life has more space than previous curricula. The purpose of the study is to investigate what sports teachers say about how they teach in outdoor life and to investigate what factors affect teaching in outdoor life. The result shows that all the sports teachers who participated in the survey think it is positive that outdoor life has been given a more significant role in the new curriculum, but the say that there is less outdoor life in their teaching than they wish. The biggest factors that influence their teaching in outdoor life are knowledge, time and school location. / Undervisning inom friluftsliv har sedan länge varit en självklar del i skolan, framför allt i ämnet idrott och hälsa. I den nya läroplanen, Lgr 11, har friluftsliv mer utrymme än i tidigare läroplaner. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad idrottslärare säger om hur de undervisar i friluftsliv samt undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar undervisningen inom friluftsliv. Resultatet visar att samtliga idrottslärare som deltagit i undersökningen tycker att det är positivt att friluftsliv har fått en mer betydande roll i den nya läroplanen men säger att det förekommer mindre friluftsliv i deras undervisning än vad de önskar. De största faktorerna som påverkar deras undervisning i friluftsliv är kunskap, tid och skolans läge.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka nyexaminerade lärares upplevelser av undervisning i skolämnet idrott och hälsa. Detta undersöktes genom att intervjua dem om deras upplevelser när det kommer till yttre och inre faktorer som påverkar den didaktiska förmågan, hur respondenterna undervisar samt vilka undervisningsmetoder dem förhåller sig till i undervisningen. Frågeställningar är följande: - Vilka faktorer upplever lärare påverkar deras didaktiska förmåga? - Hur undervisar läraren i idrott och hälsa? - Hur förhåller sig lärare i idrott och hälsa till undervisningsstilar? Metod Metoden som valdes för studien var en kvalitativ ansats. Detta genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer av sex nyexaminerade lärare. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med hjälp av kommunikationsföretaget Zoom Video Communications (Zoom). Inspelningarna gjordes både via Zoom och mobilen för att säkerställa att inget tappades bort. Varje intervju transkriberades, analyserades och användes sedan i resultatdelen. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt användes Gun Imsens indelning av ramfaktorteorin, Jank och Meyers modell om ramfaktorteorin och Muska Mosstons spektrum av undervisningsstilar. Resultat Intervjuerna visade (1) att lärarna i idrott och hälsa anser att de yttre faktorerna till övervägande del påverkar deras didaktiska förmåga i jämförelse med inre faktorer. (2) Lektionernas innehåll, sekvensering, organisering och undervisningsmetoder styrs till större delen av vilken elevgrupp läraren arbetar med. Lektionsplaneringarna verkar bli lidande till följd av tidsaspekten. (3) De lärarcentrerade undervisningsstilarna var mest förekommande, men samtidigt eftersträvades en variation i undervisningen. Slutsats Respondenterna som alla är nyexaminerade idrottslärare verkar överlag arbeta på ett relativt likartat sätt. De ramfaktorer som till större del lyftes fram av lärarna var de administrativa och resursrelaterade ramarna. Resultatet går dock inte att generaliseras över en större grupp idrottslärare, föreliggande studie bör istället anses vara en överblick över de sex respondenter som deltog i föreliggande intervjustudie. / Aim and researsch questions The aim of this study is to examine newly graduated PE teachers ́ experiences of teaching. The teachers where interviewed about their experiences when it comes to internal and external factors that affects the didactic ability, how the respondents teach and how they relate to teaching methods. Research questions: - What factors do teachers experience affect their didactic ability? - How does the teacher teach physical education? - How do PE teachers relate to teaching styles? Method A qualitative approach was chosen for conducting the study. Six newly examined PE teachers were interviewed. The method was semi structured interviews. We used the teleconferencing software program Zoom Video Communications (Zoom) to ensure nothing was lost. The mobile phone where also used during the recordings. All six interviews were transcribed, analyzed and used in the result section. The theoretical starting points of the study are Imsens group division of frame factors, Jank and Meyers model and Muska Mosstons spectrum of teaching styles. Results The results showed (1) that the respondents ́ experienced the external factors predominantly affected their didactic ability in comparison with the internal factors. (2) The content, sequencing, organization and teaching styles of the lessons are for the most in control by which group of students the teacher work with. The plan of the lesson seems to be suffering as a result of the time limitations. (3) The teacher-centered teaching styles were most common, but at the same time a variety of teaching was sought. Conclusions The study shows that the respondents generally work in a relatively similar way. The framefactors that ́s mostly highlighted by the PE teachers were the administrative and resource-related frameworks. However, results can ́t be generalized over a larger group of PE teachers, the present study should instead be considered as an overview of the six respondents who participated in our interview study.

Momentet dans har enligt tidigare forskning inte så hög status i skolan trots att den har en givenplats i läroplanen. Samtidigt visar även forskning på att intresset för dans bland ungdomar ökar.Syftet med studien är att undersöka idrottslärares och idrottslärarstudenters perspektiv påmomentet dans i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Den här studien har genomförts med hjälp avsemistrukturerade intervjuer med två idrottslärare och tre idrottslärarstudenter.Resultatet visade på att digitala verktyg är ett användbart hjälpmedel när det kommer tillplanering och undervisning kring dans. För att få eleverna mer intresserade av ämnet dans visaräven resultatet på att det är viktigt att lärarna väljer musik som har en tydlig takt som passareleverna. När det kommer till val av undervisningsform visar resultatet även på att de intervjuadeidrottslärarna och idrottslärarstudenterna gärna använder/kommer använda sig av egenskapandedanser i undervinsnigen. / Dance does not have a high status in school, despite the fact that it has a given place in thecurriculum and that research shows that dance does not get as much space in education.Research also shows that interest in dance among young people is increasing.The purpose of the study is to examine the perspectives of physical education teachers andphysical education students on the element of dance in the subject of Physical education andhealth. This study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with two physicaleducation teachers and three physical education students. The results show that digital toolsare a useful implement when it comes to planning and teaching about dance. To get thestudents more interested and to help the students in the teaching, the results also show that itis important that the teachers choose music that has a clear tempo which suits the students.When it comes to choosing a form of teaching, the results also show that the interviewedphysical education teachers and physical education students are willingly to use/will use owncreated dances.