本研究透過個案研究，運用資料包絡分析法(DEA)的評估方式，分析製藥業在不同生命週期及通路上資源分配之行銷策略與銷售績效之關聯性。研究結果發現： 一、不同生命週期「成長期」、「成熟期」及「衰退期」產品，其整體銷售技術效率、純銷售技術效率與銷售規模效率之差異，均達統計上之顯著水準。「成長期」產品效率值最差、「成熟期」產品效率值次之、「衰退期」產品效率值最佳。 二、不同生命週期產品在主要銷售通路醫學中心、醫院、診所與藥房的銷售比重不同。「成長期」與「成熟期」產品的主要銷售通路均在醫學中心，而「衰退期」產品的主要銷售通路在藥房。其銷售績效差異在醫學中心與藥房通路，衰退期產品與成熟期、或成長期產品比較，均達到統計上之顯著差異水準，但在醫院與診所通路的銷售績效，三類產品族群的差異就不明顯。 三、個案藥廠對其主要銷售的藥品，雖然都有非常明確的個別產品銷售策略與目標，但差額變數分析結果顯示，仍有部份產品在資源分配及運用上，可以加以改善以提高銷售績效。 / This research is conducted using Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) assessment method to analyze the particular pharmaceutical company on the association between marketing strategy and sales performance with different life-cycle products and sales channels. The results are as follows: 1.Sales performance appears significant differences among different life-cycle products with respect to the overall technical efficiency、pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. The results revealed that products in「Growth Stage」had the worst efficiency performances, 「Maturity Stage」products placed the second, and「Decline Stage」products were the best. 2.Sales weight differs from different life-cycle products in the major sales channels of medical centers, hospitals, general practitioners and drug stores. The main sales channel of「Growth Stage」and「Maturity Stage」products are in medical centers；while「Decline Stage」products are in drug stores. Statistics showed that the sales performance differed substantially when the three different life-cycle products were distributed to sell in medical centers and drug stores; however, the results were not as evident in hospitals and general practitioners channels. 3.Although the case pharmaceutical company has very clear sales strategies and goals for its individual products, the analytical results showed some changes could be made to improve sales performance.

La « conception pour la fabrication » ou DFM (Design for Manufacturing) est une méthode maintenant classique pour assurer lors de la conception des produits simultanément la faisabilité, la qualité et le rendement de la production. Dans l'industrie microélectronique, le Design Rule Manual (DRM) a bien fonctionné jusqu'à la technologie 250nm avec la prise en compte des variations systématiques dans les règles et/ou des modèles basés sur l'analyse des causes profondes, mais au-delà de cette technologie, des limites ont été atteintes en raison de l'incapacité à sasir les corrélations entre variations spatiales. D'autre part, l'évolution rapide des produits et des technologies contraint à une mise à jour « dynamique » des DRM en fonction des améliorations trouvées dans les fabs. Dans ce contexte les contributions de thèse sont (i) une définition interdisciplinaire des AMDEC et analyse de risques pour contribuer aux défis du DFM dynamique, (ii) un modèle MAM (mapping and alignment model) de localisation spatiale pour les données de tests, (iii) un référentiel de données basé sur une ontologie ROMMII (referential ontology Meta model for information integration) pour effectuer le mapping entre des données hétérogènes issues de sources variées et (iv) un modèle SPM (spatial positioning model) qui vise à intégrer les facteurs spatiaux dans les méthodes DFM de la microélectronique, pour effectuer une analyse précise et la modélisation des variations spatiales basées sur l'exploitation dynamique des données de fabrication avec des volumétries importantes. / The DFM (design for manufacturing) methods are used during technology alignment and adoption processes in the semiconductor industry (SI) for manufacturability and yield assessments. These methods have worked well till 250nm technology for the transformation of systematic variations into rules and/or models based on the single-source data analyses, but beyond this technology they have turned into ineffective R&D efforts. The reason for this is our inability to capture newly emerging spatial variations. It has led an exponential increase in technology lead times and costs that must be addressed; hence, objectively in this thesis we are focused on identifying and removing causes associated with the DFM ineffectiveness. The fabless, foundry and traditional integrated device manufacturer (IDM) business models are first analyzed to see coherence against a recent shift in business objectives from time-to-market (T2M) and time-to-volume towards (T2V) towards ramp-up rate. The increasing technology lead times and costs are identified as a big challenge in achieving quick ramp-up rates; hence, an extended IDM (e-IDM) business model is proposed to support quick ramp-up rates which is based on improving the DFM ineffectiveness followed by its smooth integration. We have found (i) single-source analyses and (ii) inability to exploit huge manufacturing data volumes as core limiting factors (failure modes) towards DFM ineffectiveness during technology alignment and adoption efforts within an IDM. The causes for single-source root cause analysis are identified as the (i) varying metrology reference frames and (ii) test structures orientations that require wafer rotation prior to the measurements, resulting in varying metrology coordinates (die/site level mismatches). A generic coordinates mapping and alignment model (MAM) is proposed to remove these die/site level mismatches, however to accurately capture the emerging spatial variations, we have proposed a spatial positioning model (SPM) to perform multi-source parametric correlation based on the shortest distance between respective test structures used to measure the parameters. The (i) unstructured model evolution, (ii) ontology issues and (iii) missing links among production databases are found as causes towards our inability to exploit huge manufacturing data volumes. The ROMMII (referential ontology Meta model for information integration) framework is then proposed to remove these issues and enable the dynamic and efficient multi-source root cause analyses. An interdisciplinary failure mode effect analysis (i-FMEA) methodology is also proposed to find cyclic failure modes and causes across the business functions which require generic solutions rather than operational fixes for improvement. The proposed e-IDM, MAM, SPM, and ROMMII framework results in accurate analysis and modeling of emerging spatial variations based on dynamic exploitation of the huge manufacturing data volumes.

The subject of this diploma thesis "The proposal of a marketing plan for a company specialized in information products" is to suggest a system based on the theoretical background that generates the marketing plan from the input data. The important requirement for this system is to respect the specialization of the company, which operates in the field of information products. The thesis contains the detailed proposal of a prototype system, in which the focus is on the user-friendliness and the complexity considering the scale of the issue analyzed. The proposal also contains the possibilities and the limitations which are the results from the mentioned solution. The proposed prototype is implemented successfully. The work also includes the demonstration of all implemented functions and the description of the improvements that lead to its use also in other areas of business than the market of information products.

The thesis contains the theoretical basis for study of possibilities of pricing information goods. The source areas are microeconomics, marketing, competitive advantage and economics of information goods. The model of market is created with constraints defined on the ground of theoretical basis. The thesis analyzes requirements that define the system that supports the choice of pricing strategy. It includes detailed design of the prototype of such system. The prototype is designed with robustness because of the future improvements. The design describes the prototype's input parameters and their transformation into useful outputs that cover basic characteristics of information goods. The designed prototype is implemented. The thesis includes demonstration of the prototype and possible directions for improvements that lead to validity of proposed model of market.

Reverse logistics is an important process that is often misunderstood. Reverse logistics can cause considerable cost, but provide numerous opportunities. Many organisations do not understand the correct processes and procedures to follow and how to manage reverse logistics efficiently. The focus of this study was on best practices in reverse logistics. A best practice framework was developed to help organisations overcome problems and manage their reverse logistics more efficiently. This study adopted a mixed method research approach with both qualitative and quantitative elements. A comprehensive literature study was conducted to develop a conceptual best practice framework in reverse logistics and a survey was conducted to seek inputs from industry in South Africa to refine the framework into a workable instrument in practice. The study concluded that the best practices identified in literature have proven to be important in practice, and applying such practices will enable organisations to manage their reverse logistics more efficiently. / Business Management / M. Com. (Logistics)

Die Nachhaltige Ersatzteilversorgung mit Elektronikkomponenten stellt die Hersteller vieler technischer Systeme vor neue Herausforderungen. Der technologische Wandel im Halbleitermarkt ist so schnelllebig, dass sich die elektronischen Bauelemente oftmals schon beim Start der Serienproduktion des Gesamtsystems im Serienauslauf befinden. Die Automobilindustrie ist von dieser Problematik besonders betroffen, weil sie Fahrzeuge in großen Serien über vergleichsweise lange Zeiträume mit harten Kostenzielen und hohen Qualitätsmaßstäben fertigt und auch nach Serienende mit Ersatzteilen versorgen muss. Die einzelnen Kfz-Elektronikkomponenten durchlaufen dazu im Vorfeld eines Fahrzeugeinsatzes umfangreiche Freigabeuntersuchungen. Die Konfiguration eines Kraftfahrzeugs wird außerdem einer gesetzlichen Typprüfung unterzogen, so dass eine spätere Abwandlung der ursprünglichen Komponenten nicht ohne weiteres zulässig ist. Änderungen an der einzelnen Komponente sind demnach nur noch mit erheblichem Aufwand möglich. Diese Situation zwingt die Automobilhersteller und ihre Zulieferer für Kfz-Elektronik zu neuen Konzepten im Management ihrer Ersatzteilspektren. Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt ein Management-Support-System für das herstellerseitige Ersatzteilmanagement von Kfz-Elektronikkomponenten auf Basis eines integrierten Methoden-, Daten- und Prozessmodells. Ferner werden Fragen der Systemintegration innerhalb eines Unternehmens und entlang der Wertschöpfungskette untersucht. Ersatzteilmanagement wird dazu als Strukturprozess innerhalb des Ersatzteilwesens betrachtet, der die Abwicklungsprozesse der Ersatzteilversorgung gestaltet und die Versorgungsstrategien zur einzelnen Kfz-Elektronikkomponente festlegt. Auf dem Wege der Lösungsfindung werden unterschiedliche Sichtweisen auf die Problematik gewählt. Vorherrschend ist dabei ein systemtechnischer Modellierungsansatz. Als konkrete Modellierungstechnik für das Ersatzteilmanagement-Support-System wird die Unified Modelling Language (UML) in Kombination mit dem ARIS-Unternehmensmodell nach Scheer eingesetzt. Die Praxisrelevanz wird an einem durchgängigem Fallbeispiel nachgewiesen.

Den här rapporten är en studie av textilindustrin. Rapporten ingår i kursen Examensarbete inom industriell produktion som ingår i Civilingenjörsprogrammet Maskinteknik. Studien är relevant i tiden då mycket forskning sker för att lösa de nuvarande respektive framtida problemen. Vi konsumerar mycket textilier, nästan 14 kg per person per år, varav 10kg är bara kläder. En stor mängd av dessa textilier, hela 73 procent, går till spillo istället för att återanvändas eller återvinnas. Samtidigt produceras också många nya textilier med icke-hållbara resurser som bland annat fossila energikällor och giftiga kemikalier, vilka i sin tur har allvarliga effekter på miljön. Produktionskedjan har således en väldigt stor miljöpåverkan. De aspekter som tas upp i studien är därför hållbarhet, återvinning, ekonomiska perspektiv såsom cirkulär ekonomi och konsumentsyn. Studien går även in på material och resurser. Syftet med studien är att delge läsaren kunskap om textiliers kretslopp och problemen som finns inom industrin med hänsyn till miljön. Frågeställningen fokuserar kring hur den ekonomiska lönsamheten bör uppnås inom företag för att ha ett hållbart och cirkulärt system. Litteraturstudie utfördes där det ingick bland annat organisationsrapporter och vetenskapliga rapporter med mera. För att få en verklig uppfattning intervjuades kunniga personer inom den textila branschen. En från Smart Textiles och en annan från Nordiska Textilakademin (NTA). Dessa intervjuer gav en verklig uppfattning om situationen inom textilindustrin. Efter slutförd studie är slutsatsen att problemen som finns är väldigt komplexa och det krävs mycket arbete för att lösa de för att få ett resurseffektivt, hållbart och cirkulärt system. Men trots det kan vi med största sannolikhet gå mot en mer hållbar textilindustri från ett miljöperspektiv genom att utveckla lönsamma återvinningstekniker, tillämpa rätt cirkulära affärsmodeller inom både etablerade och nya verksamheter, designa med hänsyn till produktlivscykeln, öka resurseffektiviteten och hanterar textilavfall på rätt sätt. / This report is a study about the textile industry. The report is a part of the bachelor’s thesis course in Industrial Production given at KTH Royal Institute of Technology as a part of the Mechanical Engineering program. The study is relevant in time, because a lot of research is currently going on to solve the current and future problems in the textile industry. We consume a lot of textiles, nearly 14 kilograms per person per year, of which 10 kilogram is only clothes. A significant amount of these textiles goes to waste (73 percent) instead of being reused or recycled. At the same time a lot of new textiles are also being produced with non-sustainable resources such as fossil fuels and toxic chemicals, which in turn has severe environmental impacts. Thus, the production chain has a very large environmental impact. The aspects that are addressed in the report are therefore sustainability, recycling, economic perspectives such as circular economy and the consumer perspective. The study also discusses materials and resources. The purpose of the study is to provide the reader with knowledge about the textile loop and the problems that exist in the industry with focus on the environment. The study tries to answer the question on how financial profitability could be achieved within companies in order to have a sustainable and circular system. A literature study has been conducted consisting of reports from organisational reports as well as scientific reports and more. People with knowledge about sustainability within the textile industry were interviewed to get an empirical ground on this case, one from Smart Textiles and another one from the Nordiska Textilakademin. These interviews gave an actual insight of the situation in the textile industry. The conclusion is that the problems which exist are very complex and a lot of work is required to solve them in order to have a resource-efficient, sustainable and circular system. Despite this, we can most likely move towards a more sustainable textile industry from an environmental perspective, by developing profitable recycling techniques, applying the righ tcircular business models in both established and new businesses, designing with regard to the product life cycle, increasing resource efficiency and handling textile waste properly.

Industrial revolutions bring dynamic change to industry through major technological advances (Freeman & Louca, 2002). People and companies must take advantage of industrial revolutions in order to reap its benefits (Bruland & Smith, 2013). Currently, the 4th industrial revolution, industry is transforming advanced manufacturing and engineering capabilities through digital transformation. Company X’s production system was investigated in the research. Detailed evaluation the production process revealed bottlenecks and inefficiency (Melton, 2005). Using the Digital Twin and Discrete Event Factory Simulation, the researcher gathered factory and production input data to simulate the process and provide a system level, holistic view of Company X’s production system to show how factory simulation enables process improvement. The National Academy of Engineering supports Discrete Event Factory Simulation as advancing Personalized Learning through its ability to meet the unique problem solving needs of engineering and manufacturing process through advanced simulation technology (National Academy of Engineering, 2018). The directed project applied two process optimization experiments to the production system through the simulation tool, 3DExperience wiht the DELMIA application from Dassualt Systemes (Dassault, 2018). The experiment resulted in a 10% improvement in production time and a 10% reduction in labor costs due to the optimization