<p>The present study aims to examine the grammar of Spanish heritage children in relation to the syntax-discourse interface by analyzing the distribution of subject pronouns in focus and topic contexts. Focus and topic are related to the information structure of a clause, the former refers to new information of the sentence and the latter indicates old or known information (Lozano-Pozo, 2003). Studies exploring this phenomenon in various combinations of languages and L2 populations have found a clear overextension and overuse of overt subject pronouns in topic contexts in pro-drop languages, where the preferred option is the null pronoun, due to cross-linguistic influence from the L1 (Pérez-Leroux & Glass, 1999; Tsimpli & Sorace, 2006; Belletti et al., 2007; Sorace et al., 2009). Considering the results of previous research, this study examines the extent to which Spanish heritage speakers exhibit knowledge of subject pronoun distribution in focus and topic contexts by comparing them to their monolingual counterparts.</p> <p>Thirteen child heritage speakers of Spanish and twenty-seven monolingual children completed a structured elicitation task which consisted of a story followed by a question asking about an embedded subject (Focus condition) or an embedded direct object (Topic condition). Results revealed no overextension of overt subject pronouns in topic contexts due to cross-linguistic influence from English. However, differences were found in the focus condition. Heritage children diverged from the monolingual group since they produced considerably fewer instances of overt subject pronouns. It is hypothesized that heritage children are opting for the null pronoun option as the default option, which suggests they are prolonging the Null Subject Stage (Hyams, 1986). This finding points to protracted development due to a lack of activation of the language. Further findings are discussed taking into consideration current approaches that examine the effects of language dominance, exposure, and use.</p>

The paper is devoted to the specific functionality of proper names and pronouns and their connection with the author’s worldview in the poet’s prose. Crucial consistent patterns in using of proper names and pronouns are revealed. The great number of Tsvetaeva's prose in the period from 1917 to 1938, including such genres as: philological treatises, critical articles, essays and fiction, was analyzed. Moreover, the paper highlights the transformation of the proper names and personal pronouns in Tsvetaeva’s prose and separately analyzed the features characteristic of the phenomenon of «poet’s prose». / Работа посвящена специфике функционирования имени и местоимения в прозе поэта с особенностями цветаевского мировосприятия. Выявлены основные закономерности в употреблении имен собственных и личных местоимений в прозаических текстах поэта. Проанализирован обширный пласт прозы Цветаевой в период с 1917 по 1938 год, включая такие жанры как: филологические трактаты, критические статьи, эссе и художественная проза. В работе показана трансформация имен собственных и личных местоимений в прозаических текстах поэта, а также отдельно проанализированы особенности, характерные для феномена «проза поэта».

<p>The aim of the dissertation entitled Topicalization and<br />Left Dislocation in English and Serbian is to describe<br />and offer a generative account of the syntactic and<br />information-structural properties of topicalization and<br />left dislocation in the languages in question, two<br />superficially similar preposing structures which<br />express the same propositions, but are not felicitous in<br />the same context. The analysis is not contrastive in the<br />sense that we are looking for English-Serbian<br />counterparts or vice versa, but the tertium<br />comparationis are the phenomena of topicalization<br />and left dislocation. The fundamental diagnostics of<br />differentiating between the two variants of left<br />dislocation identified in Serbian is laid out, viz.<br />Hanging Topic Left Dislocation and Contrastive Left<br />Dislocation. The dissertation also explores how<br />informational structuring of an utterance determines<br />contextual choices. The lexicon provides the input to<br />the computational system which by means of features<br />builds structure via phases and also gives rise to<br />displacement. The data related to information structure<br />come from the numeration. The results of the research<br />indicate that the notion of a topic should be<br />deconstructed in a combination of the features [+/-<br />a(nchored), +/-c(ontrastive)], similarly to L&oacute;pez<br />(2009), anchored in the sense of Birner &amp; Ward<br />(1998), and contrastive in the pragmatic sense of Titov<br />(2013), whereby [+/-c] is parasitic on [+a].<br />Topicalization in both English and Serbian, and<br />Contrastive Left Dislocation in Serbian mark topics<br />vii<br />[+a, +c], whereas Hanging Topic Left Dislocation<br />HTLD in both English and Serbian marks topic [+a, -<br />c]. It is argued that adding pragmatic features in<br />addition to formal ones relevant to the derivation by<br />the operation which forms the numeration does not<br />offend the Inclusiveness Condition either. The<br />interpretation of an element marked as a topic is the<br />result of its featural content and its syntactic position,<br />reflecting the interaction of syntax, prosody and<br />pragmatics. Pragmatic features are valued but<br />uninterpretable in the numeration rendering the<br />syntactic object containing it active for syntactic<br />operations. Probe (pragmatic) features trigger<br />Agree(ment), but not displacement. It is an edge<br />feature that drives movement or Internal Merge. It is<br />argued that topicalization in both English and Serbian<br />is generated by movement. The edge feature on C<br />(Force) licenses the TopP if it is required for the<br />interpretation and if it is structurally possible, as<br />observed by Jim&eacute;nez-Fern&aacute;ndez &amp; Miyagawa (2014).<br />Unlike in English, the non-phase head T in Serbian<br />can inherit an edge feature from C and license the<br />TopP in the Spec,TP in those structures which are said<br />to be incompatible with topicalization in English. The<br />head licensing the left-dislocated element is realized<br />as comma intonation, as argued by Emonds (2004). It<br />is argued that Hanging Topic Left Dislocation in both<br />English and Serbian is derived by base-generation of<br />the left-dislocated constituent in its surface position<br />(adjoined to a CP), whereas Contrastive Left<br />Dislocation in Serbian by movement (also to a<br />position attached to a CP). What moves is the<br />resumptive pronoun, and then co-reference is<br />established upon adjoining of the left-dislocated<br />element via the operation Match or Match+Agree of<br />Boeckx (2003), which is the only way not to violate<br />the Inclusiveness Condition. Although both<br />Topicalization and Contrastive Left Dislocation mark<br />contrastive topics, they have different discourse<br />distributions, as confirmed by our corpus, thus this<br />adjoining of a left-dislocated element is justified. In<br />the case of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation, coreference<br />between the left-dislocated element and the<br />resumptive pronoun is established via the operation<br />Match of Boeckx (2003). If the resumptive pronoun is<br />a clitic, it moves to the second position in its intonational phrase triggered by the phonological requirement. Hanging Topic Left Dislocation in both English and Serbian marks referential topics and it is</p><p>also a topic-promoting device in Serbian, as argued on<br />relying on our corpus.</p> / <p>Cilj doktorske disertacije pod nazivom Tematizacija i<br />leva dislokacija u engleskom i srpskom jeziku je da<br />opi&scaron;e i ponudi generativni prikaz sintaksiĉkih i<br />informacijsko strukturnih osobina tematizacije i leve<br />dislokacije u pomenutim jezicima, dveju naizgled<br />sliĉnih struktura za pomeranje reĉeniĉnog elementa u<br />prednje polje koje izraţavaju iste propozicije, ali ne<br />odgovaraju istom kontekstu. Analiza nije kontrastivna<br />u smislu da traţimo englesko srpske ekvivalente ili<br />obratno, već je tertium comparationis pojava<br />tematizacije i leve dislokacije. PonuĊeni su i osnovni<br />dijagnostiĉki testovi za razlikovanje dva oblika leve<br />dislokacije identifikovana u srpskom, naime leve<br />dislokacije odvojene teme i kontrastne leve<br />dislokacije. Disertacija takoĊe istraţuje kako<br />informacijsko strukturiranje iskaza odreĊuje<br />kontekstualne izbore. Leksikon obezbeĊuje ulaznu<br />informaciju sistemu sintaksiĉkih operacija koji putem<br />obeleţja gradi strukturu u fazama i takoĊe dovodi do<br />pomeranja. Podaci vezani za informacijsku strukturu<br />su dati u numeraciji. Rezultati istraţivanja ukazuju na<br />potrebu da se pojam teme ra&scaron;ĉlani na kombinaciju<br />obeleţja [+/-a, +/-c], sliĉno L&oacute;pezu (2009), anaforiĉno<br />u smislu Birnera &amp; Warda (1998), i kontrastno u<br />pragmatiĉkom smislu Titove (2013) pri ĉemu je [+/-c]<br />zavisno od [+a]. Tematizacija i u engleskom i u<br />srpskom jeziku i kontrastna leva dislokacija u srpskom<br />obeleţavaju teme kao [+a, +c], dok leva dislokacija<br />odvojene teme i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku<br />obeleţava teme kao [+a, -c]. U radu se dokazuje da ni&nbsp;dodeljivanje pragmatiĉkih obeleţja pored formalnih obeleţja relevantnih za derivaciju putem operacije koja formira numeraciju ne naru&scaron;ava uslov ukljuĉenosti. Interpretacija elementa obeleţenog kao tema je rezultat njegove kombinacije obeleţja i njegove sintaksiĉke pozicije, &scaron;to odraţava interakciju sintakse, prozodije i pragmatike. Pragmatiĉka obeleţja su vrednovana, ali netumaĉiva u numeraciji ĉineći sintaksiĉki objekat koji ih sadrţi aktivnim za sintaksiĉke operacije. Upravna (pragmatiĉka) obeleţja uzrokuju slaganje, ali ne i pomeranje. Obeleţje ivice je ono &scaron;to pokreće pomeranje ili interno spajanje. Argumentujemo da je tematizacija i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku generisana pomeranjem. Obeleţje ivice na upravnom elementu C (Force) dozvoljava TopP ako je to neophodno za interpretaciju i ako je strukturno moguće, kao &scaron;to su formulisali Jim&eacute;nez-Fern&aacute;ndez &amp; Miyagawa (2014). Za razliku od engleskog, nefazni upravni element T (upravni element obeleţja vremena) u srpskom jeziku moţe da preuzme obeleţje ivice od C i dozvoli TopP u Spec,TP u onim strukturama za koje se smatra da nisu kompatibilne sa tematizacijom u engleskom jeziku. Upravni element koji dozvoljava levu dislokaciju se realizuje kao intonacijska pauza, kao &scaron;to predlaţe Emonds (2004). Argumetujemo da je leva dislokacija odvojene teme i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku nastala generisanjem levo dislociranog konstituenta u mestu realizacije (pridruţenom CP projekciji), dok je kontrastna leva dislokacija u srpskom nastala pomeranjem (takoĊe u poziciju pridruţenu CP projekciji). Ono &scaron;to se zapravo pomera je rezumptivna zamenica i onda se po pridruţivanju levo dislociranog elementa uspostavlja koreferentnost putem operacije uskladi ili uskladi+sloţi Boeckxa (2003), &scaron;to predstavlja jedini naĉin da se ne naru&scaron;i uslov ukljuĉenosti. Iako i tematizacija i kontrastna leva dislokacija obeleţavaju kontrastne teme, one imaju razliĉite diskursne distribucije, &scaron;to je potvrdio na&scaron; korpus, stoga je ovo pridruţivanje levo dislociranog elementa opravdano. U sluĉaju leve dislokacije odvojene teme, koreferentnost izmeĊu levo dislociranog elementa i rezumptivne zamenice se uspostavlja putem operacije uskladi (Boeckx 2003). Ako je rezumptivna zamenica klitika, ona se pomera u drugu poziciju u svojoj intonacijskoj frazi, &scaron;to je&nbsp;uzrokovano fonolo&scaron;kim zahtevom. Leva dislokacija odvojene teme i u englesko i u srpskom jeziku obeleţava referencijske teme i takoĊe je sredstvo unapreĊivanja teme u srpskom, kao &scaron;to se argumentuje na osnovu na&scaron;eg korpusa.</p>

Cette étude envisage la traduction du Voyage au bout de la nuit de Céline en roumain sous l'angle de la transmission d'une poétique qui se construit sur des valeurs rythmiques. La thèse, qui prend comme fil conducteur la métaphore du jazz,se concentre sur les aspects lexicaux du rythme. Dans la première partie, l'effet dev ariation, source de rythme jazzé, est étudié à travers l'analyse de la traduction du pronom on. L'examen de la variation prend également comme champ d'application l'usage particulier de la variation graphique. Autour de la variation minuscule / majuscule, Céline organise d'autres variations fonctionnelles et textuelles : la variation mention / usage, la variation métaphore / allégorie, la variation polyphonique des points de vue énonciatifs. La deuxième partie, placée sous le signe de l'improvisation, souligne le rôle du néologisme dans la création de ce rythme textuel. Nous étudions le traitement, dans la traduction, des inventions formelles, tout comme la réponse donnée à un certain type d'ambiguïté, que Céline crée en mettant en valeur le sens étymologique des mots. La troisième partie identifie des principes qui caractérisent le fonctionnement poétique du texte, en les signalant comme des défis pour la traduction : la récurrence lexicale, le foisonnement sémantique, l'effet de littéralité des tours figés, la remotivation des rapports arbitraires entre les signifiants. La thèse aborde le sujet dans une perspective précise, analytique, qui se situe au plus près du texte / This study examines the technical and poetic aspects of the translation of Célines Voyage au bout de la nuit, through comparative analysis of its Rumanian versions.The notion of rhythm provides the studys anchoring principle. Here the rhythm ofCélines prose is apprehended in its lexical dimension, with particular attention to a 5guiding theme, namely that of jazz music. In the first part, the jazz theme isfore-grounded through an examination of Célines orthographic variations andspecifically to his idiosyncratic use of small and capital letters. It also brings to bearthe varied effect of the use of the pronoun on. The second part of the thesis isdevoted to the topic of improvisation. It presents an analysis of ways in which formal,functional and semantic neologisms are rendered in Rumanian translations. Finally,the third part seks to identify several governing principles of a poetic dimension inCélines novel, which often pose a challenge to translators, such as lexicalrecurrence, semantic profusion, literal usage and the arbitrary relation of signifiers.This thesis proposes an analytical contribution to scholarschip on Céline through aclose, « practico-theoretical reading of the text

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka föreställningar och antaganden som ligger till grund för vår förståelse av begreppen kön, genus och sexualitet: hur sådana normer existerar och visar sig i skolan och undervisningen, samt hur lärare kan gå tillväga inom undervisningen för att synliggöra dessa normer. Analysen utgår ifrån det queerteoretiska perspektiv som granskar heteronormativiteten och dess antaganden om vad som är normalt eller inte. Som grund för arbetet ligger den intervju jag har gjort med M, en elev i grundskolan. M är 12 år och könsneutral. I intervjun framkommer att M ofta känner sig sårbar i förhållandet till vuxna, när det handlar om att vara öppen med sin identitet och sina pronomen. Vuxna i skolan behöver bli bättre på att låta elever komma till tals- och erkänna deras kunskaper om sig själva som giltiga. Genom kunskaper om maktförhållanden mellan barn och vuxna, och i arbetet med normkritisk pedagogik, närmar vi oss ett sådant mål. / The aim of this study is to investigate how gender and sexuality in the Swedish education system is understood and practiced by teachers, and in which ways they can highlight and illustrate norms in our everyday life. The study is based on queer theory, which main purpose is to study heteronormativity. As a basis for this study, an interview with M, a 12 years old gender neutral person was conducted. It appears that M often feels vulnerable when talking about their gender and pronoun to adults. In conclusion, broader knowledge about assymetrical power relations between adults and youths should narrow the gap, and be a step towards the right direction for a more tolerant school environment.

In this dissertation, I investigate various aspects of object marking and how these manifest themselves in the signed modality. The main focus is on Swedish Sign Language (SSL), the national sign language of Sweden, which is the topic of investigation in all five studies. Two of the studies adopt a comparative perspective, including other sign languages as well. The studies comprise a range of data, including corpus data, elicited production, and acceptability judgments, and combine quantitative and qualitative methods in the analyses. The dissertation begins with an overview of the topics of valency, argument structure, and object marking, primarily from a spoken language perspective. Here, the interactions between semantics and morphosyntax are presented from a typological perspective, introducing differential object marking as a key concept. With regard to signed language, object marking is discussed in terms of both verbal and nominal strategies. Verbal strategies of object marking among sign languages include directional verbs, object handshape classifiers, and embodied perspective in signing. The first study investigates the use of directionality and object handshapes as object marking strategies in Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), Israeli Sign Language (ISL), and SSL. It is shown that the strategies generally display different alignments in terms of the types of objects targeted, which is uniform across languages, but that directionality is much more marginal in ABSL than in the other two languages. Also, we see that there is a connection between object marking strategies and the animacy of the object, and that the strategies, object animacy, and word order preferences interact. In the second and third studies, SSL is investigated with regard to the transitive–reflexive distinction. Here, we see that there are interactional effects between object handshapes and the perspective taken by the signer. This points to intricate iconic motivations of combining and structuring complex verb sequences, such as giving preference to agent focusing structures (e.g., agent perspective and handling handshapes). Furthermore, the use of space is identified as a crucial strategy for reference tracking, especially when expressing semantically transitive events. Nominal strategies include object pronouns and derivations of the sign PERSON. The fourth study provides a detailed account of the object pronoun OBJPRO in SSL, which is the first in-depth description of this sign. It is found that the sign is in widespread use in SSL, often corresponds closely to object pronouns of spoken Swedish, and is argued to be grammaticalized from the lexical sign PERSON. In the final study, the possible existence of object pronouns in other sign languages is investigated by using a sample of 24 languages. This analysis reveals that the feature is found mostly in the Nordic countries, suggesting areal contact phenomena. However, the study also shows that there are a number of derivations of PERSON, such as reflexive pronouns, agreement auxiliaries, and case markers. The use of PERSON as a source of grammaticalization for these functions is attributed to both semantic and phonological properties of the sign. This dissertation is unique in that it is dedicated to the topic of object marking in the signed modality. It brings a variety of perspectives and methods together in order to investigate the domain of object marking, cross-linguistically and cross-modally.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-18T11:44:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Hugo Ramão Fernandes.pdf: 682334 bytes, checksum: 8de1227cf0762694c004fcae4cec42b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T11:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Hugo Ramão Fernandes.pdf: 682334 bytes, checksum: 8de1227cf0762694c004fcae4cec42b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work examines the concepts and the descriptions related to the pronouns, possessive and partial, in the 16th and 21st centuries, from the perspective of Historiography of Linguistic. To do so, he analyzes a Grammatica da lingua Portuguesa (1540) by João de Barros and a Moderna Gramática Portuguesa (2009) by Evanildo Bechara, in its 37th edition. The research is valid for the importance of class words and for the historical and linguistic period, besides covering and lacking on different perspectives from Portugal and Brazil. Based on the methodological procedures of Historiography of Linguistic, postulated by Koerner (1996, 2014) and Swiggers (2009, 2010), we follow the principles of Contextualization, Immanence and Adequacy. In this way, this work contributes as researches of Historiography of Linguistic, offering a study of one of the first grammars of the Portuguese Language, a Grammatica da lingua Portuguesa (1540), focused on personal, possessive and relative pronouns. From this, we perform a comparative analysis of grammatical conceptions as a recent work, a Moderna Gramática Portuguesa (2009). We reflected in front of the subject, as the personal, possessions and possessives pronouns were understood in that period and as they are. Finally, we conclude that both the linguistic dictates that precede both works as an emergence of new studies were fundamental to an understanding of this class of words, especially of the types analyzed / O presente trabalho examina os conceitos e as descrições relacionados aos pronomes pessoais, possessivos e relativos, nos séculos XVI e XXI, sob a perspectiva da Historiografia Linguística. Para tanto, analisamos a Grammatica da língua Portuguesa (1540) de João de Barros e a Moderna Gramática Portuguesa (2009) de Evanildo Bechara, em sua 37ª edição. Tal pesquisa se funda na importância da classe de palavras e no período histórico e no período linguístico escolhidos para a pesquisa, além de abarcar a questão sob diferentes perspectivas de Portugal e do Brasil. Com base nos procedimentos metodológicos da Historiografia Linguística, postulados por Koerner (1996, 2014) e Swiggers (2009, 2010), seguimos os princípios de Contextualização, Imanência e Adequação. Dessa maneira, este trabalho contribui com as pesquisas de Historiografia Linguística, oferecendo um estudo de uma das primeiras gramáticas da língua portuguesa, a Grammatica da língua Portuguesa (1540), voltado para os pronomes pessoais, possessivos e relativos. A partir disso, realizamos uma análise comparativa dessas concepções gramaticais com as de uma obra recente, a Moderna Gramática Portuguesa (2009). Detivemo-nos diante da questão do como os pronomes pessoais, possessivos e relativos eram compreendidos naquele período e do como o são atualmente. Por fim, concluímos que tanto os ditames linguísticos que precediam ambas as obras como a emergência de novos estudos foram fundamentais para a compreensão dessa classe de palavras, especialmente dos tipos analisados

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-19T12:02:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Florciz.pdf: 948429 bytes, checksum: 4b8794e77524bfebd4ed5c9bd254c3f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T12:02:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Florciz.pdf: 948429 bytes, checksum: 4b8794e77524bfebd4ed5c9bd254c3f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-26 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / This dissertation is part of the research on History and Description of the Portuguese Language of the Postgraduate Studies Program in Portuguese Language of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), which is divided into three chapters and analyzes the work Paulicéia Desvairada by Mário Raul de Morais Andrade, Mário de Andrade, one of the most important writers of Brazilian Modernism. We note that Mario incorporates the artistic, philosophical and aesthetic tendencies of his time in his works and that Paulicéia Desvairada has the contradictions of Modernism, particularly with regard to the pronominal placement, but it is still an innovative work on the Brazilian scene. The methodological procedure is the theoretical-descriptive-analytical and in the theoretical apparatus, we use Fausto (2003), (2006), Brito (1959) and Pinto (1978), (1981) and (1988) as a way of understanding the historical, literary and linguistic moment. The relevance of the research is justified, since there are few linguistic studies about Mário de Andrade. The results attest that Paulicéia Desvairada is a central work of Brazilian modernism / Esta dissertação insere-se na linha de pesquisa História e Descrição da Língua Portuguesa, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), que, dividida em três capítulos, analisa a obra Paulicéia Desvairada de Mário Raul de Morais Andrade, Mário de Andrade, um dos mais importantes escritores do Modernismo brasileiro. Observamos que Mário incorpora as tendências artísticas, filosóficas e estéticas de sua época em suas obras e que Paulicéia Desvairada tem as contradições próprias do Modernismo, em particular com relação à colocação pronominal, mas não deixa de ser uma obra inovadora no cenário brasileiro. O procedimento metodológico é o teórico-descritivo-analítico e no aparato teórico, utilizamos Fausto (2003), (2006), Brito (1959) e Pinto (1978), (1981) e (1988), como uma forma de compreender o momento histórico, literário e linguístico. A relevância da pesquisa é justificada uma vez que existem poucos estudos linguísticos sobre Mário de Andrade. Os resultados atestam que Paulicéia Desvairada é uma obra central do Modernismo brasileiro

Bien que les troubles du langage formel affectent une grande partie des enfants avec Trouble du Spectre Autistique (TSA), leur nature reste encore incertaine. Certaines études postulent que le trouble observable chez ces enfants est de même nature que celui dont souffrent les enfants avec trouble spécifique du langage (TSL), tandis que d’autres argumentent en faveur de deux troubles qui diffèrent dans leur étiologie. Au centre de ce débat réside la complexité à recueillir des données sur le langage chez les enfants avec TSA, notamment quand il s’agit de participer de manière active. Dans cette étude, nous explorons l’interprétation en temps réel des indices grammaticaux chez des enfants avec TSA monolingues francophones, en nous intéressant aux pronoms clitiques objets, dont la faible production en contexte obligatoire a été proposée comme marqueur du TSL pour le français. / It is well-known that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have language impairment. However, the nature of this impairment is still largely unknown. Some studies hold that language impairment in children with ASD is of the same nature as impairment found in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), whereas others argue that SLI and language impairment in ASD may be different both in their structure and their etiology. At the heart of this debate lies the difficulty of assessing language abilities of children with ASD, especially when active participation is required. Moreover, to date, few studies have investigated formal aspects of language in children with ASD in languages other than English. In this study, we explore real-time interpretation of grammatical cues in French-speaking children with ASD, with a focus on object clitics.

<p>The aim of this degree project has been to examine, analyze and describe which intra-linguistic factors influence how relative clauses are formed in Old English.</p><p>The key to successfully performing the task of identifying which factors influences the relative causes is to examine how these factors are distributed among the relative clauses in the text. The main focus of this investigation thus was to investigate how the grammatical features of the antecedents of the relative clauses in Old English were distributed. By analyzing a text sample of the work of the Old English writer Ælfric, taken from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus at the University of Toronto, also known as the Toronto Corpus, several features of the antecedent will ideally become evident as influencing factors.</p><p>The relative clauses that are found to be relevant for this investigation in the Ælfric text sample have been categorized and analyzed in order to identify any grammatical pattern that could indicate which factors influence how relative clauses in Old English are formed. The findings have been analyzed according to quantitative and statistical principles, and the chi-square test has been employed to verify the statistical significance of these findings. By doing this some linguistic factors have been verified as influencing factors.</p>