Syftet med denna studie är att se om padel som fysisk aktivitet har någon påverkan på personers arbetstillfredsställelse. Vi ville även se om det skiljer sig i arbetstillfredsställelse från att personer inte spelat padel regelbundet tills att de utövar sporten kontinuerligt samtidigt som vi vill utläsa om deras inställning till träning och friskvård har förändrats. Vi har i studien genomfört åtta intervjuer med personer som både har ett arbete och spelar padel mer än vid ett tillfälle i veckan. Vi har använt oss av ett bekvämlighetsurval där vi frågat personer i vår omgivning som vi tycker passar in i studien. Intervjupersonerna fick besvara ett antal frågor utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Teorierna som vi använt oss av i arbetet är arbetstillfredsställelse, motivation och work-life balance. Vi har även använt oss av forskning kring hälsa och välmående samt folkhälsoproblematik. Vi har sedan analyserat empirin som framkommit från intervjuerna med den tidigare forskning vi presenterat. Det resultat vi fått fram visar att padel är en bidragande orsak till en högre arbetstillfredsställelse och sundare inställning till träning samt en social plattform att spendera sin fritid på. Vi kan även se betydelsen av att röra på sig till vardags samt vikten av ett fritidsintresse i vuxen ålder.

The sportification process of e-sports and padel in Sweden is analyzed by using the concepts of institutionalization and standardization, which are closely related elements of sportification. This contributes to map, and better understand the sportification process of emerging activities in Sweden. This is relevant, as there is a lack of research on this topic in Sweden, and previous research has shown conflicts between different stakeholders may arise. A multiple-case study design is used to draw different perspectives on the topic, where empirical data is collected through online documents and interviews with players and sport managers. Padel in Sweden is in the process of sportification and will grow its institutions with an upcoming membership with Riksidrottsförbundet (RF). Motives towards it are increased accessibility for youth to play padel, and a wish for clearer classifications according to level. On the other hand, a barrier might be the corporate character of the clubs, as they might wish to remain independent and have no incentive to grow towards more traditional sports practices, something that is in line with the commercialization of sports. Moreover, players appreciate the freedom they currently experience in their clubs. For e-sports, there are currently two national federations. The sport will likely become a member of RF in the future, with the main focus on facilitating grassroots competitions. Standardization is very limited, as competitions are organized by commercial entities that provide what is demanded by the audience. Moreover, the e-sport community has resistance towards more institutionalization and standardization, even though the importance of it for grassroots development and competition is acknowledged. Future research with analyses of other, carefully chosen cases will contribute to draw a more complete picture of the sportification process of emerging activities in Sweden and will enable to further generalize the findings of this study.

Padel is one of the fastest growing sports in Sweden. Its popularity rose significantly during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, as many other types of sport facilities closed, and people had more flexible work schedules due to remote work. This paper is an analysis on the monthly occupancy of indoor padel facilities in Sweden between January 2018 and April 2022. It aims to answer to what degree a machine learning algorithm can predict the occupancy for a given padel facility and which key features have the largest impact on the occupancy. With these findings, it is possible to estimate the revenue for a given padel facility and therefore be used to identify which type of padel facilities have the biggest opportunity to succeed from an economical perspective. This article reviews the literature regarding different methods of machine learning, in this case, applied to booking systems and occupancy estimations. The reviewed literature also presents the most common evaluation metrics used for comparing different machine learning models. This study analyses the relationship between the occupancy level of a given padel facility and 12 input features, related to the padel facility in question, with a random forest regression model. This work results in a model that achieved a R2 score of 49% and a mean absolute error of 11%. The input features ranked according to the largest impact on the model’s estimation are (with the mean of all absolute SHAP values written in parentheses): Year (7.71), Month (5.23), Average Income in municipality (4.13), Driving Time from municipality Centre (2.35), Population of municipality (1.97), Padel Slots in municipality (1.27), Padel Slots in facility (1.27), Average Court Price (1.12), Tennis Slots in municipality (0.73), Badminton Slots in municipality (0.55), Squash Slots in municipality (0.44) and Golf Slots in municipality (0.26). Padel facilities had the highest average occupancy in 2020. The Covid-19 pandemic is likely a significant contributor to this, due to the shutdown of offices and many types of training venues. Therefore, Year has the largest impact on the model’s estimation. Occupancy of indoor facilities follows a seasonal trend, where it tends to be highest in December and January and lowest in June and July. This trend can partly be explained by a larger demand for indoor sport activities during winter and increased competition from outside padel facilities and other activities during summer. Because of this, Month had the second largest impact on the model’s estimation. / Padel är en av de snabbast växande sporterna i Sverige. Dess popularitet ökade avsevärt under Covid-19-pandemin i 2020, främst på grund av att många andra typer av sportanläggningar stängdes ner och människor hade mer flexibla arbetsscheman på grund av distansarbete. Den här uppsatsen är en analys av den månatliga beläggningen av inomhuspadelanläggningar i Sverige mellan januari 2018 och april 2022. Studien syftar till att svara på i vilken grad en maskininlärningsalgoritm kan förutsäga beläggningen för en given padelanläggning och vilka nyckelfunktioner som har störst inverkan på beläggningen. Med dessa insikter är det möjligt att uppskatta intäkterna för en given padelanläggning och kan därför användas vilka typer av padelanläggningar som har störst möjlighet att vara framgångsrika ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Den granskade litteraturen studerar olika maskininlärningsmetoder tillämpad i områden som bokningssystemsanalys och beläggningsgradsstudier, samt presenterar de vanligaste utvärderingsmåtten som används för att jämföra metoderna. Denna studie analyserar sambandet mellan beläggningsgraden för en given padelanläggning och 12 inputparametrar, relaterade till padelanläggningen i fråga med hjälp av en random forest regressionsalgoritm. Detta arbete resulterar i en modell som uppnådde ett R2 värde på 49% och en genomsnittlig absolut avvikelse på 11 %. Inputparametrarna rangordnade enligt den största påverkan på modellens uppskattning är (med medelvärdet av alla absoluta SHAP-värden skrivna inom parentes): År (7.71), Månad (5.23), Genomsnittlig Inkomst i kommunen (4.13), Körtid mellan anläggning och kommunens centrum (2.35), Kommunens befolkningsmängd (1.97), Antal padeltider i kommunen (1.27), Padeltider i anläggningen(1.27), Genomsnittlig pris för bana(1.12), Tennistider i kommunen (0.73), Badmintontider i kommunen (0.55), Squashtider i kommunen (0.44) och Golftider i kommunen (0.26). Padelanläggningar hade högsta genomsnittliga beläggningsgraden under 2020. Covid-19-pandemin är sannolikt en betydande bidragande orsak till detta på grund av nedläggningen av kontor och andra sportanläggningar. Därför har inputparametern År den största inverkan på modellens uppskattning. Beläggningen av inomhusanläggningar följer en säsongsmässig trend, där den tenderar att vara högst i januari och lägst i juli. Denna trend kan delvis förklaras av en större efterfrågan på inomhussportaktiviteter under vintern och ökad konkurrens från utomstående padelanläggningar och andra aktiviteter under sommaren. På grund av detta hade Månad den näst största påverkan på modellens uppskattning.

This thesis is concerned with the topic of person re-identification. Many tracking algorithms today cannot keep track of players reentering the scene from different angles and times. Therefore, in this thesis, current literature is explored to gather information about the topic, and a current state-of-the-art model is tested. The person re-identification techniques will be applied to Padel games due to the collaboration with PadelPlay AB. The purpose of the thesis is to keep track of players during full matches of Padel with correct identities. To this, a current state-of-the-art model is applied to an existing tracking algorithm to enhance its capabilities.  Furthermore, the purpose is broken down into two research questions. Firstly, how well does an existing person re-id model perform on Padel matches when it comes to keeping a consistent and accurate id on all players. Secondly, how can this model be improved upon to perform better in the new domain, being the sport of Padel? To be able to answer the research questions, a Padel dataset is created for benchmarking purposes. The state-of-the-art model is tested on the new dataset to see how it handles a new domain. Additionally, the same state-of-the-art model is retrained on the Padel dataset to answer the second research question.  The results show that the state-of-the-art model that is previously trained on the Market-1501 dataset is highly generalizable on the Padel dataset and performs closely to the new model that is purely trained on the Padel dataset. Although they perform alike, the new model trained on the Padel dataset is slightly better as seen through both the quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Furthermore, the application of re-identification technology to keep track of players yielded significantly higher results than conventional solutions such as YOLOv5 with Deepsort.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the possibility of a court detection program for sports videos that can identify the court even when some important elements are not visible. The study will also analyze what external factors may impact the program's accuracy in detecting all relevant elements.  These questions are answered through a combination of computer vision techniques and algorithms. The study utilizes Design Science Research (DSR) as its research methodology to develop an artifact. A dataset of padel sports videos are evaluated to measure the artifacts accuracy. The artifact utilizes multiple computer vision techniques from the OpenCV library to detect relevant lines and edges and project them onto the frame using a predetermined court model as reference.  The findings indicated that the developed artifact demonstrated a relatively consistent level of accuracy in court detection across multiple courts, whenever a detection was made. However, the frequency of successful detections exhibited some inconsistency. The research also found that external factors did not significantly influence the accuracy of court detection, yet they posed challenges to the program's overall consistency.

This study has put three different object detecting techniques to the test. The goal was to investigate small and fast-moving objects to see which technique’s performance is most suitable within the sports of Padel. The study aims to cover and explain different affecting conditions that could cause better but also worse performance for small and fast object detection. The three techniques use different approaches for detecting one or multiple objects and could be a guideline for future object detection development. The proposed techniques utilize background histogram calculation, HSV masking with edge detection and DNN frameworks together with the COCO dataset. The process is tested through outdoor video footage across all techniques to generate data, which indicates that Canny edge detection is a prominent suggestion for further research given its high detection rate. However, YOLO shows excellent potential for multiple object detection at a very high confidence grade, which provides reliable and accurate detection of a targeted object. This study’s conclusion is that depending on what the end purpose aims to achieve, Canny and YOLO have potential for future small and fast object detection.

This thesis considers a range of contemporary poets' responses to science, emphasising the diversity of these engagements and exploring how poetry can disrupt or re-negotiate the barriers between the two activities. My first chapter explores the idea of ‘authority' in both science and poetry and considers how these authorities co-exist in the work of two poet-scientists, Miroslav Holub and David Morley. My second chapter considers the role of metaphor in science and the effect of transferring scientific terms into poetry, specifically with reference to the poetry of Michael Symmons Roberts who engages with the metaphors related to the human genome. In my third chapter I focus on collections by Ruth Padel and Emily Ballou that tell the life of Charles Darwin in verse. I discuss how these collections function as forms of scientific biography and show that poetic engagement with Darwin's thought processes reveals some of the similarities between scientific and poetic thinking. An area of science such as quantum mechanics may seem too complex for a non-scientist to respond to in poetry, but in my fourth chapter I show how Jorie Graham uses ideas from twentieth-century physics to re-think the materialism of the world and our perception of it. My final chapter is concerned with the relationship between ecopoetry and ecological science, with regard to the work of John Burnside. I show that although he is informed about scientific matters, in his poetry he suggests that science isn't the only way of understanding the world. Rather than framing science and poetry in terms of the ‘two cultures', this thesis moves away from antagonism towards productive interaction and dialogue. Whilst science and poetry are clearly very different activities, the many points of overlap and connection between them suggest that poetry is a resonant and unique way of exploring scientific ideas.

Syftet med att mäta vibrationer och rekyler i ett padelrack i detta arbete är att utveckla en prototyp som kan användas som träningsredskap för att minska risken för skador. En vanlig skada som drabbar padelspelare är tennisarmbåge, som enligt studier tros uppkomma genom upprepad exponering av mikrotrauman som vibrationer och rekyler. Genom att utföra en litteraturstudie i ämnet har systemkrav för ett sensorbaserat system definierats. Systemet som mäter vibrationer och rekyler har monterats i handtaget på padelracket. Två olika testmiljöer har utvecklats för att möjliggöra kontrollerade tester. För att identifiera och analysera slag använder systemet frekvensanalyser, korrelationstester och positionsförändring. Vid utveckling av metoden för identifiering av träffpunkt delades racket upp i fem olika zoner. Resultatet indikerar att träffar i två av zonerna ger upphov till mindre mängd vibrationer jämfört med de övriga zonerna. Resultatet för identifiering av träffzon varierar mellan testmiljöerna och enbart identifiering av en zon kan anses vara fungerande i båda fallen. Systemet identifierade träffzonen korrekt i 18 av 25 slag i den ena testmiljön och 9 av 25 i den andra. För att förbättra identifieringen av träffzon behövs flera analyser och korrelationtester utformas. En slutsats för det här examensarbetet är att det här arbetet kan användas som grund för vidare utveckling av ett sensorbaserat system för att identifiera träffzonen och kvantifiera vibrationer i ett padelrack. / The purpose of measuring vibrations and recoils in a padel racket in this thesis is to develop a prototype that can be used as a training equipment to reduce the risk of injury. A common injury for padel players is tennis elbow, studies show that the cause of this injury are microtraumas from vibrations and recoils. Through a literature study in the subject, system demands for a sensor-based system have been defined. The system that has been used to measure vibrations and recoils have been attached to the bottom of the handle on the padel racket. To achieve controlled tests two different test environments have been developed. To identify and analyze impacts the system utilizes frequency analysis, correlation tests and displacement tracking. For identification of the impact area the racket was divided into five zones. The result indicates, that two of the impact zones generate less vibrations than the others. The result also shows that identification of impact zone varies between the test environments and that only the sweet spot can be identified in both cases. The system identified the impact zone correctly in 18 out of 25 strokes in one test environment and 9 out of 25 in the other. To further improve the methods for identification of the impact zone more analyses and correlations tests are required. One conclusion for this thesis is that it can be used as a platform for further development of a sensor-based system that can correctly identify impacts in all zones and quantify the resulting vibrations.