. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry. The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process. The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place. The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand. The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women. At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry. All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry / <p>QC 20101129</p>

Urgent CO2 mitigation strategies are crucial to combat climate change. Power-to-X encompasses the conversion of renewable electricity into carbon-neutral fuels, such as hydrogen and its derivatives. E-methanol, both an e-fuel and a platform chemical, can be obtained by combining hydrogen with biogenic CO2. Moreover, e-methanol holds the potential to defossilize both heavy transportation and chemical sectors, by reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. Sweden and Finland are global leaders in the wood processing industry, offering substantial potential for capturing and utilizing biogenic CO2 emissions from industrial flue gases in e-methanol production. The pulp and paper industry and the energy sector with combined heat and power plants are identified as the best point sources for biogenic emission capture in Sweden and Finland, due to their substantial use of biomass and biofuels. The thesis comprises a quantitative analysis with cost curve calculations to identify the key cost drivers of a power-to-methanol project. Additionally, a qualitative analysis is conducted to examine other important aspects influencing the project’s feasibility, such as power plant availability, environmental benefits, and grid availability. The levelized cost of e-methanol is calculated to range from 1,873 to 951 €/t depending on production capacity and electricity price area, compared to the current market value of fossil methanol estimated at an average of approximately 250 €/t. The key cost drivers for e-methanol projects include initial investments in technologies such as water electrolysis and carbon capture technology, as well as potential requirements for seasonal CO2 storage. A project’s geographical location will also impact production costs due to fluctuating electricity prices and grid availability in different electricity price areas. Among these areas, price area FI turned out to be the most feasible, while SE1 and SE3 are considered the least feasible regions for implementing a power-to-X project. Nevertheless, power-to-methanol presents an opportunity for the establishment due to society’s dependence on carbon. However, due to the high production costs, the realization of a power-to-methanol project might be infeasible without financial support, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks promoting and increasing the demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels. / Akuta åtgärder krävs för att minska koldioxidutsläpp som är avgörande för att bekämpa den pågående klimatförändringen. Power-to-X innebär omvandling av förnybar elektricitet till koldioxidneutrala bränslen, såsom vätgas och dess derivat. E-metanol är både ett elektrobränsle och en viktig komponent inom kemikalieindustrin som främställs genom att kombinera grön vätgas och biogen koldioxid. E-metanol har potential att minska beroendet av kol inom sektorer för tungtransport och kemikalieindustrin genom att ersätta användandet av fossila bränslen. Sverige och Finland är världsledande inom skogsindustrin och har en betydande potential att fånga och använda biogen koldioxid från industriella rökgaser i produktionen av e-metanol. Pappersmassafabriker och energisektorn med kraftvärmeverk identifieras som de bästa punktkällorna för infångning av biogena utsläpp i Sverige och Finland, tack vare deras omfattande användning av biomassa och biobränslen. Uppsatsens omfattas en kvantitativ analys för kostnadsberäkningar, samt en kvalitativ analys för att undersöka andra viktiga aspekter som påverkar projektets genomförbarhet, såsom tillgänglighet av industrier, miljöfördelar samt möjligheten till att få en anslutningspunkt på elnätet. Produktionskonstnaden för e-methanol beräknas variera mellan 1 873 €/t till 951 €/t beroende på productionskapacitet och elprisområde, jämfört med det nuvarande marknadsvärdet för metanol som ligger runt 250 €/t. De primära kostnadsdrivarna i dessa projekt är investeringskostnaderna i tekniker så som elektrolyser och teknik för koldioxidinfångning, samt eventuella kostnader för långtidslagring av koldioxid. Projektets geografiska placering påverkar också produktionskonstanderna på grund av variationer i elpris och tillgång till elnätskapacitet i olika områden. Resultaten pekar på att det mest lämpliga prisområdet är FI, medan prisområde SE1 och SE3 anses vara minst lämpliga för implementeringen av ett power-to-X-projekt. Trots detta finns det stor potential för realiseringen av e-metanol baserat på samhällets beroende av kol. På grund av de höga produktionskostnaderna kan projektets genomförbarhet dock vara osäker utan ekonomiskt stöd, subventioner och regulationer som förespråkar och ökar efterfrågan på miljövänliga bränslen.

Die Dissertation beschreibt am Beispiel einer Längsschnittstudie in der Papierindustrie, wie Effekte von Maßnahmen der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung in geschätzten ökonomischen Nutzen übertragen werden können. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist das Variablen-Modell nach Locke und Latham (1990). Darauf aufbauend wurden geeignete Indikatoren und Messinstrumente ausgewählt und in mehreren Voruntersuchungen überprüft. Hauptinstrument ist ein Fragebogen, der im quasiexperimentellen Design zur Ist-Analyse und nach Umsetzung der Maßnahmen eingesetzt wurde. An der ersten Befragung im Oktober 2000 nahmen 320 Gewerbliche und Angestellte des Unternehmens (Rücklauf 89%), an der zweiten drei Jahre später 402 Mitarbeiter (Rücklauf 91%) teil. Für den Längsschnitt standen die Fragebögen von 118 Mitarbeitern zur Verfügung. Neben den Fragebogendaten wurden personbezogene Daten zum Krankenstand erhoben, die auf freiwilliger Basis mit den Fragebogendaten verknüpft wurden, worauf sich 71% der im Jahr 2000 Befragten und 80% der im Jahr 2003 Befragten einlassen konnten. Zur Absicherung der Validität kamen weitere Untersuchungsmethoden zum Einsatz: für 19 Tätigkeiten wurde eine objektive arbeitspsychologische Tätigkeitsanalyse (Pohlandt, Schulze, Jordan &amp;amp; Richter, 2002) durchgeführt, die beteiligten Bereiche wurden in einem Rankingverfahren durch betriebliche Experten eingeschätzt, die organisationale Einbindung der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung wurde zu beiden Untersuchungszeitpunkten mit Hilfe des Fragebogens von Breucker (Prävention online, 2000) erfasst, es fanden 22 strukturierte Interviews mit den Beschäftigten zur Einschätzung der durchgeführten Maßnahmen statt. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Mitarbeiterbefragung wurden zurückgemeldet, diskutiert und zu 12 Maßnahmen verdichtet. Diese 12 Maßnahmen wurden in die Zweitbefragung mit aufgenommen, wobei die aktive Beteiligung an ihnen und die Zufriedenheit mit ihrer Umsetzung eingeschätzt werden sollten. Zur Ermittlung der Effizienz wurden eine erweiterte Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (nach Schmidt, Hunter &amp;amp; Pearlman, 1982) und eine Kosten-Nutzwert-Analyse (nach Rinza &amp;amp; Schmitz, 1992) durchgeführt. Fast alle im Fragebogen erfassten Variablen hatten sich zwischen der ersten und zweiten Befragung signifikant verbessert (Arbeitsintensität, Tätigkeitsspielraum, Motivationspotenzial der Tätigkeit, soziale Unterstützung, sozialen Stressoren, Commitment, Arbeitszufriedenheit, allgemeines Befinden, psychosomatische Beschwerden). Nicht signifikant waren die Änderungen beim (multimodal beeinflussten) Krankenstand, sowie bei der Einschätzung der Führung. Bezüglich der Effektstärke konnte bei 9 der 12 Maßnahmen mindestens ein positiver Unterscheidungseffekt aufgezeigt werden. Bei der Ermittlung des (subjektiv erlebten) Nutzwertes der Maßnahmen kamen alle 12 Maßnahmen in den positiven Bereich. Mit der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse wurde ein positives Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis für 6 der 9 verbleibenden Maßnahmen (zwischen 1:71 und 1:1,5) ermittelt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden kritisch hinterfragt und durch Einbeziehung von Diskontierung, spezifischen Effizienzkriterien, Sensitivitätsanalysen und Worst-Case-Berechnung relativiert (vgl. Anforderungen nach Drummond, O´Brien, Stoddart &amp;amp; Torrance, 1987/1997). Im Vergleich zur Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse wurden bei der Kosten-Nutzwert-Analyse deutlich andere Rangreihen ermittelt. Die kritische Gesamtschau der Ergebnisse ermöglicht spezifische Empfehlungen für fünf Maßnahmengruppen. Es zeigte sich, dass die gemeinsame Erörterung von Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse und Nutzwert zusätzliche und bisher nicht erfasste Aspekte beim Umgang mit den Maßnahmen eröffnet. / The thesis illustrates a longitudinal study in the paper industry. It shows how effects resulting from measures of occupational health promotion may be translated into an estimated economic advantage. The starting point of the study is the high performance cycle (Locke &amp;amp; Latham: 1990). Proceeding from that, appropriate indicators and measuring instruments were selected and tested in several pre-studies. The main instrument is a questionnaire, used in a comparative design before and after the translation of the measures into practice. 320 white- and blue-collar workers took part in the first survey in October 2000 (response rate 89%), whereas 402 workers participated in the second survey which was conducted three years later (response rate 91%). After all, complete data sets for the longitudinal analysis were available from 118 participants. Apart from that personal data concerning absenteeism were used, which were then connected to the questionnaire data on a voluntary basis. Whereas in 2000, in the first survey, 71% of the participants agreed to the connection of their personal data with the questionnaire, 80% agreed to it in the second survey, in 2003. To guarantee the questionnaire?s validity an array of additional methods was used: an objective occupational job analysis (Pohlandt, Schulze, Jordan &amp;amp; Richter, 2002) of 19 different occupations was carried out and the company?s experts evaluated the branches involved by ranking. Furthermore the organizational embedding of occupational health promotion measures was investigated in both surveys with the help of Breucker?s questionnaire (Prevention online, 2000) and additionally 22 structured interviews with the employees took place in order to evaluate the acceptance of the measures conducted. The results of the first employee survey were reported back, discussed and condensed into 12 measures. These 12 measures were then included in the second survey when the employees? active participation in the measures? implementation and their satisfaction with the measures? effects should be evaluated. To determine the measures? actual efficiency an extended cost-benefit-analysis (with reference to Schmidt, Hunter &amp;amp; Pearlman: 1982) and a cost-utility-analysis (with reference to Rinza &amp;amp; Schmitz: 1992) were conducted. Nearly all variables investigated in the questionnaire had significantly improved between the first and the second survey (indicators of job demands, occupational scope, motivational potential of occupation, social support, social stressors, commitment, job satisfaction, well-being, psychosomatic complaints). Changes in (multi-modally influenced) absenteeism and in the evaluation of the management?s style of leadership were not significant. Referring to the effects? impact 9 out of 12 measures proved to be positively significant in at least one criterion, whereas referring to (subjectively felt) utility all 12 measures turned out to be positively significant. In six of the remaining nine measures the cost-benefit-analysis resulted in a positive cost-benefit-relation (between 1:71 and 1:1,5). These results were critically discussed and taking into account discounting, specific result-criteria, sensitivity analyses and worst case assessment (see quality principles by Drummond, O´Brien, Stoddart &amp;amp; Torrance, 1987/1997) finally adjusted. Comparing the cost-benefit and cost-utility analyses resulted in significantly different rankings. The critical overall view allows for specific recommendations for five measure-groups. Finally, the joint discussion of the cost-benefit analysis and utility turned out to open up additional aspects of how to conduct the measures in future, which have not been described so far.

<p>. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry.</p><p>The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process.</p><p>The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place.</p><p>The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand.</p><p>The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women.</p><p>At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry.</p><p>All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry</p>

En förväntad ökning av jordens befolkning ställer den redan ökande fiberkonsumtionen på sin spets. Bomull är en av de mest frekvent använda textilfibrerna men dess vatten- och kemikalieanvändning i framställningsprocessen har lett till förödande konsekvenser för människa och miljö. Flera alternativa, hållbara fibrer behöver därmed introduceras på marknaden. Garn av papper från råvaran abacá har länge använts till textila ändamål till följd av dess goda mekaniska egenskaper. På senare år har intresset för fibern ökat främst på grund av dess miljömässiga fördelar i jämförelse med bomull. Garn av papper är dock styvt och känns strävt mot huden. För att vidga pappersgarnets användningsområden måste därför dess taktila egenskaper förbättras genom någon typ av behandling. Textilproduktion är kemikaliekrävande och flertalet av kemikalierna som används är miljö- och hälsofarliga. Det är därför av intresse att hitta en mekanisk metod för mjukgöring snarare än en kemisk. En sådan mjukgöring har därav utvecklats och undersökts inom projektets ramar. Mjukgöringen är en smärglingsbehandling i garnform där garnet leds genom en bladspännare utrustad med två sandpapper som smärgeldukar. Behandlingen ämnar öka antalet utstickande fiberändar och på så vis efterlikna känslan av ett stapelfibergarn. Genom att garnet behandlas redan i garnstadiet kan det sedan användas till valfri textil konstruktionsteknik. För att undersöka effekten av smärglingsbehandlingen har studien delats in i två delar. Den ena delen undersöker två klassiska denimvävar av 100 % papper där väftgarnet i den ena väven har smärglats en gång medan väftgarnet i den andra är obehandlat. Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) har använts för att objektivt analysera vävarnas taktila egenskaper, alltså hur de känns vid beröring. För att undersöka hur vävens ytstruktur förändrats till följd av behandlingen har provkropparna fotograferats i svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) och ljusmikroskop. Studiens andra del undersöker effekten av upprepade smärglingsbehandlingar på garn. Pappersgarner som behandlats mellan noll och fem gånger undersöks dels gällande dess mekaniska egenskaper men även visuellt i SEM och med hjälp av ljusmikroskop. Behandlingen förväntas minska garnets styrka. För att kontrollera om de behandlade garnerna är tillräckligt starka för att användas i en industriell vävprocess trots den mekaniska degraderingen jämfördes deras styrka med ett referensgarn av bomull. Majoriteten av resultaten från KES-testerna visar på att det inte är någon skillnad mellan en obehandlad väv och en väv vars väftgarn är smärglat en gång. Den behandlade väven är dock lättare att komprimera och har en större initial tjocklek än den obehandlade väven. Detta tyder på att smärglingen kan ha ändrat garnernas diameter vilket resulterat i högre invävning och därmed ökad vikt och tjocklek. Den visuella undersökningen av garnerna i ljusmikroskop pekar mot ett ökat antal utstickande fiberändar i takt med ökat antal behandlingar. Dock är skillnaden mellan det osmärglade garnet och det garn som enbart smärglats en gång liten. Dragprovning av garn visar att det pappersgarn som smärglats fem gånger har signifikant lägre brottkraft än de övriga pappersgarnerna men är starkare än referensgarnet i bomull. Detta styrker förväntningen om att smärgling försämrar styrkan på garnet men visar också att de behandlade garnerna, trots den minskade styrkan, bör vara tillräckligt starka för att användas som väftgarn i maskinell vävning. Fiberändarnas effekt i en denimväv behöver undersökas vidare för att en slutsats kring hur de påverkar den taktila komforten ska kunna dras. Metoden för garnsmärgling är i sin initiala fas och flera parametrar behöver undersökas närmare innan metoden skulle kunna implementeras på industriell skala som en metod för mjukgöring av pappersgarn med syfte att främja den framtida fibermångfalden. / An expected population increase and rising consumption of textile fibres creates a demand for both new materials and processes. Cotton is one of the most frequently used fibres but its use is resource intensive both in terms of water and chemical agents. To meet these demands a range of alternative, sustainable fibres need to be developed and introduced into the market. Due to its good mechanical properties paper yarns produced from the abacá plant have long been used in textile applications. In recent years it has also garnered increased interest as a result of its environmental benefits in comparison to cotton. However, paper yarns tend to be stiff and feel coarse in contact with skin. In order for paper yarns to have larger fields of use its tactile qualities must therefore be improved. The production of textiles is generally reliant on the use of chemicals that in varying degree pose threats both to human health and the environment as a whole. It would therefore be beneficial to develop a method for the softening of paper yarns that is based on a mechanical approach, rather than a chemical one. In this project a mechanical method of softening paper yarns has been developed and tested. The softening process is an altered approach to conventional emery grinding and is performed on yarn rather than fabric. The yarn is guided through a leaf tensioner fitted with two sand papers with the purpose to increase the number of protruding fibre ends, thereby reproducing the feel of staple fibre yarns. In order to investigate the effects of the emery grinding two classical denim weaves were produced from 100 % paper yarn. The weft yarn in one of the weaves was emery ground once while the other was left untreated. Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) was used to objectively analyze the tactile qualities of the differently treated weaves. In addition to KES-tests Scanning Electron Microscopy and light microscopy was utilized for a visual analysis. Since it would also be of interest to study the effects of repeated treatments, yarn treated up to five times was inspected both visually and mechanically. The emery grinding process is expected to decrease the strength of the yarn. To check whether the emery ground yarns were strong enough to be used in an industrial weaving process, its strength was compared to a cotton yarn previously used as a weft yarn in a denim weave. Results from KES show no significant changes concerning the majority of parameters tested on the weaves. The treated weave is however easier to compress and presents an increase in initial thickness when compared to the untreated one. This indicates that the emery grinding may have altered the yarns diameter resulting in a higher crimp in the weave causing an increase in the weight and thickness of the fabric. The visual inspection of the yarns using a digital microscope point to an increase in protruding fibre ends as the number of treatments increase. The difference between untreated paper yarn and yarn that had been emery ground once was however small. The tensile test shows that yarn that had been treated five times had a significantly lower tensile strength compared to the other paper yarns but was still stronger than the cotton yarn. This indicates that emery grinding does indeed decrease the tensile strength of the paper yarn, but that it still should be strong enough to be used in industrial weaving. Paper yarn treated more than once would have to be studied further in order to come to a conclusion about their impact on the tactile comfort of the weave. The method of emery grinding is in its initial phase and a number of parameters can be assumed to have an effect on the results of the process. In the interest of creating more diversity in textile fibres the effects of these parameters would all have to be explored before this method can be implemented on an industrial scale for the softening of paper yarns.

This doctoral thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay I investigate the presence of productivity convergence in eight regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada over the period of 1971-2005. Expectation of productivity convergence in the pulp and paper industries of Canadian provinces and of the states of its southern neighbour is high since they are trading partners with fairly high level of exchanges in both pulp and paper products. Moreover, they share a common production technology that changed very little over the last century. I supplement the North-American regional data with national data for two Nordic countries, Finland and Sweden, which provides a scope to compare the productivity performances of four leading players in global pulp and paper industry. I find evidence in favour of the catch-up hypothesis among the regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada in my sample. The growth performance is at the advantage of Canadian provinces relative to their U.S. counterparts. However, it is not good enough to surpass the growth rates of this industry in the two Nordic countries. It is well-known that econometric productivity estimation using flexible functional forms often encounter violations of curvature conditions. However, the productivity literature does not provide any guidance on the selection of appropriate functional forms once they satisfy the theoretical regularity conditions. The second chapter of my thesis provides an empirical evidence that imposing local curvature conditions on the flexible functional forms affect total factor productivity (TFP) estimates in addition to the elasticity estimates. Moreover, I use this as a criterion for evaluating the performances of three widely used locally flexible cost functional forms - the translog (TL), the Generalized Leontief (GL), and the Normalized Quadratic (NQ) - in providing TFP estimates. Results suggest that the NQ model performs better than the other two functional forms in providing TFP estimates. The third essay capitalizes on newly available high frequency energy consumption data from commercial buildings in the District of Columbia (DC) to provide novel insights on the realized energy use impacts of energy efficiency standards in commercial buildings. Combining these data with hourly weather data and information on tenancy contract structure I evaluate the impacts of energy standards, contractual structure of utility bill payments, and energy star labeling on account level electricity consumption. Using this unique panel dataset, the analysis takes advantage of detailed building-level characteristics and the heterogeneity in the building age distribution, resulting in buildings constructed before and after mandatory energy standards came into effect. Estimation results suggest that in commercial buildings constructed under a code, electricity consumption is lower by about 0.48 kWh per cooling degree hour. When tenants pay for their own utilities, consumption is lower by 0.82 kWh per cooling degree hour. The Energy Star effect is a 0.31 kWh reduction per cooling degree hour. Finally, peak savings for all three variables of interest occur at 2pm in the summer months, whereas peak summer marginal prices at DC's local electric utility occur at 5pm.

Die Dissertation beschreibt am Beispiel einer Längsschnittstudie in der Papierindustrie, wie Effekte von Maßnahmen der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung in geschätzten ökonomischen Nutzen übertragen werden können. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist das Variablen-Modell nach Locke und Latham (1990). Darauf aufbauend wurden geeignete Indikatoren und Messinstrumente ausgewählt und in mehreren Voruntersuchungen überprüft. Hauptinstrument ist ein Fragebogen, der im quasiexperimentellen Design zur Ist-Analyse und nach Umsetzung der Maßnahmen eingesetzt wurde. An der ersten Befragung im Oktober 2000 nahmen 320 Gewerbliche und Angestellte des Unternehmens (Rücklauf 89%), an der zweiten drei Jahre später 402 Mitarbeiter (Rücklauf 91%) teil. Für den Längsschnitt standen die Fragebögen von 118 Mitarbeitern zur Verfügung. Neben den Fragebogendaten wurden personbezogene Daten zum Krankenstand erhoben, die auf freiwilliger Basis mit den Fragebogendaten verknüpft wurden, worauf sich 71% der im Jahr 2000 Befragten und 80% der im Jahr 2003 Befragten einlassen konnten. Zur Absicherung der Validität kamen weitere Untersuchungsmethoden zum Einsatz: für 19 Tätigkeiten wurde eine objektive arbeitspsychologische Tätigkeitsanalyse (Pohlandt, Schulze, Jordan &amp;amp; Richter, 2002) durchgeführt, die beteiligten Bereiche wurden in einem Rankingverfahren durch betriebliche Experten eingeschätzt, die organisationale Einbindung der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung wurde zu beiden Untersuchungszeitpunkten mit Hilfe des Fragebogens von Breucker (Prävention online, 2000) erfasst, es fanden 22 strukturierte Interviews mit den Beschäftigten zur Einschätzung der durchgeführten Maßnahmen statt. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Mitarbeiterbefragung wurden zurückgemeldet, diskutiert und zu 12 Maßnahmen verdichtet. Diese 12 Maßnahmen wurden in die Zweitbefragung mit aufgenommen, wobei die aktive Beteiligung an ihnen und die Zufriedenheit mit ihrer Umsetzung eingeschätzt werden sollten. Zur Ermittlung der Effizienz wurden eine erweiterte Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (nach Schmidt, Hunter &amp;amp; Pearlman, 1982) und eine Kosten-Nutzwert-Analyse (nach Rinza &amp;amp; Schmitz, 1992) durchgeführt. Fast alle im Fragebogen erfassten Variablen hatten sich zwischen der ersten und zweiten Befragung signifikant verbessert (Arbeitsintensität, Tätigkeitsspielraum, Motivationspotenzial der Tätigkeit, soziale Unterstützung, sozialen Stressoren, Commitment, Arbeitszufriedenheit, allgemeines Befinden, psychosomatische Beschwerden). Nicht signifikant waren die Änderungen beim (multimodal beeinflussten) Krankenstand, sowie bei der Einschätzung der Führung. Bezüglich der Effektstärke konnte bei 9 der 12 Maßnahmen mindestens ein positiver Unterscheidungseffekt aufgezeigt werden. Bei der Ermittlung des (subjektiv erlebten) Nutzwertes der Maßnahmen kamen alle 12 Maßnahmen in den positiven Bereich. Mit der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse wurde ein positives Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis für 6 der 9 verbleibenden Maßnahmen (zwischen 1:71 und 1:1,5) ermittelt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden kritisch hinterfragt und durch Einbeziehung von Diskontierung, spezifischen Effizienzkriterien, Sensitivitätsanalysen und Worst-Case-Berechnung relativiert (vgl. Anforderungen nach Drummond, O´Brien, Stoddart &amp;amp; Torrance, 1987/1997). Im Vergleich zur Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse wurden bei der Kosten-Nutzwert-Analyse deutlich andere Rangreihen ermittelt. Die kritische Gesamtschau der Ergebnisse ermöglicht spezifische Empfehlungen für fünf Maßnahmengruppen. Es zeigte sich, dass die gemeinsame Erörterung von Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse und Nutzwert zusätzliche und bisher nicht erfasste Aspekte beim Umgang mit den Maßnahmen eröffnet. / The thesis illustrates a longitudinal study in the paper industry. It shows how effects resulting from measures of occupational health promotion may be translated into an estimated economic advantage. The starting point of the study is the high performance cycle (Locke &amp;amp; Latham: 1990). Proceeding from that, appropriate indicators and measuring instruments were selected and tested in several pre-studies. The main instrument is a questionnaire, used in a comparative design before and after the translation of the measures into practice. 320 white- and blue-collar workers took part in the first survey in October 2000 (response rate 89%), whereas 402 workers participated in the second survey which was conducted three years later (response rate 91%). After all, complete data sets for the longitudinal analysis were available from 118 participants. Apart from that personal data concerning absenteeism were used, which were then connected to the questionnaire data on a voluntary basis. Whereas in 2000, in the first survey, 71% of the participants agreed to the connection of their personal data with the questionnaire, 80% agreed to it in the second survey, in 2003. To guarantee the questionnaire?s validity an array of additional methods was used: an objective occupational job analysis (Pohlandt, Schulze, Jordan &amp;amp; Richter, 2002) of 19 different occupations was carried out and the company?s experts evaluated the branches involved by ranking. Furthermore the organizational embedding of occupational health promotion measures was investigated in both surveys with the help of Breucker?s questionnaire (Prevention online, 2000) and additionally 22 structured interviews with the employees took place in order to evaluate the acceptance of the measures conducted. The results of the first employee survey were reported back, discussed and condensed into 12 measures. These 12 measures were then included in the second survey when the employees? active participation in the measures? implementation and their satisfaction with the measures? effects should be evaluated. To determine the measures? actual efficiency an extended cost-benefit-analysis (with reference to Schmidt, Hunter &amp;amp; Pearlman: 1982) and a cost-utility-analysis (with reference to Rinza &amp;amp; Schmitz: 1992) were conducted. Nearly all variables investigated in the questionnaire had significantly improved between the first and the second survey (indicators of job demands, occupational scope, motivational potential of occupation, social support, social stressors, commitment, job satisfaction, well-being, psychosomatic complaints). Changes in (multi-modally influenced) absenteeism and in the evaluation of the management?s style of leadership were not significant. Referring to the effects? impact 9 out of 12 measures proved to be positively significant in at least one criterion, whereas referring to (subjectively felt) utility all 12 measures turned out to be positively significant. In six of the remaining nine measures the cost-benefit-analysis resulted in a positive cost-benefit-relation (between 1:71 and 1:1,5). These results were critically discussed and taking into account discounting, specific result-criteria, sensitivity analyses and worst case assessment (see quality principles by Drummond, O´Brien, Stoddart &amp;amp; Torrance, 1987/1997) finally adjusted. Comparing the cost-benefit and cost-utility analyses resulted in significantly different rankings. The critical overall view allows for specific recommendations for five measure-groups. Finally, the joint discussion of the cost-benefit analysis and utility turned out to open up additional aspects of how to conduct the measures in future, which have not been described so far.

The advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have received large attention in recent years and increased awareness has led to massive societal benefits and new opportunities for industries able to capitalize on these emerging technologies. The pulp and paper industry is going through one of the most considerable transformations into Industry 4.0. Integrating AI technology in the manufacturing process of the pulp and paper industry has shown great potential, but there are uncertainties which direction companies are heading. This study is an investigation of the pulp and paper industry in collaboration with IBM that aims to fill a gap between academia and the progress companies are making. More specifically, this thesis is a multiple case study of the current state and barriers of AI technology in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, the future trends and expectations of AI and the way organizations are managing AI initiatives Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants from three perspectives and the data was thematically coded. Our analysis shows that the use of AI varies, and companies are primarily experimenting with a still immature technology. Several trends and areas with future potential were identified and it was shown that digital innovation management is highly regarded. We conclude that there are several barriers hindering further use of AI. However, continued progress with AI will provide large benefit long term in areas such as predictive maintenance and process optimization. Several measures taken to support initiatives with AI were identified and discussed. We encourage managers to take appropriate actions in the continued work toward AI integration and encourage further research in the area of potential reworks in R&amp;D. / Framgångarna inom Artificiell Intelligens (AI) har fått stor uppmärksamhet de senaste åren och ökad medvetenhet har lett till stora fördelar för samhället liksom nya möjligheter för industrier som tar vara på dessa nya teknologier. Pappers- och massa industrin genomgår en av de mest omfattande transformationerna mot Industri 4.0. Integreringen av AI-teknologi i industrins tillverkningsprocesser has visat stor potential, men också osäkerhet kring vilken riktning företag är på väg mot. Denna studie är en undersökning av den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin, i samarbete med IBM, som syftar till att minska gapet mellan akademin och framstegen företag inom industrin tar. Mer specifikt är denna uppsats en kombinerad fallstudie av det nuvarande läget, barriärerna till AI-teknik i den svenska pappers- och massa industrin, de framtida trenderna och förväntningarna på AI och metoderna företag använder för att stötta AI-initiativ. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 11 deltagare från tre olika perspektiv och datan var tematiskt kodad. Vår analys visar att användning av AI varierar och företag experimenterar huvudsakligen med omogen teknik. Flera trender och områden med potential för framtiden identifierades och det visades att digital innovationshantering är högt ansedd. Vi sammanfattar med att det finns flera barriärer som hindrar fortsatt användning av AI. Fortsatt arbete med AI-tekniken kommer leda till stora fördelar på lång sikt inom områden som prediktivt underhåll och fortsatt processoptimering. Flera åtgärder för att stötta AI-initiativ var identifierade och diskuterades. Vi uppmuntrar industrin att genomföra lämpliga åtgärder i det fortsatta arbetet mot AI-integration och uppmuntrar fortsatt forskning inom potentiella omstruktureringar inom FoU.