Bakgrund: Studier visar att en av tre kvinnor världen över har blivit utsatta för våld i en nära relation. Våld i nära relationer finns i alla samhällsklasser och är ett världshälsoproblem. Vårdpersonal kommer ofta i kontakt med kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld av en manlig partner. Många kvinnor mister livet varje år på grund av konsekvenserna från våldet. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i en nära relation. Metod: Designen är en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamling har skett i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet är baserat på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar och visade tre huvudområden: identifiering av kvinnor som lever med våld i en nära relation, hinder för att kunna identifiera de utsatta kvinnorna och vårdpersonalens möte med kvinnor som lever med våld i en nära relation. Vårdpersonalen upplevde svårigheter att identifiera kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Hinder för att utföra screening var framförallt brist på kunskap och utbildning hos vårdpersonalen. Vårdpersonalen upplevde det svårt att möta våldsutsatta kvinnor, på grund av att det fanns svårigheter att distansera sig från de utsatta kvinnorna. Slutsats: Utifrån denna studie kan slutsatsen dras att riktlinjer, kunskap och träning behövs samt rutiner för att kunna utföra screening, för att vårdpersonalen ska kunna identifiera och ge kvinnor som lever med våld i nära en relation en god vård. / Background: Studies show that one of three women worldwide are exposed to intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence exists in all social classes and is a global health problem. Healthcare professionals often come in contact with women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Many women lose their lives each year as a result from the violence. Purpose: To describe the healthcare professionals experience of taking care of women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Method: The method is a literature review. Data collection has taken place in databases Cinahl and PubMed. Results: The results is based on 15 scientific articles and three main areas emerged in the outcome: identification of women who lives with intimate partner violence, barriers to identifying the vulnerable women and healthcare professionals meeting with women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Healthcare professionals experience difficulties in identifying women who were exposed to intimate partner violence. Barrier to performing screening were primarily lack of knowledge and training in healthcare professionals. The healthcare professionals experienced it difficult to meet women who lived with intimate partner violence, due to the difficulty of distancing themselves from vulnerable women. Conclusions: From this study, the clue can be drown that guidelines, knowledge and training are needed, and also routines for screening, in order to identify women who are living with intimate partner violence.

Bakgrund: Mer än en tredjedel av världens kvinnor blir någon gång under sitt liv utsatta för våld av sin partner eller sexuellt våld av annan än partner. Tidigare forskning visar att de våldsutsatta kvinnorna upplever både positivt och negativt bemötande av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av hindrande respektive underlättande faktorer för att utföra omvårdnadsåtgärder i mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor i nära relation.  Metod: En litteraturstudie där 11 kvalitativa artiklar har granskats och analyserats. Resultat: Fyra kategorier framkom efter analys av artiklar: kunskapsnivå bland sjuksköterskorna, arbetsmiljö och organisation, samhällets inverkan, sjuksköterskornas egna känslor och antaganden. I mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor i nära relation upplevde sjuksköterskor både hindrande och underlättande faktorer för att utföra omvårdnadsåtgärder, vilket beskrivs i resultatets huvudrubriker. Hindrande faktorer var brist på kunskap, hög arbetsbelastning, tidsbrist och brist på stöd från verksamheten. Partner närvaro, kulturen i samhället, språkbarriärer, egna känslor och antaganden upplevdes också som hindrande faktorer. Underlättande faktorer var utbildning, kunskap, erfarenhet, tid, ökad personaltäthet, stöd från kollegor och god samverkan med andra instanser. Andra underlättande faktorer var att mötet sker i enrum, mer uppmärksamhet i samhället och utbildning i skolor, använda oberoende tolk vid språkbarriärer, skapa en god relation till kvinnan, kunna reglera och hantera egna känslor.  Slutsats: Flera faktorer har betydelse för vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder sjuksköterskor ger i mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Upplevd kunskap, erfarenhet, tid, vårdsystem, kulturella aspekter och inställning påverkar vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som ges eller inte i mötet med den våldsutsatta kvinnan. Vidare forskning behövs om utbildningsbehov hos sjuksköterskor. / Background: More than a third of the world's women are at some time during their life victim of violence by their partner, or victim of sexual violence by other person than their partner. Previous research show that women that are victims of violence experience both positive and negative treatment from healthcare professionals.  Aim: The aim was to describe the barriers and facilitating factors nurses experience to carry through nursing actions when meeting female victims of intimate partner violence.  Method: A literature study of 11 qualitative articles, those were reviewed and analyzed.  Results: Four categories emerged from the analysis: level of knowledge among nurses, the work environment and organisation, the impact of society, nurses own feelings and assumptions. During encounters with female victims of intimate partner violence, nurses experienced both barriers and facilitating factors when performing nursing actions. They are described under the main headlines in the results. Barrier factors were; lack of knowledge, heavy workload, lack of time, lack of support from employer culture in society, language barriers, own feelings and assumptions, presence of the partner. Facilitating factors were; education, knowledge, work experience, having enough time, increased personnel, support from colleagues, good cooperation with other instances. Other facilitating factors were opportunity for meetings in private, more attention in society and education in schools, using an independent interpreter when encountering language barriers, establishing a good relationship with the woman, and the ability to regulate and manage emotions.  Conclusion: Several factors for which nursing measures that are provided by nurses has meaning when meeting with the abused women. Knowledge, experience, time, care system, cultural aspects and attitude affect what nursing measures are provided or not provided when meeting with the abused women. Further research is needed about nurses’ need of education in the subject female victims of intimate partner violence.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem som beskrivs som ett globaltfolkhälsoproblem. De senaste 10 åren har antalet anmälningar i Sverige gällande kvinnovåldökat med 30 procent. Kvinnovåld omfattar fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Våldet leder tillkonsekvenser för kvinnan som utsätts och stora kostnader för samhället. Våld mot kvinnor avnuvarande eller före detta manlig partner är ofta det som är mest våldsamt och upprepas ihögre grad än våld av kvinnor eller inom samkönade relationer. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av mötet med kvinnansom blivit utsatt för våld av sin nuvarande eller tidigare manliga partner. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt gjordes i enlighet med Fribergs metod. Underlaget förresultatet var 11 vetenskapliga artiklar som belyser sjuksköterskans upplevelse av mötet medkvinnan som blivit utsatt för våld av nuvarande eller tidigare manlig partner. Artiklarnahämtades från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl complete. Därefter analyserades artiklarnavilket mynnade ut i teman och subteman. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten resulterade i fyra teman: Emotionella möten, Sjuksköterskansroll, Faktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden och Organisation. Subteman till Emotionella möten:Sjuksköterskans känslor och Strategier för att hantera känslorna. Subteman tillSjuksköterskans roll: Psykosocial omvårdnad och Medicinsk omvårdnad. Subteman tillFaktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden: Tidstillgång och arbetsbelastning, Sjuksköterskansattityd och Benägenhet att fråga om våld. Subteman till Organisation: Riktlinjer, Utbildningoch Samarbete. Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Katie Erikssons caritativa teori som syftar tillatt lindra lidande, samt utifrån Arbetsmiljöverkets och Världshälsoorganisationensrekommendationer. Vidare har sjuksköterskans upplevelse diskuterats i förhållande till studiersom belyser den våldsutsatta kvinnans upplevelse av mötet med sjuksköterskan. / Background: Violence against women is a social problem that is described as a globalpublic health problem. The last 10 years the number of complaints regarding violence againstwomen in Sweden has increased by 30 percent. Violence against women includes physical,psychological and sexual violence. The violence has consequences for the woman who isexposed and it also means large costs for the society. Violence against women by current orformer male partner is often more violent and repeated to a greater degree than violence bywomen or in same-sex relationships. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experience of the encounter with thewoman who has been subjected to violence by current or former male partners. Method: This literature review was made in accordance with Friberg's method. The basis ofthe result was 11 scientific studies that highlight nurses' experience of the encounter with thewoman who has been subjected to violence by current or former partners. The studiesretrieved from PubMed and CINAHL complete. The studies were analyzed and resulted inthemes and subthemes. Results: The literature review resulted in four themes: Emotional meetings, Nurse's role,Factors that affecting the care and Organization. Subthemes to Emotional meetings: Nursesemotions and Strategies to manage the emotions. Subthemes to Nurse's role: Psychosocialcare and Medical care. Subthemes to Factors that affecting the care: Time access andworkload, Nurse´s attitude, Willingness to ask about violence. Subthemes to Organization:Guidelines, Education and Cooperation. Discussion: The result has been discussed in relation to Katie Eriksson caritative theorythat aims to relieve suffering. It has also been compared to the Swedish Work Environmentand the World Health Organization recommendations. Furthermore, the result of nurse'sexperience has been discussed in relation to studies that highlight abused women's experienceof the encounter with the nurse.

Dating violence (DV) among young adults, specifically in college settings, is a serious issue with potential severe repercussions – both physically and psychologically – for victims of DV (DV victimization), and even financially on societal institutions as a whole. Exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) has been associated with DV in young adults. Such violent behaviors appear to be associated with a recurrent pattern of aggressive thought processes, content, and arousing emotions. This study investigated the mediating effects of explicit socio-cognitive processes, through the reformulated social information processing (SIP) model, and implicit cognitive processes for exposure to parental IPV on DV perpetration and victimization, as well as the moderating effects of identification with parental figures and emotional arousal for exposure to parental IPV on predicting DV perpetration and victimization. 85 college students (men n = 23, M age = 22.29) were recruited for the study and results revealed that exposure to father-to-mother IPV predicted DV victimization, and that the interaction between exposure to father-to-mother IPV and identification with maternal figure predicted DV victimization. Conversely, identification with a parental figure negatively predicted DV victimization. The results revealed that SIP processes did not mediate the relationship for exposure to parental IPV on DV perpetration, however, SIP process of aggressive responding was positively associated with exposure to father-to-mother IPV and DV perpetration. Next, interaction of exposure to mother-to-father IPV and positive affective arousal is associated with less severe SIP hostile attributions and less positive evaluations of aggression responses. Finally, implicit cognition did not mediate exposure to parental IPV and DV perpetration.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a major public health problem in the US, and have been linked to risky sexual behavior and psychopathology. However, studies examining the link between the wide range of ACEs and sexual health outcomes and behaviors, and the associated mediational role of psychopathology are lacking. Objectives: The main objectives of this dissertation project were: 1) To determine the association between ACEs and sexual health outcomes and behaviors (early sexual debut, intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and HIV/STIs); 2) To examine the disparities among selected populations; and 3) To assess the mediational role of psychopathology in the association between ACEs and sexual health. Methods: Data were obtained from Wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic and linear regression models were used to determine the association between ACEs (neglect, physical/psychological abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing parental violence, and parental incarceration/psychopathology) and early age at sexual debut by sex and sexual orientation. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine the mediational role of psychopathology (PTSD, substance abuse, and depression) in the association between ACE constructs and IPV perpetration, and the role of psychopathology, early sexual debut and IPV perpetration in the association between ACEs and HIV/STIs. Results: The association between ACEs and early sexual debut was generally stronger for women and sexual minorities. Among men, PTSD mediated the association between sexual abuse and IPV perpetration (z=0.004, p = 0.018). However, among men and women, substance abuse mediated the association between physical/psychological abuse and IPV perpetration: z=0.011, p=0.036 and z=0.008, p=0.049, respectively. Among men, PTSD mediated abuse (physical/psychological, and sexual) and parental incarceration/psychopathology; substance abuse mediated abuse and neglect; depression and early sexual debut mediated abuse; and IPV perpetration mediated sexual abuse, and HIV/STIs. Among women, substance abuse mediated neglect and physical/psychological abuse, and depression mediated physical/psychological abuse and HIV/STIs. Conclusions: Intervention and prevention programs geared towards preventing sexual health outcomes and behaviors should employ a life course approach and address ACEs. Treatment components addressing PTSD, substance abuse, and depression should also be added to IPV perpetration and HIV/STI prevention programs.

Background: Rapid repeat pregnancy (RRP), a pregnancy occurring less than 24 months from a prior birth, and unintended pregnancy-related induced abortions can be prevented with family planning. However, few studies have adequately addressed the role of male partners in reproductive decision-making. Objectives: The goal of this research is to understand the interrelationships between couple pregnancy intention, intimate partner violence (IPV), reproductive health and behaviors. Specifically, this project aims to: (1) examine the extent to which couple pregnancy intentions are associated with RRP and (2) induced abortions among women in the U.S., and (3) examine the extent to which IPV around the time of pregnancy is associated with postpartum birth control use by race/ethnicity and receipt of prenatal contraceptive counseling among U.S. women with live births. Methods: This project uses data from the 2006-2010 National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG), and the 2004-2008 national Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). RRP and induced abortion of first pregnancy were self-reported in the NSFG. Couple pregnancy intentions were categorized as: both intended (M+P+), both unintended (M-P-), maternal intended and paternal unintended (M+P-), maternal unintended and paternal intended (M-P+). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between couple pregnancy intentions and RRP and induced abortion. Data on IPV and postpartum contraceptive use came from PRAMS. Stratified analyses were conducted to assess differences in the association by race/ethnicity and receipt of prenatal contraceptive counseling. Results: Compared to couples where pregnancy was intended by both, those with discordant pregnancy intentions and both unintended pregnancy had greater odds of induced abortion. The odds of RRP was higher for M-P+ couples and lower for M+P- couples. Abused women were significantly less likely to report postpartum contraceptive use. This was particularly true for Hispanic women who reported no prenatal birth control counseling and all other racial/ethnic groups who received birth control counseling. Conclusion: Health providers may need to consider the interpersonal dynamics of couple-based decision-making and behaviors to prevent RRP and induced abortions due to unintended pregnancy. Providers should discuss contraceptive options that are not partner-dependent within the context of abusive relationships.

Syfte:Att undersöka barnmorskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att ställa frågor om våld enligt nationella riktlinjer. Design: Intervjustudie baserade på nio enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Omgivning: Fem mödrahälsovårdscentraler i norra Sverige. Deltagare: Nio barnmorskor, som arbetade på landstingsägda och privata hälsocentraler. Barnmorskorna som var i åldrarna 34 – 62 år hade erfarenheter av att arbeta inom mödravården liksom förlossningsvården. (Alla deltagare gav muntligt och skriftligt medgivande på att delta i studien). Resultat: Deltagarnas upplevelser och erfarenheter att arbeta med stöd av riktlinjer och fråga om våldsutsatthet kan sammanfattas i det övergripandet temat: Behöver rätt verktyg för att våga öppna Pandoras ask. Kategorierna: Sakna förutsättningar för att arbeta på ett bra sätt, Övervinna hinder, Hantera egna känslor och Känna trygghet och stöd när arbetet känns svårt beskrev olika aspekter av upplevelser och erfarenheter. Slutsats: Trots att riktlinjerna upplevs som stöd för arbetet visade studien att frågan om våld kan vara svår att ställa på grund av olika omständigheter. Barnmorskan kan då välja att avstå från att fråga eller skjuta upp frågan till ett senare tillfälle i det enskilda fallet trots medvetenhet om att hon ska ställa frågan. Kliniska implikationer: Mer utbildning och fortbildning behövs för barnmorskornas trygghet i att arbeta våldspreventivt. De riktlinjer som finns kan behöva utvecklas och förbättras för att minska osäkerheten vid olika dilemman när barnmorskan ska fråga om våldsutsatthet. / Objective: To explore midwive´s experiences of posing questions about intimate partner violence according to national guidelines.Design: Interview study with individual semi-structured interviews using qualitative content analysis for analysis.Setting: Five antenatal clinics in northern Sweden.Participants: Nine midwives, working in public and private antenatal care clinics. Midwives aged 34 to 62 years with experiences in antenatal health care as well as delivery care participated. All participants gave their verbal and written concent to participate in the study.Results: Participants´ experiences working with support of the guidelines and terms of intimate partner violence can be summed up in the overarching theme: Need to have the right tools to dare open Pandora´s box. The categories: Lack of opportunities to work in a good way, Overcoming barriers, Manage your own emotions and Feel safety and support when work feels difficult described different aspects of experiences.Conclusion: Although the guidelines are perceived as supporting the work study showed that the issue of violence can be difficult to make because of the different circumstances. The midwife can then choose to refrain from asking or defer the matter to a later date in the case despite awareness that she should ask the question.Clinical implications: More education and training is needed to increase midwives security in violence prevention work. The guidelines need to be developed and improved in order to reduce uncertainty at various dilemmas when the midwife to ask about intimate partner violence.

I uppsatsen studeras unga kvinnors upplevelser av våld i nära relationer. I uppsatsen har kvalitativ metod använts, och vi har genomfört åtta intervjuer. Kvalitativ metod valdes för att få en djupare förståelse hur kvinnor påverkas efter att ha levt i en våldsam relation. Ämnet valdes för att uppmärksamma omvärlden kring kvinnors erfarenheter och upplevelser. I analysen har vi att utgå ifrån Scheffs teori om hur människan formas av de sociala banden till andra människor, och därigenom använt oss av begreppen optimal, öppen- och underdifferentiering samt skam och stolthet. Vi har även använt oss av Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv, inkluderat med främre och bakre region samt give expression och give off expression. Slutligen har vi valt att använda Giddens teori om intimitet och rena relationer. Våra respondenter har upplevt bland annat fysiska slag, kränkningar och sönderslagna tillhörigheter. Dessa upplevelser har påverkat deras välmående i form av kontrollbehov, PTSD och mardrömmar. Respondenterna har mycket gemensamt när det kommer till erfarenheter, känslor och upplevelser. De tycker även att samhället behöver införa fler insatser för kvinnor som blir/har blivit utsatta för våld, vilket skulle kunna genomföras i form av föreläsningar, utbildningar eller krav på personal i form av att de måste våga ingripa med åtgärder när de anar att någon blir utsatt för våld. / This essay has been completed with qualitative method, and so we have interviewed eight women. We chose this method to receive a deeper understanding for women’s experiences after going through a violent relationship. It is important to enlighten the society when it comes to these exposed women, to be able to offer them the right help. For the analysis, we have chosen Scheff’s theory about social bonding and how it defines a person, and from this theory we have also used the ideas optimal, open and under differentiation together with shame and pride. We have also used Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective, in which he talks about a front and a back region together with give expression and give off expression. Lastly we have also brought up Giddens theory about intimacy and pure relationships. Our respondents are deeply affected by violence that among other things includes; punches, offensive comments and ruined belongings. When the relationship is over, they are still affected in ways of control issues, PTSD and nightmares. The respondents experiences and feelings are similar to each other. They also have in common that they think that the society needs to contribute with more efforts to help women who have been through a violent relationship. These kind of efforts could take place in lectures, education and demanding staff in school to have civil courage, meaning they must help when needed.

Thesis (M.A. (Diversity Studies))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Sciences, 2016 / IPV directed against male partners is a contentious and notorious topic within the study of domestic violence (Barkhuizen, 2010). Together with this it can be established from the research that even though there is a willingness amongst professionals to acknowledge males as victims of IPV there remains a lack of awareness both amongst professionals and society in general. Therefore, the issue of female-to-male IPV within the South African context is in need of extensive research. Accordingly, this research aims to fill the gap in the literature concerning male victimisation. Six key professionals- who work with domestic violence and have knowledge pertaining to the laws surrounding domestic violence- provided expert, educated opinions on the topic which were drawn from interviews that were transcribed and analysed with the use of thematic content analysis and critical discourse analysis. Key findings revealed the complexities of female-to-male IPV in South Africa. The research revealed that yes, South African law does make provision for male victims but the law is poorly implemented due to many intricacies. The most interesting results related to police perceptions of IPV (both female and male perpetrated). As such this study will bring about greater awareness of the issue and thus provide victims of female-to-male IPV the opportunity to report such incidents without fear of disbelief, reprisal or humiliation. In addition, this research will assist in addressing many of the academic debates and legal issues that surround this controversial aspect of abuse. KEY WORDS: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), Domestic Violence, Male Victimisation, Female-to-male IPV, Professionals, Police, South Africa / GR2017

A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Psychology) in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, March 2017. / Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a pervasive problem affecting many women in South Africa and worldwide. Due to the many consequences that victims of IPV experience, it is increasingly seen as a public health concern. Despite interventions targeted at reducing the rates of IPV, it still remains prevalent in South African communities. Research has mainly explored IPV from the victims’ perspective and only in recent years has there been a marked interest in perpetrators of IPV. This study explores an identified gap in literature which examines the experiences and actions of male perpetrators of IPV. In-depth interviews were conducted with five men who were a part of a perpetrator reintegration programme at a Non-Governmental Organisation in Johannesburg. The data was analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis in an attempt to better understand their reported individual experiences. The study found that there was little consensus amongst perpetrators of IPV regarding the nature and causes of violence. IPV is normalised by many perpetrators. It is embedded in a context of patriarchy which emphasizes male dominance over the household, the finances and the women and children. Men and women are socialized into the context of patriarchy. Through the research, it was found that perpetrators view their actions as a response to something their partner did wrong or did not do, thus the act is seen as justified, the use of blame and minimization of the act were common responses when asked about experiences of IPV. Traditional customs such as Lobola allowed men to believe that they owned their wives, and through this had dominance and control over the relationship. This was viewed by participants as a right to discipline and punish one’s partner. / XL2018