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<p>The global HIV/AIDS pandemic has emerged alongside a changing world order marked by the growing power and authority of business, new constraints on public authority and policy autonomy, and new global hierarchies, inequalities, and contradictory tendencies. These conditions have helped midwife new configurations of public and private power, authority, and relations and shaped normative and operating environments for global health governance. In these contexts, public-private partnerships emerged as an institutional experiment, ostensibly to address health governance gaps and failures, including access to HIV and AIDS medicines in the global South. This study investigates the growth and roles of private authority in health governance through the lens of four case studies of public-private partnerships intended to enhance access to HIV and AIDS medicines in the global South. The study reveals that public-private partnerships in health emerged from this history as institutional experiments, yet not convincingly as functionalist responses to governance gaps and failures. The history demonstrates that private business actors opted to engage in partnerships in the contexts of a convergence of social, political, and commercial pressures, and normative and structural transformations in the world order. The case study partnerships emerged as accommodation or <em>trasformismo </em>strategies which offered concessions in an attempt to neutralise and co-opt social contestation around treatment access, without succumbing to demands for deeper structural and legislative reforms. These strategies offer bilateral, narrow, and tactical contributions in a framework of poor design, governance, accountability, and equity considerations and obligations, and are ultimately unconvincing in their commitment or capacity to expand access to HIV and AIDS medicines. Ultimately, public-private partnerships in health present practical, strategic, and normative consequences that necessitate new approaches to reform and/or serious reconsideration of their role and prospects in global health governance.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Electric Road System is an emerging infrastructure with potential of accelerating the transition towards electric vehicles. At the same time, Swedish municipalities are showing difficulties in electrifying their vehicle fleets. This study examines if an Electric Road System can be of value for a municipality, and if there are any challenges for an actor to establish a business model for such a system in the municipal context. Currently, there is a lack of previous studies in this area. This thesis addresses the topic of business models for Electric Road Systems in a municipal context through a single case study in a Swedish municipality. Six conclusions are drawn regarding opportunities for creating and capturing value from an Electric Road System with a municipal customer: 1) A combination of dynamic and stationary charging is probabl yneeded. 2) Extended possibilities for vehicle electrification can be provided. 3) Vehicle availability and reliability can be achieved. 4) Additional services should be evaluated thoroughly. 5) The pricing strategy should include a fixed price. 6) Major uncertainties exist regarding potential size of value capture. Additionally, three conclusions are drawn regarding challenges in the creation of a business model for a municipal Electric Road System: 1) The possibility of electrifying state roads is uncertain. 2) The national choice of ERS-technology will have an impact. 3) The uncertainty regarding prices of ERS-compatible vehicles presents a risk. With these conclusions, this study contributes with an increased knowledge on business models for Electric Road Systems in the municipal context. / Elvägssystem är en framväxande infrastrukturlösning med möjlighet att accelerera övergången till eldrivna fordon. Samtidigt visar svenska kommuner på svårigheter i elektrifieringen av sina fordonsflottor. Den här studien undersöker om ett elvägssystem kan vara av värde för en kommun och om det finns några utmaningar i att etablera en affärsmodell för ett sådant system i en kommun. För närvarande finns en avsaknad av studier som berör detta område. Detta examensarbete behandlar ämnet affärsmodeller för elvägssystem i kontexten av en kommun genom en fallstudie i en svensk kommun. Sex slutsatser dras gällande möjligheterna för skapande och fångst av värde från ett elvägssystem med en kommun som kund: 1) En kombination av dynamisk och stationär laddning behövs förmodligen. 2) Utökade möjligheter för fordonselektrifiering kan uppnås. 3) Tillgängliga och pålitliga fordon kan erhållas. 4) Tilläggstjänster bör utvärderas noggrant. 5) Prissättningsstrategin bör inkludera ett fast pris. 6) Stora osäkerheter finns gällande hur stort värde som kan fångas. Dessutom dras tre slutsatser gällande utmaningar i skapandet av en affärsmodell för ett elvägssystem i en kommun: 1) Möjligheten att elektrifiera statliga vägar är osäker. 2) Det statliga valet av elvägsteknik kommer att påverka. 3) Osäkerheten gällande priset på elvägsfordon utgör en risk. Med dessa slutsatser bidrar denna studie till en ökad kunskap om affärsmodeller för elvägar i kontexten av en kommun.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar e debater as possibilidades e potencialidades do Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) para impulsionar parcerias entre os setores público e privado que promovam benefícios para a gestão do território, especialmente no Rio de Janeiro. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa busca explorar como os referenciais, também chamada de agenda, ESG podem ser aplicados na gestão territorial, tendo como estudo de caso a parceria entre a empresa Osklen e a Prefeitura do Rio para a recuperação das restingas de Ipanema e Leblon, demonstrando que a colaboração entre o público e privado pode ser uma estratégia eficaz na promoção da conservação e do desenvolvimento sustentável de áreas e ecossistemas da cidade. Por meio de uma cuidadosa revisão bibliográfica, análise de estudo de caso e saídas a campo, esta dissertação busca identificar as principais oportunidades e benefícios da agenda ESG na conjuntura das parcerias entre o setor público e privado. Os resultados e conclusões deste estudo podem contribuir para a compreensão do ESG como uma oportunidade para promover arranjos mais sólidas e eficientes entre os setores público e privado. / [en] The present study aims to analyze and discuss the possibilities and potential of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) to boost partnerships between the public and private sectors that promote benefits for territory management. In this sense, this research seeks to explore how these ESG principles and guidelines can be applied in territory management, taking as a case study the partnership between the company Osklen and the Rio City Hall for the recovery of the Ipanema and Leblon restingas, demonstrating that collaboration between the public and private sectors can be an effective strategy to promote the conservation and sustainable development of these areas. Through a literature review, case study analysis, and fieldwork, this work aims to identify the main opportunities and benefits of adopting the ESG Agenda in the context of cooperation between the public and private sectors. The results and conclusions of this study can contribute to understanding the potential of the ESG agenda as a tool to promote stronger and more efficient arrangements between the public and private sectors in territory management.