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"Don't speak to strangers!" - A Qualitative Research about Integration Processes in Swedish Elderly Care : Refugee Workers Interaction in Meetings with Swedish Unit Manager AuthorityLillvik Starlead, Mattias January 2022 (has links)
With an influx of refugess to Sweden the scene on the work market has changed for the last six decades. During the 1960's Italians came to work as handicraft labor, in the 1970's lots of Chileans entered Sweden fleeing dictatorship, in the 1990's the war on Balkan drove many refugess north and during the Syrian collapse in 2015 the word integration has rung repeatedly in newspapers and policy documents. 17% of Swedish population is born in another country which equivalent to 1.7 million inhabitants from other cultures (Dec 2021). This puts Sweden on the map as a multicultural country trying to understand integration processes and the political scene is dictating questions on how Sweden shall be run. This study wants to highlight a specific area where many refugees often end up working entering the Swedish work market for the first time, in Swedish communal elderly care service. Since no prior education is needed it is an easy way in to get a job and earn a living. Elderly care in Sweden has unit managers navigating through cultural and local regulations on how the work market shall progress. In the meetings with refugees wanting to work obstacles are at place making employment situation more strained. In this study we find unit managers and refugee workers giving their opinions and possible solutions to a bureaucratic landscape of laws, attitudes and values. But what happens in meetings between a unit manager and its refugee worker? How do they work and what does not work? And how does this affect integration processes in Swedish elderly care? The answers to this involve unit managers pre-knowledge in multiculturalism and attitudes towards refugee workers and in what way the refugee worker is a stranger to the unit manager or not. My conclusion is the need to educate unit managers to be representative and having knowledge in multiculturalism to develop better integration processes and secure future employment in elderly care in Sweden.
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Indigenising post-war state reconstruction. The Case of Liberia and Sierra Leone.Doe, Samuel G. January 2009 (has links)
Current approaches to post-war state reconstruction are primarily dominated by the
liberal peace thesis. These approaches tend to ignore the indigenous institutions,
societal resources and cultural agencies of post-conflict societies, although such
entities are rooted in the sociological, historical, political and environmental realities
of these societies. Such universalised and `best practice¿ approaches, more often than
not, tend to reproduce artificial states. The Poro and Sande are the largest indigenous
sodality institutions in the `hinterlands¿¿a pejorative term attributed to rural Liberia
and Sierra Leone. Both the Poro and Sande exercise spiritual, political, economic and
social authority. In this thesis, I use critical realism and the case study approach to
investigate: a) the extent to which the liberal peace practitioners who are leading state
reconstruction in Liberia and Sierra Leone recognised the role and potential utility of
the Poro and Sande institutions; b) the extent to which the Poro and Sande were
engaged; and c) the implications for the quality and viability of the reconstructed
states. This evidence-based research suggests that the liberal peace project sidelined
indigenous institutions, including the Poro and Sande, in the post-war recovery and
rebuilding exercises. The disregard for indigenous and emerging resources in the
context of state reconstruction in Liberia and Sierra Leone has contributed to the
resurgence of 19th century counter-hegemonic resistance from the sodality-governed
interior of both countries. At the same time, the reconstructed states are drifting back
towards their pre-war status quo. Authority structures remain fragmented,
kleptocracy is being restored, webs of militarised patronage networks are being
emboldened, and spaces for constructive dialogues are shrinking. This thesis
underscores the need for indigenisation as a complementary strategy to help reverse
the deterioration, and to maximise gains from massive investments in peacebuilding.
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Integration and Co-ordination of DDR and SALW Control Programming: Issues, Experience and Priorities. Thematic Working Paper 3.Greene, Owen J., Hiscock, D., Flew, C. 07 1900 (has links)
This paper examines the inter-relationships in post-conflict contexts between DDR programmes and processes on the one hand, and wider arms management and SALW control programmes on the other. It is a contribution to the international project "on DDR and Human Security: Post-conflict security building and the interests of the poor‟, and aims to complement the four other Thematic working papers of this Project. It argues that greater co-coordination, and often integration, between DDR and civilian arms management/reduction programmes is needed to promote human security in most countries emerging from conflict, within the framework of a wider comprehensive strategy for enhancing security from fear and violence that also includes security sector reform.
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As good as it gets: securing diamonds in Sierra LeoneCooper, Neil January 2008 (has links)
No / Three interrelated factors make Sierra Leone in general and its extractive sector in particular worthy of examination. First, since the formal declaration of peace in 2002 the country has emerged as a model of liberal peacebuilding.1 The UN deployed one of its largest ever peacekeeping operations at a total cost of $2.8 billion.2 Official development assistance to Sierra Leone (multilateral, bilateral and UN agencies) amounted to US$1.2 billion between 2003 and 2006 (DACO, 2006: 7) and in 2006 the country’s $1.6 billion debt was forgiven (ICG, 2007: 8). In 2007 the country experienced its second successful post-conflict national election resulting in a transition of power to the opposition All People’s Congress.
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A security community in Africa : a critical assessment of the African Union’s contribution towards the construction of a potential security community since 2002De Vos, Johannes Nicolaas 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis seeks to provide a critical discussion of the contributions of the African
Union towards the potential development of an African security community since its
inception in 2002. Utilising Security Community Theory, and the framework for the
study of security communities developed by Adler & Barnett (1998) it commences
with an interrogation of the AU. This interrogation is arranged along the three tiers of
the framework.
The first tier is the precipitating conditions, which cause states to orient themselves
in each other’s direction and desire to coordinate their relations. The second tier
investigates the factors conducive to the development of mutual trust and collective
identity. The third, and final, tier identifies the necessary conditions of dependable
expectations of peaceful change.
The study goes on and introduces three African case studies, which illustrate the
contributions of the African Union towards the potential development of an African
security community. The case studies are the African Union mission in Burundi, the
African Union mission in Sudan, and the recent intervention of the African Union in
the post-election crisis in Côte d'Ivoire. All three case studies were able to provide
ample evidence to illustrate the AU’s contributions.
The study concludes with two major findings. Firstly, this study is able to illustrate
that the AU has made significant contributions towards the development of peace
and security in Africa. Secondly, that the AU has made significant contributions at all
three tiers of the framework, and therefore major contributions to the potential
development of an African security community. However, the AU is still in its
embryonic phase, and any prediction concerning the existence, or potential
existence of an African security community would be premature. Even though there are ostensibly, positive developments in the area of continental
peace and security this study is able to illustrate several remaining challenges to
further contributions by the AU. The first is a lack of resources. The AU is heavily
dependent on the contributions of its member states, and a number of members
persistently fail to meet their contributions to the organization. A second challenge is
the loosely defined relationship with the UN (and other external partners). It is crucial that a constructive relationship be established, if not, differences might antagonise
the two organisations and negatively affect any future contributions of the AU
towards the development of an African security community. Finally, the role of core
states, most notably regional hegemons such as South Africa and Nigeria will remain
important for stabilizing and encouraging the further development of an African
security community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis poog om n kritiese bespreking te bied van die bydra wat die Afrika Unie
na die potensiele ontwikkeling van n Afrika sekuriteits gemeenskap gemaak het
sedert sy intrede in 2002. Deur gebruik te maak van Sekuriteits Gemeeenskap
Teorie, en die raamwerk vir die studie van sekuriteits gemeenskappe deur Adler &
Barnett (1998) begin die studie met n direkte ondersoek van die AU. Hierdie
ondersoek vind plaas volgens die drie vlakke van die raamwerk.
Die eerste vlak is die kondisies wat veroorsaak dat state hulself na mekaar orienteer,
en n wil ontwikkel om hulle sake te koordineer. Die tweede vlak ondersoek die
faktore vir die ontwikkeling van wedersydse vertroue en gesamentlike identiteit. Die
derde, en finale, vlak identifiseer die nodige kondisies van afhanklike verwagtinge vir
vreedsame verandering.
Die studie gaan voort met drie Afrika geval studies, wat die bydra van die AU na die
potensiele ontwikkeling van n Afrika sekuriteits gemeenskap illustreer. Die geval
studies sluit in die Afrika missie in Burundi, die Afrika missie in Sudan, en die
onlangse intervensie deur die AU in die na-eleksie krisis in Côte d'Ivoire. Al drie
geval studies verskaf wye getuienis wat die bydra van die AU illustreer.
Die studie sluit af met twee hoof bevindings. Eerstens, kon hierdie studie illustreer
dat die AU betekenisvolle bydraes na die ontwikkeling van vrede en sekuriteit in
Afrika gemaak het. Tweedens, dat die AU betekenisvolle bydraes op al drie vlakke
van die raamwerk gemaak het, en daarom ook mondige bydraes tot die potensiele
ontwikkeling van n Afrika sekuriteits gemeenskap gemaak het. Nogtans, is die AU
self nog in n onvolwasse stadium, en enige voorspelling in verband met die bestaan,
of oor die potensiele bestaan van n Afrika sekuriteits gemeenskap is voortydig. Al is daar opmerkilike positiewe ontwikkelinge in die area van kontinentale vrede en
sekuriteit, kan hierdie studie steeds verskeie uitdagings identifiseer wat verdere
bydraes deur die AU kan hinder. Die eerste uitdaging is n tekort aan bevondsing. Die
AU is hoogs afhanklik op die bydrae van sy lidmaat state, maar n paar lede mis
aanhoudend hulle bydraes tot die orginasasie. n Tweede uitdaging is die
ongedefineerde verhouding tussen die AU en die VN (en ander eksterne vennote).
Dit is belangrik dat n konstruktiewe verhouding in werk gestel word, indien nie, kan verskille die twee organisasies van mekaar dryf en enige toekomstige bydraes van
die AU na die potensiele ontwikkeling van n Afrika sekuriteits kompleks negatief
beinvloed. Laastens, sal die rol van kern state, mees aanmerklik streek leiers soos
Suid Afrika en Nigerie, belangrik bly om die sekuriteits kompleks te stabiliseer en
verdere ontwikkeling in die toekoms te bevorder.
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The liberal peace and post-conflict peacebuilding in Africa : Sierra LeoneTom, Patrick January 2011 (has links)
This thesis critiques liberal peacebuilding in Africa, with a particular focus on Sierra Leone. In particular, it examines the interface between the liberal peace and the “local”, the forms of agency that various local actors are expressing in response to the liberal peace and the hybrid forms of peace that are emerging in Sierra Leone. The thesis is built from an emerging critical literature that has argued for the need to shift from merely criticising liberal peacebuilding to examining local and contextual responses to it. Such contextualisation is crucial mainly because it helps us to develop a better understanding of the complex dynamics on the ground. The aim of this thesis is not to provide a new theory but to attempt to use the emerging insights from the critical scholarship through adopting the concept of hybridity in order to gain an understanding of the forms of peace that are emerging in post-conflict zones in Africa. This has not been comprehensively addressed in the context of post-conflict societies in Africa. Yet, much contemporary peace support operations are taking place in these societies that are characterised by multiple sources of legitimacy, authority and sovereignty. The thesis shows that in Sierra Leone local actors – from state elites to chiefs to civil society to ordinary people on the “margins of the state” – are not passive recipients of the liberal peace. It sheds new light on how hybridity can be created “from below” as citizens do not engage in outright resistance, but express various forms of agency including partial acceptance and internalisation of some elements of the liberal peace that they find useful to them; and use them to make demands for reforms against state elites who they do not trust and often criticise for their pre-occupation with political survival and consolidation of power. Further, it notes that in Sierra Leone a “post-liberal peace” that is locally-oriented might emerge on the “margins of the state” where culture, custom and tradition are predominant, and where neo-traditional civil society organisations act as vehicles for both the liberal peace and customary peacebuilding while allowing locals to lead the peacebuilding process. In Sierra Leone, there are also peace processes that are based on custom that are operating in parallel to the liberal peace, particularly in remote parts of the country.
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Konflikresolusie in 'n transformasiekonteks : 'n vredebouontleding van die Post-Lancaster House tydvak in Zimbabwe : 4 Maart 1980-2002Grundling, Okert Jakobus 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / This study aims to analyze the conflict resolution process in Zimbabwe after the Lancaster House Agreement and the subsequent elections from March 4, 1980 up until 2002. The objective is to determine what effect this process has had on all the people in Zimbabwe, both nationally and locally. It also endeavours to evaluate their attempts to transform from a violent culture of guerilla warfare, to an all-inclusive sustainable peaceful environment and culture.
The reason for this specific time period of the study lies in the fact that the peace building process of the Zimbabwean conflict resolution process was supposed to be introduced during this time. This is the era during which the root of historic conflict, according to the peace building theory, has had to be transformed. It also implies the start of the implementation of the radical land reform process.
From this perspective the following 5 key questions form the raison d‟être of the study and will be analyzed in the different chapters:
1. The requirements for sustainable peace, according to the conflict resolution and peace building theory, as developed by Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton and Anstey.
2. The characteristics of the historical conflict structure to be transformed during the post-1980 period.
3. An evaluation of the development of an all inclusive, multi-faceted and integrated program for the transformation of the historical conflict structure.
4. An evaluation of the international managers‟ contributions for laying the foundation for the integration of peace-making and the subsequent phases of
the peace building process. It also questions the degree of reconciliation and peace building.
5. The lessons learnt from the Zimbabwean experience and its implications for conflict resolutions and peace implementation processes in Southern African societies. Included in this question is to seek clarification and to develop proposals about the roles and contributions of internal and external role players on all levels of society in such processes.
Hence the conclusive finding that conflict resolution and peace building is an integrated multi-dimensional process. This conclusion is confirmed in the Zimbabwean situation. Conflict involves the entanglement of needs, unappeased perceptions and codes of conduct during the period of negotiations. In Zimbabwe the escalation and de-escalation of these influences are clearly observed.
The evaluation and manipulation of the history of Zimababwe, of which the manipulation is still continuing, is harming the process of reconciliation and peace building. The absence of an inclusive raison d‟être for all parties involved (regarding differences and diversities on ethnical, social, economical and other levels) implies a strong escalating and de-escalating factor in the irreconcilability in Zimbabwe.
The initiation of an integrated and multi-dimensional process, mechanism and framework of reconciliation and peace is strongly advised. This process, mechanism and framework has to have an integrated structure starting at international level (United Nations Peace Building Commission) decentralizing into regional, national, provincial and local government structures. The process and mechanism must be part of the establishment of conflict resolution and peace building as an generic management style and approach aimed at the political and governing processes of societies in transformation. This is especially important for the current Zimbabwean situation. / Die oogmerk van die studie is „n ontleding van die konflikresolusie-proses in Zimbabwe sedert die Lancaster House-ooreenkoms en die daaropvolgende verkiesings van 4 Maart 1980 tot en met die jaar 2002. Die doelstelling is om te bepaal in watter mate en op welke wyse, daar op alle vlakke van die gemeenskap nasionaal en op plaaslike vlak, gepoog is om die geweldskultuur, wat kenmerkend van die guerrilla-oorlog was, te transformeer tot „n volhoubare inklusiewe vredesomgewing en -kultuur.
„n Primêre motivering vir die keuse van die bepaalde navorsingstydperk is dat dit veronderstel is om die vredebou-periode van die Zimbabwiese konflikresolusie-proses in te lui. Dit is die era waartydens die bronne van die historiese konflik, ooreenkomstig die vredebou-teorie, getransformeer moes word. Dit sluit ook die era in waartydens die eerste stappe van die radikale grondhervormingsproses geïmplementeer is.
In die lig hiervan word die onderstaande 5 kernvraagstukke as raison d‟être van die studie op „n hoofstukbasis ondersoek:
1. Wat is die vereistes vir volhoubare vrede, ooreenkomstig die konflikresolusie- en vredebouteorie soos veral ontwikkel deur Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton en Anstey?
2. Wat was die kenmerke van die historiese konflikstruktuur wat in die post-1980- periode moes transformeer?
3. Het daar in die post-1980-periode „n inklusiewe, multi-vlakkige en geïntegreerde program vir die transformasie van die historiese konflikstruktuur, ontwikkel?
4. Het die internasionale bestuurders van die proses die grondslag gelê vir „n integrering van vredevestiging met die verdere fases van vredebou? In watter mate was versoening en vredebou enigsins „n prioriteit? Indien nie, waarom nie?
5. Watter lesse kan vanuit die Zimbabwiese ervaring geleer word wat kan bydra tot 'n beter begrip van praktiese konflikresolusie en vredebou-implementeringsprosesse in veral Suider-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe? Watter bydraes kan en moet interne en eksterne rolspelers speel? Voortspruitend hieruit word daar ook aanbevelings aan die hand gedoen oor die integrasie van internasionale en nasionale (eerste, tweede en derde vlakke) rolspelers in hierdie verband.
Teen hierdie agtergrond word samevattend bevind dat konflikresolusie en vredebou, „n geïntegreerde multi-dimensionele en multi-vlakkige proses is. Vanuit die Zimbabwe situasie word bevind en bevestig dat konflik uit „n geïntegreerde wisselwerking van behoefte- en doel-onversoenbaarheidspersepsies met voort-spruitende konflikterende gesindhede en gedragspatroon-verskynsels, bestaan. Daar word ook aangetoon dat daar duidelike eskalerende en de-eskalerende invloede teenwoordig is.
Daar is ook bevind dat die wyse hoe die geskiedenis van Zimbabwe evalueer en hanteer is en steeds word, die bou van versoening en langtermyn vrede benadeel. Die afwesigheid van „n inklusiewe raison d‟être wat alle rolspelers inbind tot een Zimbabwiese sentiment, ten spyte van diepliggende verskille en diversiteite op etniese, stam, sosiale, ekonomiese, klas en ander terreine, is „n sterk eskalerende faktor en gevolg in hierdie verband. Die loodsing van „n diepliggende en veelvlakkige versoeningsproses, sal die identifisering van sódanige sentiment – die aorta van Zimbabwe se konstruktiewe, volhoubare voortbestaan – as primêre samebindende prioriteit moet neem.
Teen hierdie agtergrond word „n geïntegreede versoenings- en vredebou meganisme en raamwerk ontwikkel en voorgestel. „n Meganisme en proses wat multi-vlakkige deelname vanaf „n internasionale (United Nations Peace Building Commission) tot en met „n streeks, nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike fokusvlak, verseker. „n Proses en meganisme wat ook deel uitmaak van die meer prominente vestiging en institusionalisering van konflikresolusie en vredebou as „n generiese bestuurstyl en program in die politieke en regeerprosesse in oorgangsamelewings, maar veral ook in die Zimbabwe situasie. / Political Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrika-Politiek)
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Defining the role of the African Union Peace and Architecture (APSA) : a reconceptualisation of the roles of institutionsWood, J. C. January 2012 (has links)
At its core, this research project is a revision of how we conceptualise the role of international organisations. The concept of role is often invoked International Relations when discussing the function of institutions like the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), but its full meaning in this context has never been problematised, leading to varying perceptions of its meaning and a lack of common understanding in the discourse. In the case of the APSA, this lack of common understanding has led to a wide variance in how the role of the APSA is categorised, and a corresponding discrepancy in assessments of the institution’s success and utility, which has had a knock-on effect on policy recommendations, which also differ wildly from author to author. This thesis devises technical definitions for the various ways in which the word role is utilised in International Relations and related fields, and in so doing, aims to standardise our understanding of the role of institutions, using the APSA as a case study. After developing a new technical definition of role based on Role Theory, the thesis develops a research programme which sets out to investigate the true role of the APSA, based on an examination of how the APSA’s role has been shaped by key limiting and enabling factors, and how this role is shaped and influenced, and directed; all the while highlighting how it differs from the organisation’s stated role, and scholarly perceptions of that role.
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Conflict and peace in Burundi : exploring the cause(s) and nature of the conflict and prospects for peaceMokoena, Benjamin P. O. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MMil (Security and Africa Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the cause(s), the nature, and characteristics of the conflict in Burundi,
and 10 explore the conditions for sustainable peace and prospects for peace. The study is intended as a
descriptive analysis of conflict and peace in a case study of Burundi. Since independence in 1962, intermittent
conflict has characterised the state of Burundi. There are various accounts of the conflict, of which a popular,
but superficial, relates an 'ethnic' conflict between Hutus and Tutsis. Equally disparate, is the prescription of
solutions, the most dominant of which is power sharing based on ethnic quotas. The conflict is played out in the
context of a failing state with sharp structural weaknesses. In addition, Burundi is mired in the wider instabilities
of the Great Lakes region and the communicable effects thereof.
The study breaks away from the tendency to analyse only the current (since 1993) bout of conflict. It is
proposed that the various incidences of conflict mark different phases in the life cycle of a single conflict. The
study also breaks away from the tendency to view the conflict as only opposing Hutus and Tutsis. These two
tendencies in analysis generate serious distortions and omissions and may account for the wrong conclusions
regarding the conflict in Burundi. Another contribution of the study resides with the proposal of the necessary
and sufficient conditions for peace in Burundi. The contention brought forward by this study is that exclusion
would appear to be the strongest theoretical approach to understand and describe the conflict in Burundi. In
this regard, one particular contentious issue has remained constant throughout all the incidences of conflict
involving different groups. The central issue has been about the political economy of Burundi that has
systematically denied social mobility for the 'other'. The Burundian state is a repository of political, economic
and social security where the 'other', defined in ethnic, intra-ethnic, clanic, regional, elitist (and historically
dynastic) terms, is excluded and subordinated. Exclusion (and the consequent inequalities and injustices) is a
source of acute grievance and motivation for collective violence. The resultant conflict has manifested in a
struggle for the control of the state. Inter alia, the conflict has been pemicious, genocidal, protracted and
intractable.
The notion of institutionalised power sharing, based on ethnic quotas, has been put forward by the actors in the
peace process as the fundamental principle guiding the search for a solution to the conflict in Burundi. The
study concludes that power sharing may be necessary, as a confidence building measure, however, power
Sharing in itself is not a sufficient condition for sustainable peace, and may well in fulure prove to be Ihe
weakest link in the peace process. Inter alia, the conditions in Burundi are not amenable to institutionalised
power sharing as such, e.g. the presence of an overwhelming majority, and deep socio-economic inequality
along ethnic lines. Further, the current power sharing structure in Burundi tilts the democratic framework in
favour of Tutsi participation and security, awards the Tutsi with a de facto veto power, fixes the ethnic balance of
power, and thus perpetuates conflict generating Tutsi domination of the political economy of Burundi. This
study proposes the reconstruction of the state (state building) as a necessary precondition for peace. II is
concluded that political representation, economic opportunity and social mobility, must transcend social
categories in Burundi. The continuing instabilities in the Great Lakes region are also a point of concem. Thus,
peace in Burundi is also contingent upon greater efforts to curb the communicable conflicts in this region.
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Electoral Rules, Political Parties, and Peace Duration in Post-conflict StatesKisin, Tatyana Tuba Kelman 12 1900 (has links)
This dissertation examines the following research question: Which types of electoral rules chosen in post-conflict states best promote peace? And are those effects conditional upon other factors? I argue that the effects are conditional upon the types of political parties that exist in the post-conflict environment. Although this explanation is contrary to scholars that speak of political parties as products of the electoral system, political parties often predate the choice of electoral system. Especially in post-conflict states, political parties play an important role in the negotiation process and hence in the design of the electoral rules. I argue that the effects of electoral rules on peace duration are mitigated by the degree to which a party system is broad (nonexclusive) or narrow (exclusive). I develop a theoretical model that led to three hypotheses focusing on the independent role that political parties play in mitigating the effects of electoral rules on peace duration. To test these hypotheses, I use the Cox proportional hazard model on 57 post-conflict states from 1990 to 2009 and had competitive elections. The empirical results show support for the main argument of this study. First, the findings show that electoral rules alone do not increase or decrease the risk of civil war outbreak, yet when interacting with the degree to which political parties are broad or narrow, there is a significant effect on the outbreak of civil war. Second, the results show that post-conflict states with party centered electoral systems (closed list PR system) are less likely to have an outbreak of civil war when more seats in the parliament are controlled by broad-based parties. In addition, I conduct a comparative case study analysis of two post-conflict states, Angola (1975-1992) and Mozambique (1975-1994), using the most similar systems (MSS) research design.
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