Syftet med denna kvalitativa dokumentstudie var att undersöka diskurser gällande våld i nära relationer bland unga i svenska nyhetstidningar. Materialet bestod av 30 artiklar som valdes ut från de 15 största nyhetstidningarna i Sverige, och med hjälp av ett målstyrt urval utifrån kriteriet att artikeln skulle behandla våld i nära relationer bland unga som huvudämne. Studien utgår från en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats och för att analysera materialet användes Carol Lee Bacchis diskursanalytiska verktyg "What's the problem represented to be?". För en fördjupad analys tillämpades även Bacchis diskursteori, Nils Christies teori om "det idealiska offret" och West och Zimmermans teori om att "göra kön". Studiens resultat landade i tre huvudsakliga diskurser vilka var: unga som utsatta, killars våld mot tjejer och samhälleliga aktörer och vuxnas ansvar. Resultatet visade att unga som grupp framställs som offer för våld i nära relationer i svenska nyhetstidningar, men även att en könad bild av offer och förövare framställs. Media framställde nämligen killar som förövare och tjejer som offer, med vissa undantag. Resultatet visade även att media framställer våld i nära relationer som ett problem som samhället, vuxna och föräldrar har ett ansvar att lösa, vilket lyfte våld i nära relationer som ett samhälleligt problem. Resultatet kopplades även till vilka effekter dessa diskurser har för det sociala arbetet. Dessa innebar att det sociala arbetet riskerar felbehandling av unga utifrån kön och att socialarbetare missar våldsutsatta personer som inte framhävs lika mycket, till exempel unga hbtqi-personer och utsatta killar. En ytterligare aspekt av detta, som även påverkar det sociala arbetet, är att vissa ungdomar blir mer benägna att söka hjälp än andra.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka föreställningar om psykiskt våld i nära relation. Detta grundar sig i att socialarbetare kan bli påverkade hur psykiskt våld definieras och föreställningar om genus gällande våldsutsatta och våldsutövare. Det genomfördes en genusneutral vinjettmetod som innefattade psykiskt våld med tillhörande semistrukturerad intervjuguide utifrån en kvalitativ design med sex socialarbetare. Den empiriska data som samlats in analyserades därefter med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att det fanns föreställningar som blev synliggjorda i samband med studiens vinjetter där respondenterna själva benämnde de våldsutsatta och våldsutövarna med genus. Resultatet visade också att det kan vara svårt både att definiera det psykiska våldet och att identifiera dess handlingar på grundav dess “osynlighet”. Studien har visat att det är viktigt att reflektera över föreställningar om psykiskt våld i nära relation och genus. / The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of emotional domestic violence. This is based on that social workers can be affected by how emotional domestic violence is defined and perception of what gender victim and perpetrator are. The method was gender-neutral vignettes about emotional violence combined with a semi-structured interviews with six social workers. The data was analysed with thematic analysis. Results showed that social workers had perceptions on emotional domestic violence, the respondents named victims and perpetrators in the vignettes by gender. Additionally, the results showed that emotional domestic violence can be difficult to define and identify, due to that it is not physically visible. The results emphasize the importance of increasing the awareness among social workers regarding emotional violence and gender.

Syftet med denna studie var att genomföra en systematisk litteraturöversikt med en narrativsyntes för att utforska det aktuella kunskapsläget om kvinnor som utsätter barn försexualbrott. Studien undersökte allmänhetens och yrkesverksammas uppfattningar om dessaförövare och utforskade de karaktärsdrag som tillskrivs dessa kvinnor. Resultatenanalyserades med ett genusperspektiv, social kognitionsteori och teorin om kognitivdissonans. Resultaten av granskade artiklar indikerade att dessa sexualbrott utgör ettbetydande samhällsproblem på grund av deras dolda natur samt de samhälleliga ochprofessionella fördomar som ser kvinnor som vårdande och trygga. Dessa uppfattningar, somhar sina rötter i sociokulturella könsnormer, försvårar upptäckten och hanteringen av sådanabrott. Kvinnliga förövare betraktas ofta som mindre allvarliga jämfört med manliga förövare,som anses vara den typiska bilden av sexualbrottsförövare mot barn. Trots svårigheter attkategorisera dessa kvinnor identifierades vanliga faktorer som egna erfarenheter av våld,psykisk ohälsa och missbruk. Studien belyser en betydande forskningslucka och uppmanartill en granskning av organisatoriska och statliga riktlinjer samt utbildning för att förbättramedvetenheten och förståelsen, vilket kan stärka skydden för utsatta barn och stödjautvecklingen av effektiva förebyggande åtgärder / The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review with a narrative synthesis to evaluate current knowledge of female-perpetrated sexual offenses against children. It examined public and professional perceptions of these offenders and explored the characteristics attributed to these women. The findings were analyzed through a genderperspective, social cognition theory and cognitive dissonance theory. The results of reviewedarticles indicate that these offenses are a significant social issue due to their convert nature and the societal and professional biases that perceive women as nurturing and safe. These biases, rooted in the sociocultural gender views, hinder the detection of management of suchcrimes. Female offenders are often seen as less severe compared to male offenders, who is considered the typical image of child sexual abuse perpetrators. Despite difficulties in categorizing these women, common factors such as histories of violence, mental health issues, and substance abuse were identified. The study highlights a significant research gap. It calls for an examination of organizational and governmental guidelines and training to improve awareness and understanding, which can enhance protection for vulnerable children and support the development of effective preventive measures.

Sverige var första land i världen att år 1979 förbjuda all form av misshandel av barn. Sedan dess har acceptansen för våld mot barn minskat, men utövandet av våld mot barn pågår fortfarande. Att ha en positiv inställning till våld mot barn är associerat med utövandet av våld mot sina barn. Litteraturen är delvis bristfällig, men acceptansen för föräldrars våld mot sina barn verkar vara lägst i västländerna. Denna studie ämnade undersöka allmänhetens uppfattningar om våldsutövande mammor och pappor, och skillnader i dessa uppfattningar mellan kvinnor och män samt vårdnadshavare och icke-vårdnadshavare. En vinjettstudie med webbenkäter genomfördes där deltagarna (N = 226) fick läsa ett fiktivt scenario med antingen en våldsutövande mamma eller pappa och därefter ta ställning till frågor och påståenden om scenariot. Resultaten visade att kvinnor uppfattade händelsen som allvarligare jämfört med män, och vårdnadshavare uppfattade händelsen som allvarligare jämfört med icke-vårdnadshavare. Resultaten var motstridiga vad gäller uppfattningen om våldsutövande mammor eller pappor. Resultaten diskuterades tillsammans med tidigare forskning, teorin om ideala offer och ideala förövare samt feminina och maskulina könsnormer. / Sweden was the first country in the world to ban all forms of child abuse in 1979. Since then, the acceptance of violence against children has decreased, but the practice of violence against children still continues. A positive attitude towards violence against children is associated with parents perpetrating violence against their children. The literature is partly inadequate, but the acceptance of parental violence against their children appears to be lowest in the western countries. This study aimed to investigate the public’s perceptions of abusive mothers and fathers, and differences in these perceptions between women and men as well as guardians and non-guardians. A vignette study with online questionnaires was conducted where the participants (N = 226) had to read a fictional scenario with either a violent mother or father and then take a position on questions and statements about the scenario. The results showed that women perceived the event as more severe compared to men, and guardians perceived the event as more severe compared to non-guardians. The results were conflicting regarding the perception of abusive mothers or fathers. The results were discussed together with previous research, the theory of ideal victims and ideal perpetrators and feminine and masculine gender roles.

Die verschiedenen Konzepte fahrlässiger Mittäterschaft werden dargestellt und als nicht überzeugend befunden. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit analysiert nach der kursorischen Feststel-lung, dass das Analogieverbot der Figur nicht entgegensteht, konkret die Unbegründbarkeit fahrlässiger Mittäterschaft auf der Grundlage des höchstpersönlichen Schuldprinzips, das als verfassungsrechtlicher Grundsatz die Grundlage des gesamten Strafrechtssystems bildet. Die richtige Lösung bei fahrlässigem Zusammenwirken besteht in einer Vorverlagerung des Fahrlässigkeitsschuldvorwurfs unter Annahme eines psychischen Beitrags zum Erfolgseintritt. Dies entspricht sowohl dem Wesen der Fahrlässigkeitsdelikte als auch dem Schuldprinzip. / This study critically analyzes the various ideas for negligent co-perpetration and concludes that this legal idea is not convincing. The main part of this study is to analyze that negligent co-perpetration lacks justification based on the guilt principle, which is the foundation of the entire criminal justice system, although negligent co-perpetration could be established, since this does not violate the prohibition of analogy. And the desirable solution for cases of neg-ligent cooperation is concretely presented.: To advance the accusation of negligence in ac-cordance with the nature of the criminal negligence and the guilt principle. The criminal negligence is based on the single concept of perpetrator and the psychological contribution could establish the illegality of behaviour. In order to apply this solution, the illegality of neg-ligent behavior must always be proven. Then there is no need for negligent co-perpetration.

As an employee in the South African Police Service, Family Violence, Child Protection Unit the researcher has noticed that there is an increase in the number of rape incidents in children. This became evident from the intake statistics which indicate that there is an estimate of 15 children per month from the Queenstown district who reported incidents of alleged sexual abuse and/ or rape at the offices of the Family Violence Child Protection Unit during 2009. The number of intakes at the Family Violence, Child Protection Unit increased even more after an awareness campaign on sexual abuse and rape was launched in the Queenstown area. Out of these office statistics it is clear that the phenomenon of child sexual abuse and rape is a very serious problem in Queenstown. Unfortunately no research is available regarding the unique situation of victims in the specific geographical area that contributes to the high incident levels. The aim of the research was to explore the nature of rape incidents involving children in the Queenstown area in order to assist social worker in this area to better understand possible risk factors contributing to child sexual abuse, as well as how to address the phenomenon better by means of effective prevention programmes and forensic social work services. Purposive sampling was conducted among forensic social workers and children from the caseload of the researcher who had been raped in the Queenstown area. This research reveals that children in the Queenstown area do not have adequate knowledge on child sexual abuse and rape. The children in this area are vulnerable because of many circumstances and become, therefore, victims of rape. Looking at the nature of rape incidents in the Queenstown area, there is a definite need for social workers with specialized knowledge, skills and experience regarding forensic social work who can render services to children who were raped. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

As an employee in the South African Police Service, Family Violence, Child Protection Unit the researcher has noticed that there is an increase in the number of rape incidents in children. This became evident from the intake statistics which indicate that there is an estimate of 15 children per month from the Queenstown district who reported incidents of alleged sexual abuse and/ or rape at the offices of the Family Violence Child Protection Unit during 2009. The number of intakes at the Family Violence, Child Protection Unit increased even more after an awareness campaign on sexual abuse and rape was launched in the Queenstown area. Out of these office statistics it is clear that the phenomenon of child sexual abuse and rape is a very serious problem in Queenstown. Unfortunately no research is available regarding the unique situation of victims in the specific geographical area that contributes to the high incident levels. The aim of the research was to explore the nature of rape incidents involving children in the Queenstown area in order to assist social worker in this area to better understand possible risk factors contributing to child sexual abuse, as well as how to address the phenomenon better by means of effective prevention programmes and forensic social work services. Purposive sampling was conducted among forensic social workers and children from the caseload of the researcher who had been raped in the Queenstown area. This research reveals that children in the Queenstown area do not have adequate knowledge on child sexual abuse and rape. The children in this area are vulnerable because of many circumstances and become, therefore, victims of rape. Looking at the nature of rape incidents in the Queenstown area, there is a definite need for social workers with specialized knowledge, skills and experience regarding forensic social work who can render services to children who were raped. / MSW (Forensic Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Child sexual abuse is a widespread problem in schools globally. Learners are at risk of sexual abuse by teachers. This study set out to explore the perceptions of learners, teachers and educational psychologists on child sexual abuse by teachers in schools. Literature relating to child sexual abuse was reviewed with the aim of obtaining a solid theoretical foundation for the study. The study is informed by the systems theory. In an attempt to provide acceptable answers to the research problem the qualitative phenomenological design was employed and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. Purposive sampling was used to select schools and participants in the Masvingo district in Zimbabwe. The schools selected are one rural day, one rural boarding, one urban day and one urban boarding. A total of 8 learners, 2 from each school, 8 teachers, 2 from each school and 3 educational psychologists from the district offices were selected bringing to a total of 19 participants. Accepted ethical measures were adhered to during the study. Tesch’s open coding method of data analysis was used to identify themes and categories. The study indicated that child sexual abuse in schools is rampant and that teachers are among the perpetrators of this abuse. Child sexual abuse in schools is defined by the study as the unwelcome contact or non-contact sexual behaviour by a teacher on a learner. Findings from the study reveal that girls are more vulnerable to sexual abuse than boys and male teachers sexually abuse learners more than female teachers do. There are physical, behavioural, emotional and educational indicators of child sexual abuse. According to the results of the study multiple factors cause teachers to sexually abuse learners. Some of these factors include abuse of power by teachers, poverty of learners, lust on the part of the teacher, and disregard of law by teachers. Students were said to sometimes be contributors to their own sexual abuse through their seductive behaviours and dressing. It emerged from the study that child sexual abuse by teachers has a host of negative physical, emotional, psychological and educational repercussions on the sexually abused learner. It results in serious health effects such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), unwanted pregnancy and psychological trauma. Poor academic performance and failure to complete education are consequences of sexual abuse. Findings from the study revealed that child sexual abuse by teachers in schools should not be tolerated and thus it should be prevented. In light of these findings recommendations are made with regards to how various stakeholders in the school namely the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education, Zimbabwe, policy makers, school heads, teachers, parents and learners can help fight this scourge. Areas for further research are proposed. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Paper one: The attitudes and reasoning of abusive behaviour in adolescents who have been exposed to domestic abuse Exposure to domestic abuse in childhood can go on to negatively affect every aspect of that individual’s life. During adolescence, the impact of exposure to domestic abuse may go beyond the borders of the family and the individual, and affect the development of intimate relationships. This study explores the attitudes and reasoning of eleven young people who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying perpetrator behaviours. Results reveal a complex interaction between experiences and skill deficits at a crucial time of identity formation, resulting in the formation and maintenance of destructive attitudes and contradictory reasoning about abusive behaviour. The direct implications of this study, suggestions for further research, and for Educational Psychology Services are discussed. Paper two: An evaluation of an intervention for adolescents who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying perpetrator behaviours Where domestic violence occurs, children and young people are likely to have been exposed to such abuse. Evidence suggests that this is likely to have a detrimental impact on them. There is an acute gap in provision for such individuals, despite evidence suggesting a link between exposure to domestic abuse in childhood, and involvement in abusive dating relationships in late adolescence and adulthood. There has been little research testing the effectiveness of intervention programmes which aim to reduce this risk. In this study a before and after design was used to evaluate a cognitive-behavioural intervention programme for young people who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying abusive behaviours. This evaluation was based on the views of the young people on this programme. Results indicate that certain elements of the programme were more successful in achieving the programme aims. Considerations for the development of further programmes which target this client group are discussed.

1. ABSTRACT § Key words: violence, conflict, aggression, cruelty, abuse, neglect, bullying, the perpetrator, the victim, children, adults, seniors, self-harm, suicide In this thesis I would like to focus on how children define violence, what violence includes, how to represent both the offender and victim, what is the difference in the perception of violence against various age groups and how to prevent possible violence. The theoretical part is firstly devoted to the notion of violence or similar terms synonymous to this and to explain them according to Czech and foreign authors. I have then proceeded to topics such as violence against children, adults and seniors, self-harm, suicide and the consequences of violence. In the practical section, I examined the perception of violence among students in primary school compared with students of the same age at a grammar school. I focused on the students of class sixth / ninth grade and first and fourth year of an eight-year grammar school). The survey was not only carried out in schools in the capital city but also in a smaller town.