The aim of this study was to examine the problems behind disclosure and why children do or do not tell about the sexual abuse. The empirical base of this thesis was six autobiographies. Aspects of guilt and shame in relation to the disclosure process were the main topics in this study. Also, the difficulties with disclosure as well as the surrounding conditions that facilitate the disclosure are mentioned. The following difficulties were found: guilt/shame, denial of the sexual abuse, fear for the disclosure’s consequences, the lack of support from family and surroundings, distorted reality perception/the normalization process of violence, the power imbalance between perpetrator and victim. Regarding conditions that facilitate the victims’ disclosure, the following aspects were found: internal factors, surrounding conditions and evidence of the sexual abuse. In addition, these theories were applied: the affect theory and the normalization process of violence.

Föreliggande studie undersökte förekomsten av milt partnervåld bland studenter samt om det förelåg en interaktionseffekt mellan kvinnliga och manliga studenter vad gäller uppfattningen av allvarlighetsgraden till partnervåld samt studentens egen historia av partnervåld. Två vinjetter beskrev ett scenario av partnervåld som graderades utifrån Opinions of Domestic Violence Scale samt fjorton frågor om beteenden inom partnervåld. Deltagarna var 476 studenter från ett mellanstort universitet i Sverige. Resultatet indikerade på att manliga studenter är mer utsatta för milt partnervåld medan kvinnliga studenter begår mer milt partnervåld. Vidare visade resultatet att manliga studenter som hade varit utsatta för partnervåld uppfattade våldet som allvarligt, men som mindre allvarligt än manliga studenter som varken varit utsatta eller förövare av partnervåld, samtidigt som kvinnliga studenter uppfattade våldet som allvarligt, oavsett om de hade varit utsatta, förövare, både utsatta och förövare eller varken utsatt eller förövare av partnervåld. Studiens resultat diskuteras utifrån tidigare forskning samt Gender schema theory. Praktiska implikationer diskuterades som understryker att vidare kunskap inom området bör implementeras. / The present study examined the frequency of mild partner violence among students, as well as the interaction between female and male students regarding the perception of the severity of partner violence together with the students’ own history of partner violence. Two vignettes described a scenario of partner violence and were graded according to the Opinions of Domestic Violence Scale along with fourteen questions about behaviours within partner violence. The participants were 476 students enrolled at an average sized university in Sweden. The results indicated that male students generally were more victimized of mild partner violence, while women perpetrated more mild partner violence. Furthermore, the results also showed that male students who had been victims of partner violence perceived partner violence as severe, but less severe compared to male students that had been neither victims nor perpetrators of partner violence, while female students perceived the violence as more severe, regardless if they had been victimized, perpetrators, both victimized and perpetrators or neither victimized nor perpetrators. The study’s results were discussed based on previous research as well as Gender Schema Theory. Practical implications were discussed which conclude that further education is needed within the area.

A legitimidade da criminalização de condutas na legislação brasileira de prevenção e combate à lavagem de dinheiro, bem como seu tratamento em âmbito internacional, e a dificuldade encontrada em sua adequada delimitação e aplicação eficaz constituem a problemática central desta tese. A justificação, validade, legitimidade e pertinência desta criminalização são analisadas criticamente em aprofundada discussão dos problemas atinentes ao sistema penal e como este pode, ou não, trabalhar com a atual criminalização da lavagem de dinheiro. São idealizados referenciais básicos, almejando, no mínimo, efeitos menos deletérios em uma tipificação tida como exemplo de quão gravemente os princípios fundamentais do direito penal liberal podem ser agredidos no afã criminalizante. Os resultados alcançados neste trabalho se traduzem na conclusão pela ilegitimidade desta tipificação penal na atual forma e na proposição do estabelecimento de contornos nítidos para a delimitação da responsabilidade criminal neste delito. Para além dos estreitos limites do direito penal, outra abordagem é oferecida, visando propiciar uma solução aos conflitos que surgem na sociedade brasileira em decorrência de condutas de lavagem de dinheiro, ultrapassando-se definitivamente o tecnicismo jurídico em favor de um sistema funcional de direito penal e, sobretudo, condizente com os fundamentos de um Estado Democrático de Direito. / The legitimacy of7 the criminalization of money laundering conducts in the Brazilian legislation and its treatment in the international forum, as well as the difficulties faced in adequately limiting the extent and effective application of that law constitute the main focus of this doctoral thesis. The justification, validity, legitimacy and pertinence of this criminalization are critically analyzed through detailed discussion of the problems posed in view of the penal system and of whether it could possible work with the contemporary criminalization of money laundering. Basic guidelines are developed with the goal of, at least, containing the negative impact of a criminalization that is seen as an example for how gravely elementary criminal law principles can be hurt in through excessive use of the criminal law. The results reached translate into the conclusion of the illegitimacy of the criminalization of money laundering in its current form and in a suggestion for the stipulation of clear limits to the reach of criminal responsibility for this conduct. Beyond the narrow area of criminal law, another approach is offered, aiming at creating a solution for the conflicts which arise in Brazilian society as a consequence to acts of Money laundering, thereby favoring a systemic approach under observation of the fundamental principles of a democratic State founded on the rule of law.

The aim of the study was to examine how two young female victims was represented in Swedish commercial news press, if and how their relations to the perpetrator would affect their representation and what similarities and differences there were in the representation between the two. We examined the coverage of Lisa Holm, who was murdered by a stranger, and Tova Moberg, who was murdered by her abusing ex- boyfriend. The method used was a critical discourse analysis. We searched for different discourse themes in a total of twelve news articles from Aftonbladet and Expressen. We analyzed the themes and came to the conclusion that the murder victims were represented very much alike, well-liked, ambitious and good-hearted. The main difference is that Tova Moberg was not represented as innocent as Lisa Holm by the journalism because of her relationship with her ex-boyfriend. The journalism partly blamed Tova Moberg for not preventing her own death since she was aware of the danger. We found that as soon as any kind of relations between the victim and perpetrator was mentioned the victim’s status as an ideal victim decreased.

The aim of this study is to examine how the local newspapers (Barometern, Falu-kuriren, Hudiksvalls tidning, Skaraborgs Allehanda) and the tabloid (Aftonbladet) portray the local community in a village after a murder occured and how it affects the image of the village over time. In this study we therefore studied four different murders that occured in small swedish villages. We analysed how the newspapers construct the imagined community after the murder and what similarities and differences they have.   In this study we applied the critical discourse analysis and in total we investigated twelve articles that all had social constructions and therefore were relevant for the study. The results show that both the local newspapers and the tabloid Aftonbladet portrayed that the murders had a huge impact on the community. The safe place that they once knew is gone and therefore they seek support in each other and stand united. The victim gets more space in the articles than the perpetrator. We also discovered that you don’t have to live in the village to be a part of the community as long as you show compassion. The difference showed that the local newspapers only included the locals to mourn while the evening paper included the whole nation to be a part of the imagined community.

This study was conducted with the motive to analyze and demonstrate the differences and similarities of three Swedish newspapers’ coverage about two different murders. The main focus of the study was to compare and contrast the newspapers’ descriptions of one male and one female murderer. Through the study we also aimed to answer the question “Is it possible to apply the Chivalry Hypothesis in the newspapers descriptions of the murderers?” The Chivalry Hypothesis proclaims that women get treated in a more lenient way than men in the judicial system of America. A study from 2006 discovered that a specific newspaper in USA did in fact not treat criminal women in a more lenient way than criminal men. Our most important theoretical standpoints was that of discourse; as discourse analysis in the way Norman Fairclough preferred it was the method that was used. As we compared differences between the sexes gender studies was also a major theoretical part of the study. The result of our empirical analysis showed that a man and a woman which had committed similar murders during the same time period was partially treated and described different from each other in the articles. The result also showed partial support for the thesis about the Chivalry Hypothesis being translatable to Swedish news-press.

The focus of this hermeneutic phenomenological, qualitative study was to gather an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of male batterers participating in a standardized Duluth-model batterers' treatment group. The study had three main goals: (a) to understand the experience of male batterers participating in a standardized male batterers' treatment program, (b) to improve the treatment being provided to male batterers, and (c) to improve services to those impacted by domestic violence. Results from previous studies indicated that treatment for male batterers is ineffective and inconsistent and that the treatment provided, regardless of framework or modality, has little or no effect on recidivism. This study advances understanding of male-batterer treatment by exploring treatment from the perspective of those who receive it. The study included 9 men currently participating in a Duluth model batterer's treatment program in Minot, North Dakota. From the study results, 3 overall themes emerged: (a) overall group experience, (b) facilitators, and (c) Duluth model. Results indicated that the current delivery of the treatment is not effective for batterers. Findings suggested that the facilitators played an essential role in the treatment program. Findings further suggested that participants believed the Duluth model could be an effective treatment modality for batterers. Study findings may inform a more responsive and comprehensive treatment modality for male batterers. Such an intervention may improve service delivery for both batterers and victims as well as improve recidivism. These changes may result in positive social change for not only families caught in the cycle of violence but also for every sector of society.

Des personnes traitées injustement, des biens culturels en danger, la discrimination contre les minorités, l’harcèlement sexuel, l'intimidation et la violence sont seulement quelques comportements incivils et immoraux que nous pouvons témoigner dans les lieux publics. Quelle est notre réaction immédiate ? La présente thèse a examiné les caractéristiques de la personnalité des individus qui expriment leur désaccord et confrontent les auteurs des comportements incivils ou immoraux (Chapitre 1 & Chapitre 2). Nous avons vérifié si ceux qui interviennent ont tendance à être des « râleurs rancuniers » ou des « leaders bien adaptés ». Les deux premières études mesures des nombreuses différences individuelles qui seraient directement impliquées dans la réaction du témoin. Les résultats ont clairement confirmé l'hypothèse du « leader bien adapté ». La tendance des participants à confronter les transgresseurs est en corrélation positive avec la responsabilité sociale, l'acceptation sociale, l'indépendance, la régulation des émotions, la persistance, l'auto-déterminisme, l'âge et le salaire mensuel, mais pas avec l’agressivité. Trois études supplémentaires confirment l'hypothèse du "leader bien ajusté». Altruisme, outrage moral, implication personnelle, libéralisme politique et extraversion sont en relation avec les réactions auto déclarées des gens. Les données ne soutiennent pas l'idée que la haute estime de soi ou le fait d'être agressif serait nécessaire pour faire face à l'auteur d'un comportement incivil/immoral. Nous discutons des implications de ces résultats pour la perpétuation et le changement des normes sociales. Nous avons également examiné l'effet de la distance sociale témoin-transgresseur sur la tendance du témoin à confronter le transgresseur au sujet de son comportement (Chapitre 3). Nous avons présenté 26 comportements incivils et immoraux aux collégiens, lycéens et étudiants à l’université en leur demandant d'indiquer comment ils réagiraient s’ils devaient assister à chacun de ces comportements. Nous avons manipulé la relation avec le transgresseur, qui a été décrit comme soit un ami, soit une connaissance, soit un étranger pour le témoin. Les résultats suggère qu’une relation étroite entre le témoin et l'auteur du comportement incivil/immoral, agrandi la probabilité que le témoin exprime son désaccord. Les résultats parlent du rôle des relations étroites dans la perpétuation des normes sociales. Ils suggèrent également des moyens de réduire les comportements antisociaux dans plusieurs milieux sociaux, scolaires et organisationnels. / People treated unfairly, cultural assets in danger, discrimination against minorities, sexual harassment, bullying and violence are just a few uncivil and immoral behaviors that we can witness in public settings. What is our immediate reaction? The present research examined the personality characteristics of individuals who "speakup" and confront perpetrators of uncivil or immoral behaviors (Chapter 1 & Chapter 2). We tested whether those who intervene tend to be "bitter complainers" or "well-adjusted leaders".The first two studies, measured numerous individual differences that are directly implicated in bystander’s intervention. The results clearly confirmed the well-adjusted leader hypothesis. Participants' self-reported tendency to confront perpetrators correlated positively with social responsibility, acceptance by peers, independent self-construal, emotion regulation, persistence, self-directedness, age, and monthly salary, but not with aggressiveness. Three additional studies provide support for the "well-adjusted leader" hypothesis. Altruism, moral outrage, personal implication, political liberalism, and extraversion were positively related to people's self-reported reactions. The data provided no support for the idea that high self esteemor being aggressive is necessary to confront the perpetrator of an uncivil/immoral behavior. We discuss the implications of these findings for the perpetuation and change of social norms. We also examined the effect of social distance between a bystander and the perpetrator of an uncivil/immoral behavior on the bystander's tendency to "speak up" and confront the perpetrator about his/her behavior (Chapter 3). We presented 26 uncivil and immoral behaviors to middle schoolers, high schoolers and university students and asked them to indicate how they would react if they were to witness each of the behaviors. We manipulated the relationship to the perpetrator who was described as a friend, an acquaintance, or a stranger. Results showed that smaller the social distance between the bystander and the perpetrator of the uncivil/immoral behavior the greater the self-reported likelihood that the bystander will express his/her disapproval to the perpetrator. The findings speak to the role of close relationships in the perpetuation of social norms. They also suggest ways to curb antisocial behaviors in a variety of school and organizational settings.

This doctoral thesis explores the use of surveillance images and discourses of surveillance in the Swedish press. Questions concerning surveillance appear frequently in the news today. The ongoing »War on Terror« has generated numerous news reports informing their audiences how surveillance technologies will protect society, prevent terrorist attacks, and ensure security. The purpose of the study is to examine representations of surveillance in Swedish newspapers, more specifically, how they use surveillance- and amateur images in their reporting. In order to carry this out, the thesis sets up two areas of concern: news on terrorism and news on police violence. The questions that produce the field of inquiry relate to how discourses of surveillance are articulated in text and image. They also concern construction of social identities related to reproduction of power relations, normality, and deviance. Research material used in this study consists of journalistic texts and visual images published in mainly four major Swedish newspapers; Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. A qualitative research strategy was undertaken inspired by discourse analysis. The analysis focuses on four major issues: representations of terrorists, intensified surveillance, victims, and representations of police violence. The analysis concentrates on surveillance images that were used by news media to visually represent the terrorists involved in the so called »London bombings« in 2005. The thesis also highlights how politicians and other experts become the predominant subjects who proclaim the need for a more modern, efficient, and enhanced surveillance technology. A further issue ofinterest concerns media representations of victims and especially how the construction of victims reproduces normality, and further, how victimisation is related to surveillance. The newspapers used amateur footage from ‘the bomb scene’ in ways that represent the victims, not as objects, but as active agents participating in an act of surveillance. How the public become represented as victims of the surveillance society is examined. Dystopic stories about negative aspects of surveillance including islamophobia and fear of intrusion of privacy emerge as major themes. Finally, the study seeks to connect surveillance to resistance. Different media events on police violence are discussed in the light of events that have been filmed by amateur video or surveillance cameras. Surveillance in a mediated context is a complex field with many different and contradicting meanings and connotations. However, it is clear that surveillance links up with security, resistance, power and control, intrusion of privacy, and above all, to the reproduction of social differences between Us and Them. The news media seems to promote a public discourse of fear, which may contribute to legitimisation of both present and future demands for intensified surveillance. Nonetheless, mediated surveillance may also help to resist and challenge power hierarchies in society and promote social change.

Våld i när relationer debatteras flitigt i det offentliga rummet. Fokus ligger till största delen på mäns våld mot kvinnor. Män som brottsoffer i samband med våld i nära relationer förekommer endast sporadiskt i forskningsvärlden, och tillskrivs knappt legitim status som brottsoffer i samhället. Till följd av detta är det svårt att uppskatta i vilken omfattning män utsätts för våld. Syftet med den kritiska diskursanalysen var att belysa den normativa ordning som består av en bild av mannen som förövare och kvinnan som offer, samt att analysera hur diskurserna manlighet, kvinnlighet, offer och förövare används i ett konferensmaterial kring våld i nära relationer. Analysen visar att diskurserna utrycks på ett mycket traditionellt sätt och de traditionella könsrollerna förstärks i materialet, samt att män enbart förknippas med offerrollen om de befinner sig i en samkönad relation eller lider av en funktionsnedsättning. Detta kan bero på att befintliga ideologier som radikalfeminismens syn på patriarkatet, liksom föreställningen om offer och förövare, har en maktfunktion och är så förankrad i den diskursiva praktiken att det är svårt att få till en förändring av diskursordningen. / Violence within domestic relationships is much debated in the official space. Focus is mainly on men’s violence against women. Men as crime victims related to domestic violence are only sporadically mentioned in the research world and are hardly given legitimate status as crime victims within society. Due to this, it is difficult to appreciate to what extent men are exposed to violence. The objective of the critical discourse analysis was to highlight the norm that consists of a picture of the man as  perpetrator and the woman as victim and in addition to analyse how the discourses male, female, victim and perpetrator are used in a conference material regarding domestic violence. The analysis show that the discourses are expressed in a very traditional way and the traditional male/female roles are emphasized in the material. Additionally, it shows that men are only connected with the role of victim if they are in a same sex relationship or have special needs. This can be due to that existing ideologies, such as the radical feministic view of the patriarchy as well as the idea of victim and perpetrator, have a function of power and are so embedded in the discursive practice that it is difficult to change the discursive order.