Durante o processo de escolarização ocorre uma cisão entre a construção do conhecimento e a construção da identidade pessoal. No caso da Matemática, é possível observar com maior nitidez a disjunção dos dois fenômenos em função do discutível caráter objetivo da disciplina. Ao contrário do que poderíamos pressupor, as dificuldades enfrentadas pela maior parte de nossos alunos não são de ordem técnica, mas de ordem afetiva: quando alguém se dispõe a aprender, os obstáculos, ainda que difíceis, podem ser superados. O que fazer, então, quando o aluno desistiu da Matemática? Como restabelecer essa relação? Como recuperar a pessoa que se perdeu diante da imparcialidade dos números e das fórmulas? Tendo essas questões no horizonte, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de realizar uma investigação teórica para compreender adequadamente a construção da identidade pessoal e a construção do conhecimento. Nossa intenção é demonstrar que as narrativas têm o poder de articular os dois processos, uma vez que os significados, na perspectiva de Jerome Bruner, são negociados e estabelecidos narrativamente e que a concepção da identidade, na perspectiva de CharlesTaylor, requer uma compreensão narrativa da vida. Sintonizados com Paul Ricoeur e Julián Marías, investigamos as relações de interdependência existentes entre a identidade pessoal, a linguagem, a narrativa, a ação humana e a Ética. Verificamos, também, como ocorre a manutenção do si-mesmo, ao longo do tempo, nos planos biológicos e cultural, assim como o papel da ficção para a auto-compreensão. Quanto à construção do conhecimento, percorremos um caminho que se iniciou com a construção da realidade, passou pela questão dos conceitos e culminou no estudo da narrativa como forma de conhecimento; nesse caso, juntaram-se às nossas referências os pensamentos de Ortega y Gasset e de José Antônio Marina. Em se tratando da Matemática, constatamos que muitos dos seus conceitos se fundamentam em histórias de movimento e manipulação de objetos, além disso, as narrativas representam a possibilidade de inserir a disciplina no contexto das realizações humanas, dotando-a de um significado mais dramático. Com Kieran Egan, vimos como seria uma aula no formato de história. Finalmente, selecionamos algumas sugestões que podem ser um ponto de partida para o trabalho com as narrativas nas aulas de Matemática. Se educar significa construir significados para nossos conteúdos, compor tacitamente um cenário de valores e semear projetos, concluímos que as narrativas são imprescindíveis, pois, por meio delas, abarcamos essas três dimensões. / A splitting between knowledge and personal identity occurs during everybody´s school days. In the case of Mathematics, it is possible to notice clearly the separation of both phenomena, because of the debatable objectivity of the matter. Contrary to what is taken for granted, the difficulties that our students face are not technical but of affective origin: when someone wants to learn even the most difficult obstacles can be overcome. So, what should we do when the students give Mathematics up? How to restore their relationship with Mathematics? How to recover someone who has gotten lost facing numbers and mathematical formulae? Taking such questions in consideration, the target of this paper is a theoretical investigation to adequately understand the building up of the personal identity and the building up of the knowledge. Our intent is to demonstrate that the narratives can articulate both processes, so that the meanings, according to Jerome Bruner, are negotiated and established via narratives, because the concept of identity, in Charles Taylor´s opinion, demands a narrative understanding of the life. Supported by Paul Ricoeur and Julian Marías, we have checked the interdependence amongst the personal identity, the language, the narrative, the human action and Ethics. We have also checked how someone´s self is preserved throughout life, historically and culturally, as well as the role of fiction for the self-understanding. Concerning the construction of knowledge, we dealt with the construction of the reality, afterwards we dealt with the matter of concepts, and culminated with the study of the narrative as a way to attain knowledge. At this point, our conclusions came together with Ortega y Gasset´s and Jose Antonio Marina´s findings. As far as Mathematics is concerned, we ascertained that many concepts are based on stories of action and manipulation of objects; besides, the narratives mean a possibility to insert Mathematics in the fields of human achievements, with a more dramatic meaning. And Kieran Egan taught us how a Mathematics class, shaped as a story, could be. Finally, we have presented some suggestions which could be a starting point to use the narratives in the Mathematics classes. We have concluded that the narratives are indispensable because with them we can assemble the construction of meanings for the contents of our teachings, to quietly build a set of moral values and to seed projects.

I use the military march of Union general William Sherman during the American Civil War to estimate the effects of wartime violence and destruction on post-war voting behavior and personal identity. First, I examine how the march influenced the support for the Democrats throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Second, to proxy for the strength of Southern identity, I construct several variables from both historical and contemporary sources. These variables include the share of individuals likely named after famous Confederate generals, the relative frequency of streets likely named after Confederate figures, and the presence of Confederate monuments. The results show mostly small and statistically insignificant effects of the march on Democratic vote share. For some outcomes proxying for Southern identity, I find a significant positive effect; however, these results are not robust across different model specifications. Overall, the results suggest that Sherman's march did not have a transformative impact on the politics and personal identity in the US South. vii

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Магистерская диссертация содержит теоретическую и эмпирическую часть. В теоретической части проводится анализ понятий личностного и профессионального самоопределения, а также выделяются их основные характеристики. В эмпирической части диссертации описываются результаты исследования различий в особенностях профессионального и личностного самоопределения у учащихся 11 классов по сравнению с 9- и 10-классниками. В заключении диссертации сделаны соответствующие выводы по изучаемой проблеме. / The master's thesis consists of two parts: theoretical and empirical. There is analysis of definitions of personal and professional identities in the theoretical part. Basic performances of professional and personal identities are distinguished in the theoretical part. Results of research of differences in characteristics of professional and personal identities between eleventh formers and 9-, 10-formers are described in the empirical part of the thesis. The main inferences are in conclusion of the thesis.

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La construction identitaire du sujet relève du vaste champ sémantique de l'identité en général, et de l'identité personnelle en particulier. A l'heure de la modernité, c'est- à- dire de l'affirmation du sujet, le sens et la valeur du processus identitaire interrogent de manière transversale les sciences humaines et sociales. En littérature francophone, la construction identitaire du sujet romanesque africain, se complique des rémanences d'un environnement référentiel également en mutation socio- culturelle, A partir du corpus de quatre romans des auteurs gabonais Angèle Rawiri et, Jean Divassa Nyama, la présente étude s'intéresse au processus identitaire d'un sujet à la fois urbain et rural, qui en dépit de plusieurs stratégies développées, vérifie par son échec la thèse du « héros » problématique.Au regard des implications formelles, psycho- sociologiques et culturelles de notre objet d'étude, nous avons retenu une approche anthropologique, à savoir plurielle, pour mieux en cerner les nombreux contours.La première partie, descriptive, dresse le contexte socio- culturel auxquels s'alimentent les facteurs exogènes et endogènes de la crise identitaire du personnage. Celle – ci naît surtout du désir d'une nouvelle identification du personnage par rapport à soi et à son milieu, sous la pression d'une modernité exigeante. La diversité des situations du sujet débouche sur une stratégie d'affirmation identitaire multiforme, où dominent à la fois le goùt du pouvoir, le besoin de sécurité affective et l'enjeu culturel.Le deuxième axe voit le personnage- sujet lancer sa dynamique de quête, selon une configuration narrative et actantielle, articulée par une stratégie déterminante de modalités cognitives et pratiques.La dernière partie place le paradigme spatial au centre de la sémantique de la construction identitaire du sujet: cela débute par le cadre spatio- temporel africain en tant que structurant extérieur de l'aventure, auxquels s'ajoutent une intériorité et un imaginaire investis à la fois d'une valeur fonctionnelle et d'une forte symbolique. Enfin, l'importance accordé par le sujet au jeu relationnel sur son parcours identitaire contribue à notre sens à signifier l'importance de sa transformation intérieure. Il ressort en conséquence que l'émergence du sujet africain passe par l'enrichissement de son Être, à travers une vraie connaissance de soi et de ses valeurs culturelles, pour mieux exister au monde. / The identity shaping of the romantic subject owes to a large semantic field of identity in general, and of personal identity in particular. At the time of modernity, and more precisely, of the assertion of the subject, the sense and value of the identity process imply transversal clarification with the help of social and human sciences. As far as francophone African literature is concerned, the identity shaping of the romantic subject in the novel is facing the persistences of a referential environment which is submitted to sociocultural mutation.Applied to a corpus of four novels written by two gabonese authors, Angele Rawiri and Jean Divassa Nyama, the current study concerns the identity process of the romantic subject who is sharing rural as well as urban environment, and who, despite several strategies at stake, responds though his failure, to the concept of the problematic “hero”.Consequently, the emerging process of the African subject depends on the improvement of his being, through a real knowledge of himself and his cultural values. That is the best way for him to assert his existence in the world

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis explores the question, 'Who do South African police officers think they are and how does this shape police practice?' Based on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork in Cape Town and the Eastern Cape province of South Africa in 2012/13, it is an exploration of the deep-seated perceptions, stories and imaginings that South African Police Service (SAPS) officers have of themselves, their occupation and their country, in the early twenty-first century. It unpacks how officers’ individual narratives shape, and are shaped by organisational narratives and forces, and how this interplay influences police practice in an unequal and violent young democracy. The thesis suggests that a job in the SAPS is primarily just that, a job. It is a means to strive and survive in a country saturated in vulnerability and risk. Most officers join the organisation after other dreams have slipped out of reach. Once recruited they re-write their self-narratives to accommodate their new circumstances. Recruited from lineages long-oppressed, the meaning and income the job brings to their lives is usually more important to them than the work they carry out. As a result, they seek first to please their institutional overseers and ease the pressure of the job. This is achieved by enacting institutional performances that promote the idea that the SAPS is a rational, effective, evidence-based and rule-bound organisation made of up well trained officers performing common-sense crime prevention tasks, while hiding the darker side of police work. Using carefully choreographed performances, the SAPS and its officers present a strategically crafted façade behind which individual officers strive to secure their sense of self. When the façade is challenged, some resort to violence in an attempt to garner the respect they seek.

L'objet de cette thèse est de penser la légitimité philosophique du concept d'authenticité et les moyens de parvenir au « moi » véritable. Les questions qui sous-tendent notre approche sont les suivantes : pourquoi l'authenticité est-elle devenue la valeur contemporaine majeure ? Quelles réponses sont actuellement proposées dans la quête de soi ? L'authenticité a-t-elle une quelconque valeur philosophique ? Le « moi » véritable existe-t-il ? Comment ne pas faire de la question de l'authenticité (qui suis-je vraiment ?) une question d'identité personnelle (que suis-je ?) ? Enfin, comment parvenir au « moi » véritable ? L'enjeu s'avère triple : 1/ élaborer un questionnement sur la possibilité même d'un « moi » véritable ; 2/ replacer cette question dans le champ des théories de l'identité personnelle ; 3/ traiter l'authenticité comme étant à la fois représentative et mimétique, et envisager ainsi de manière renouvelée la question du rapport à soi-même. En concevant l'authenticité comme une représentation mimétique, nous verrons qu'elle parvient à résister aux menaces dissolvantes du « moi » tout en échappant aux apories substantialistes. Pour traiter ces questions, ce travail philosophique mobilise les points de vue à la fois philosophiques et littéraires. / This thesis aims to ponder over the philosophical concept of authenticity and the means to reach the true self. The queries underpinning this approach are as follows: why has authenticity become the mainstream contemporary value? What answers are currently suggested concerning the quest for the self? Has authenticity any philosophical value? Does the true self exist? How can we manage not to turn the query about authenticity (who am I really?) into a query about personal identity (what am I?). Finally, how can we reach the true self? The issue is threefold: 1. Work out a questioning about the actual possibility of a true self. 2. Put this question back in the sphere of the theories about personal identity. 3. Regard authenticity as being both representative and mimetic and thus, consider the question of the relation to oneself in a new way. By viewing authenticity as a mimetic representation, we will find out that it can stand up to the dissolving threats of the self and overcome substantialist aporia. To deal with these questions, this philosophical work uses literary as well as philosophical viewpoints.