During the creation of any concrete floor the concrete needs to be grinded down from it's very rough newly poured form to a more usable floor surface. Concrete floor grinding is very special in that the work area is often immensely large while the height difference on the surface is incredibly small, in-fact the the largest local difference of the surface from a peek to a valley during the grinding process is submillimeter and goes down to micrometer scale. Today's methods for measuring concrete surfaces are very few and all output one dimensional profiles of the surface in very time consuming processes which makes them unsuitable for real-time analysis of the surfaces during the grinding process. Because of this, the effectiveness of the work is dependent on the experience and intuition of the operator of the grinding machine as they have to make the decision of when to move on to the next step in the grinding process. Therefore it is desirable to create a better method for concrete surface measurement that can measure big areas in a short period of time. In this project a structured light method using sinusoidal phase shifting is implemented and evaluated with an easily movable setup that can measure the height of a concrete surface over an area. The method works by encoding the surface with a phase using a projector and analysing how the phase encoding warps when imaging it from an angle. By triangulation this can be made into a height map of the measured area. The end results show that the method is promising for this application and can detect the submillimeter differences. However, more suitable hardware and a more reliable calibration procedure are required to move this prototype towards a more practical measuring device.

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Bidirectional onboard chargers (OBCs) are becoming mainstream commercial charging equipment for electric vehicles (EVs) because of their compactness, flexibility, and demand-response capabilities for power backup. This thesis focuses on the novel phase shift (PS) modulation techniques for efficiency improvement for bidirectional OBCs, including two-stage onboard chargers (TSOBCs) and single-stage onboard chargers (SSOBCs). A comprehensive overview and investigation of the state-of-the-art solutions of bidirectional OBCs are presented. It reviews the current industrial status, industrial applications, and future trends and challenges. A detailed overview of the promising topologies for bidirectional OBCs, including two-stage and single-stage structures, is also discussed in this thesis. Traditional PS modulation has been widely used in the back-end DC/DC converters of the TSOBCs because of its simple implementation. However, it is challenging to keep high efficiency at boundary operating points within wide specifications. Therefore, to improve efficiency at the boundary point for TSOBCs, the hybrid multiple phase shift (HMPS) modulation technique with minimal peak current optimization is presented to maximize the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) range. Compared to traditional single phase shift (SPS) modulation, the experimental results verify that the presented HMPS modulation strategy provides 1%-2% higher efficiency at the boundary points. On the other hand, an improved compact SSOBC topology and novel PS modulation techniques are proposed. Since the traditional PS modulation is challenging for AC/DC converters to keep a unity power factor (PF), novel PS modulation techniques are presented for the proposed SSOBC. Firstly, a sinusoidal single phase shift (SSPS) modulation introduces a sinusoidal phase shift to maintain a high PF and high efficiency within a wide operating point. However, due to the high current at the zero-crossing point of the grid voltage of the SSPS modulation, the novel adaptive sinusoidal single phase shift (ASSPS) modulation is presented to address this issue, which reduces conduction loss and increases efficiency. Secondly, based on the ASSPS modulation, the adaptive sinusoidal extended phase shift (ASEPS) modulation with minimal peak current optimization is presented to introduce one more degree of freedom to extend the ZVS flexibility, which reduces switching loss. Moreover, the minimal peak current optimization reduces transformer current, further decreasing conduction losses. Therefore, the power loss is minimized. Finally, this thesis presents the general design guideline of a 6 kW Silicon Carbide (SiC)-based bidirectional SSOBC, contributing to the further development of bidirectional SSOBC application. Experimental results verify the operating principle and high PF of the proposed SSPS, ASSPS, and ASEPS modulation. 1 kW experimental testing has validated that the peak efficiency is 95.3% with ASSPS modulation and 95.9% with ASEPS modulation. Compared to the existing pulse width modulation (PWM), the ASSPS modulation increased efficiency by 1.1%, and ASEPS modulation further increased by 1.7%. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Nanophotonische Systeme sind eine leistungsfähige Plattform für die Untersuchung von Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkungen. In solchen Systemen bricht die übliche Beschreibung einer elektromagnetischen Welle als eine Welle, die in Bezug auf ihre Ausbreitungsrichtung transversal polarisiert ist, zusammen. Dies ist auf die Einengung der geführten Lichtfelder zurückzuführen, welche zu einer longitudinalen Komponente der elektromagnetischen Felder führt. In dieser Arbeit nutzen wir dies in Verbindung mit unterschiedlichen Kopplungsstärken von Cäsiumatomen an \sigma^- und \sigma^+ polarisiertes Licht, um das Prinzip neuartiger nicht-reziproker optischer Bauelemente zu demonstrieren. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit demonstrieren wir die nicht-reziproke Verstärkung von fasergeführtem Licht mit Hilfe von Raman-Verstärkung durch spinpolarisierte Cäsiumatome, die an die Nanofasertaille eines verjüngten Faserabschnitts gekoppelt sind. Wir zeigen, dass unser neuartiger Mechanismus kein externes Magnetfeld benötigt und dass wir die Richtung der Verstärkung vollständig über den atomaren Spinzustand kontrollieren können. Darüber hinaus nutzen wir die chirale Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung in unserem System, um einen nicht-reziproken antisymmetrischen optischen Phasenschieber zu realisieren. Diese Ergebnisse tragen zur Etablierung einer neuen Klasse von spin-gesteuerten, nicht-reziproken integrierten optischen Bauelementen bei und können den Aufbau komplexer optischer Netzwerke vereinfachen. In einem weiteren Forschungsprojekt tragen wir zum grundlegenden Verständnis von Atomen bei, indem wir die Lebensdauer eines angeregten Cäsiumzustands präzise messen. Wir messen die Lebensdauer des Cäsium 5D_{5/2} Zustands im freien Raum. Wir finden eine Lebensdauer von 1353(5) ns, die mit einer aktuellen theoretischen Vorhersage übereinstimmt. Unsere Messung trägt dazu bei, eine seit langem bestehende Unstimmigkeit zwischen verschiedenen experimentellen und theoretischen Ergebnissen zu beseitigen. / Nanophotonic systems are a powerful platform for the study of light-matter interactions. In such systems, the common description of an electromagnetic wave as a wave that is transversely polarized with respect to its propagation direction breaks down. This is due to the tight confinement of the guided light fields, which leads to a longitudinal component of the electromagnetic fields. In this thesis, we use this in conjunction with different coupling strengths of cesium atoms to \sigma^- and \sigma^+ polarized light to provide proof-of-principle demonstrations of novel non-reciprocal optical devices. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrate non-reciprocal amplification of fiber-guided light using Raman gain provided by spin-polarized cesium atoms that are coupled to the nanofiber waist of a tapered fiber section. We show that our novel mechanism does not require an external magnetic field and that it allows us to fully control the direction of amplification via the atomic spin state. Moreover, we use the chiral light-matter interaction in our system to implement a non-reciprocal antisymmetric optical phase shifter. These results contribute to establishing a new class of spin-controlled, non-reciprocal integrated optical devices and may simplify the construction of complex optical networks. In an additional research project, we also contribute to the fundamental understanding of atoms by precisely measuring the lifetime of an excited cesium state. We measure the lifetime of the cesium 5D_{5/2} state in free space. We find a lifetime of 1353(5) ns, in agreement with a recent theoretical prediction. Our measurement contributes to resolving a long-standing disagreement between several experimental and theoretical results.

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This report describes the design and implementation of a prototype for an amplitude modulated laser rangefinder, which is made on a PCB consisting of a laser module emitting light, a photodiode receiving the light reflected from the target, and other components. The design is made for the different power levels, generation of the modulation output and the reception of the signal. The sinusoidal wave is generated with an oscillator circuit and filtered out to produce a pure sine signal. The system requires different voltage levels and current values, which is done with DC-DC converters. Finally, a receiver circuit is implemented to detect the modulation, which needs a device that transfers light energy into voltage. Many tests have been made to optimize the analog circuit for a stable output. The prototype was created as a PCB design with a laser module and a photodiode mounted on it. In the end, satisfactory results were obtained up to the receiving part, however, the prototype was tested with an external circuit for light detection. There is considerable room for improvement, e.g., signal sampling, working receiver and use of standard voltage levels, but this thesis intends to provide a basis for future work.

This thesis deals with optical synthesis of unmodulated and modulated microwave signals. Generation of microwave signals based on optical heterodyning is discussed in detail. The effect of phase noise of laser on heterodyned output has been studied for different phase noise profiles. Towards this, we propose a generic algorithm to numerically model the linewidth broadening of a laser due to phase noise. Generation of microwave signals is demonstrated practically by conducting an optical heterodyning experiment. Signals ranging in frequency from 12.5 MHz to 27 GHz have been generated. Limitations of optical heterodyning based approach in terms of phase noise performance and frequency stability are discussed and practically demonstrated. A hardware-efficient Optical Phase Locked Loop (OPLL) is proposed to overcome these issues. Phase noise tracking performance of the proposed OPLL has been experimentally demonstrated. Phase noise values as low as -105 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz offset have been achieved. Optical modulators, owing to their extremely low electro-optic response time, can support high frequency modulating signals. This makes them highly attractive in comparison to their microwave counterparts. In this thesis, we propose techniques to generate microwave signals modulated at very high bit rates by down-converting the corresponding modulated optical signals to microwave domain. Down-conversion required for this process is achieved by optical heterodyning. The proposed concept has been theoretically analyzed, simulated and experimentally validated. Amplitude Modulated and ASK modulated microwave signals have been generated as Proof-of-Concept. Limitations posed by OPLL in generation of angle modulated microwave signals by optical heterodyning have been brought out. Schemes overcoming these limitations have been proposed towards generation of BPSK and QPSK modulated microwave signals. Integrated Optics (IO) technology has been studied as a means of implementation of the proposed concepts. IO components like Sinusoidal bends, Y-branch splitters and Electro-Optic-Modulators (EOMs) have been designed towards optical synthesis of modulated microwave signals. Propagation of modulated optical signal through these IO components has also been studied. An all-optic scheme based on Optical Beam Forming is proposed for transmission of QPSK modulated signal. Limitation of phase-shifting based approach, in terms of beam-squint, has been brought out. True-Time-Delay based approach has been proposed for applications demanding wide instantaneous bandwidth to avoid beam-squint. Algorithms / numerical methods required for analyses and simulations associated with the above-mentioned tasks have been evolved. This study is envisaged to provide useful insight into the realization of high-speed, compact, light-weight data transmitting systems based on Integrated Optics for future onboard spacecraft applications. This work, we believe, is a step towards realization of an Integrated Optic System-on-Chip solution for specific microwave data transmission applications.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: No presente trabalho de dissertação, é analisado e desenvolvido um conversor ressonante com o objetivo de produzir ozônio, aplicado à água de processos de higienização industrial. Na atualidade, no ano de 2018, dois dos fatores de grande importância no desenvolvimento de conversores para geração de ozônio são: a eficiência energética, isto é, quanta energia é aproveitada em relação à energia total fornecida ao conversor, e a outra é a produção de ozônio fazendo uso dessa energia aproveitada. Os dois fatores não necessariamente estão relacionados, por exemplo, para dois conversores distintos com a mesma energia disponível, pode acontecer que em um deles possa ser produzido maiores concentrações de ozônio com um menor aproveitamento de energia. Portanto, este trabalho enfatiza a melhoria da eficiência energética na produção de ozônio, empregando comutação suave nas estruturas envolvidas do conversor ressonante proposto, o que resulta em uma eficiência energética de 91,57%. A estrutura do conversor proposto apresenta dois estágios em cascata, o primeiro deles, um conversor que é responsável por gerar um barramento CC estável de 400,5 V e que atende aos requisitos de fator de potência e distorção harmônica total com valores de 0,994 e 5,79%(para a corrente de entrada), respectivamente, e o segundo, um inversor ressonante capaz de fornecer uma tensão de 4,4 kV com uma frequência de 10 kHz que atua como fonte de alimentação de um reator conformado por câmaras de descarga usadas em ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the present dissertation, it is studied and developed a resonant converter in order to produce ozone, applied in water treatment for cleaning processes. Currently, in the year 2018, two of the factors of great importance in the development of converters for ozone generation are: energy efficiency, that is, how much energy is used in relation to the total energy supplied to the converter, and the other is the production of ozone making use of this energy harnessed. The two factors are not necessarily related, for example, for two different converters with the same energy available, it can happen that in one of them can be produced higher concentrations of ozone with a lower use of energy. Therefore, this work emphasizes the improvement of energy efficiency in the production of ozone using soft switching in the involved structures of the proposed resonant converter, which results in an energy efficiency of 91.57%. The structure of the proposed converter has two stages in cascade, the first one, a converter that is responsible for generating a stable DC bus of 400.5 V and that meets the requirements of power factor and total harmonic distortion with values of 0.994 and 5.79% (for the input current), respectively, and the second, a resonant inverter capable of providing a voltage of 4.4 kV with a frequency of 10 kHz which acts as a power supply for a reactor formed by discharge chambers used in ozone generation applications by electric discharge. Naturally, relevant ozone info... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

L'objectif de nos études est d’appliquer la technique de radiométrie photothermique modulée, technique non intrusive et applicable à distance, pour d’une part, mesurer l'épaisseur et la diffusivité thermique d'une plaque, et d’autre part, caractériser une couche sur un substrat. Un modèle thermique du chauffage 3D a été développé avec prise en compte de l’échange thermique par convection dans le cas d'une plaque, et de la résistance thermique de l'interface dans le cas d'une couche sur un substrat. Une analyse de sensibilité des paramètres sur le déphasage et des études multiparamétriques ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un code de calcul développé sous Matlab. Des formules simples ont ainsi été déterminées pour mesurer l'épaisseur et la diffusivité thermique d'une plaque ainsi que le rapport des effusivités thermiques dans le cas d'une couche sur un substrat. Les formules établies pour les plaques ont été validées expérimentalement sur des plaques d’épaisseur variant de 100μm à 500μm pour différents métaux : inox 304L, nickel, titane, tungstène, molybdène, zinc et fer. L’incertitude de ces déterminations est inférieure à 10% pour l'épaisseur et inférieure à 15% pour la diffusivité thermique. La technique a ensuite été appliquée à des gaines de Zircaloy-4, qui représentent une application très intéressante dans le domaine du nucléaire : les résultats montrent que la présence de la couche d'oxyde, d’épaisseur quelques μm, n'a que très peu d’influence sur les déterminations de l'épaisseur et de la diffusivité thermique du Zircaloy-4. Le comportement du déphasage à hautes fréquences (> 1 kHz) ouvre de plus de nouvelles perspectives, avec la possibilité d’étendre le domaine d’application de la méthode aux couches semi-transparentes et aux couches très minces (inférieures au μm). / Modulated photothermal radiometry, a remote non-intrusive technique, was used to measure the thickness and the thermal diffusivity of a metal plate and to characterize a layer on a substrate. A thermal model of 3D heating was developed with considering the thermal exchange by convection for a plate and the thermal resistance of the interface for a layer on a substrate. The sensibility analysis and the multi-parameter studies on the phase shift were performed by the code developed with the Matlab software. Simple formulas were obtained to determine the thickness and the thermal diffusivity of a plate and the ratio of the thermal effusivities for a layer on a substrate. The obtained formulas were experimentally validated for 100 μm - 500 μm plate thickness of various metals (stainless steel 304L, nickel, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, zinc and iron). The uncertainty of the measurements was lower than 10 % for thickness and lower than 15 % for thermal diffusivity determination. The same technique was applied in the study on Zircaloy-4 cladding that may be of particular interest for the nuclear industry. It was found that the presence of the oxide layer of some μm thickness had practically no effect on the thickness and the thermal diffusivity measurements of Zircaloy-4 cladding. However, the observed effect of a phase shift on high frequency (> 1kHz) may open new perspectives and widen the field of the method application for semi-transparent layers and for very thin layers (of less than μm thickness).