Dans l'engouement des mouvements de démocratisation politique que les Etats d'Afrique subsaharienne ont initié depuis les années 1990, l'amélioration des relations entre l'administration et les administrés a rapidement été affichée comme l'un des objectifs primordiaux des processus de réforme de l'Etat. Cependant, alors que sa réalisation suppose l'adoption d'un cadre juridique protecteur des administrés, l'exemple malien met à jour à la fois le paradoxe auquel se trouvent confrontées les autorités politiques et le défi qu'elles doivent relever dans cette visée réformatrice. En interrogeant le droit administratif dans ses fonctions organisatrice et légitimante sur le terrain africain, la réflexion juridique menée dans une approche interdisciplinaire sur les relations entre l'administration et les administrés au Mali invite alors à penser la « refondation » de son processus de production. Entre des logiques de globalisation juridique et de légitimation du pouvoir étatique, le droit administratif pourrait alors constituer un outil efficace de la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques de développement. / In the deep interest of the political democratization movements that the Sub-Saharan African States have established since the 1990's, the improvement of the relationships between the government and citizens has been quickly showed as one of the major targets of the procedures of reforming the State. However, as its achievement requires the adoption of a judicial framework for the welfare of citizens, the Malian example highlights, at the same time, the paradox which the political authorities are confronted to, and the challenge they have to take up on the reform aimed. By examining administrative law in the African territory, precisely its organizational and legitimizing functions, legal analysis performed using an interdisciplinary approach about relationships between government and citizens in Mali, suggests the "overhaul" of the production process. Between the principals of the judicial globalisation and legitimization of the state power; the administrative law would serve as an effective tool of the implementation of development public policies.

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves / Banca: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Maria Marta Pereira Scherre / Resumo: Considerando que inúmeras pesquisas sociolingüísticas realizadas sobre a concordância verbal (CV, daqui em diante) de terceira pessoa do plural (3PP, daqui em diante) evidenciaram a variabilidade do fenômeno, e, considerando ainda que esse fenômeno é constituído por uma variável binária, presença versus ausência de marcas de plural nos verbos, buscamos neste trabalho investigar, por meio do controle de fatores sociais e lingüísticos, a CV na fala da Região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, mais precisamente na Região de São José do Rio Preto, usando, como subsídio principal, a Teoria da Variação Lingüística (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). O córpus utilizado para a realização de nossa pesquisa provém do Banco de Dados Iboruna, que, constituído pelo Projeto ALIP (Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista), compõe-se de amostras de fala de 152 informantes da região. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foi constituída uma subamostra, composta de 76 entrevistas, estratificadas uniformemente mediante os fatores sociais escolaridade, faixa etária e gênero. Do total de 3.308 ocorrências de 3PP analisadas, 2.314 (70%) apresentaram marcas de plural explícitas nos verbos, evidenciando tratar-se de um caso de variação estável na comunidade investigada, instanciada pela interação entre os seguintes fatores sociais e lingüísticos estatisticamente relevantes: paralelismo formal de nível oracional, escolaridade, paralelismo formal de nível discursivo, saliência fônica, posição do núcleo do SN-sujeito em relação ao verbo, traço semântico do sujeito, idade, gênero e tipo morfológico do sujeito. Palavras-chave: concordância verbal, terceira pessoa do plural, Português brasileiro, variação lingüística. / Abstract: Whereas many sociolinguistics searches conducted on the verbal agreement (VA hereinafter) from the third person plural (3PP, hereinafter) demonstrated the variability of the phenomenon, and, considering that such phenomenon consists of a binary variable, presence versus absence of marks of the plural in the verbs, we sought in this study investigating, through the control of linguistic and social factors, the VA from speech in the Northwest Region of the Sao Paulo State, more precisely in the Region of São Jose do Rio Preto, using as main tool, of the Theory of Linguistics Variation (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972). The corpus used in the research comes from the Database Iboruna, which was constituted by the Project ALIP - Amostra Lingüística do Interior Paulista (Sample Linguistics of the Interior Paulista), composed of samples of speech of 152 informants from region. To conduct this research, a sub-sample was formed, consisting of 76 interviews, stratified evenly through the social factors: education level, age and gender. A total of 3,308 occurrences of 3PP analyzed, 2,314 (70%) presented marks of plural explicit in the verbs, showing it is a case of variation stable in the community investigated, instantiated by the interaction between the social and linguistic following factors statistically relevant: formal parallelism of a clause level, education level, formal parallelism of a discourse level, phonic salience, position of the head of the subject-NP in relation to the verb, semantic feature of the subject, age, gender and morphologic type of the subject. Keywords: verbal agreement, third person plural, Brazilian Portuguese, language variation. / Mestre

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-14T20:51:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Patricia Mendes da Silva - 2014.pdf: 3558852 bytes, checksum: 520f2ac1328627a633e96ed593132637 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-14T20:52:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Patricia Mendes da Silva - 2014.pdf: 3558852 bytes, checksum: 520f2ac1328627a633e96ed593132637 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-14T20:52:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Patricia Mendes da Silva - 2014.pdf: 3558852 bytes, checksum: 520f2ac1328627a633e96ed593132637 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 / This dissertation investigated the trajectory of the theater company “Nu escuro”, in Goiânia, since its creation, initialized in the old technical school of Goiás – current IFG -, until its recent show called Gato Negro. Since its first show, Três por três, the company uses the puppet theater, and, over the course of time, it has been developing this language, specifically in the shows Envelopes (2005) and Plural (2012), focused in this research. It aims, therefore, to analyze the work of the animator-actor in the theater company “Nu escuro” in the shows Envelopes, in which the animator-actor is visible, but neutral in the scene, and Plural, in which it is visible and active in the scene. The objective was to investigate, through interviews and living with the group, the work of the animator-actor in its presence and neutrality and in its relation with the puppets and the masks in the puppet theater. Concerning both shows – Envelopes and Plural –, it was possible to observe how the creation of the animator-actor‟s bodywork of the theater company “Nu escuro” happened, being based, initially, on his body and on the animated artifacts – puppets and masks. Finally, it‟s considered the actor‟s body, in which one body is the animator-actor and the other is the character-actor, differentiating one from the other by the technique, that is, by the question of guiding the focus. / Esta dissertação averiguou o percurso da Companhia “Nu escuro”, em Goiânia, desde sua formação, iniciada na antiga escola técnica de Goiás – atual IFG –, até seu recente espetáculo denominado Gato Negro. Desde seu primeiro espetáculo, Três por três, a Companhia usa o teatro de animação, e, no decorrer do tempo, tem aprimorando essa linguagem, especificamente nos espetáculos Envelopes (2005) e Plural (2012), focos desta pesquisa. Busca-se, portanto, analisar o trabalho do ator-animador da Companhia “Nu escuro” nos espetáculos Envelopes, em que o ator-animador está visível, porém neutro na cena, e Plural, em que está visível e atuante em cena. O objetivo foi averiguar, por meio de entrevistas e convivência com o grupo, o trabalho do ator-animador em sua presença e neutralidade e em sua relação com os bonecos e as máscaras no teatro de animação. A respeito dos dois espetáculos – Envelopes e Plural –, foi possível perceber como aconteceu a formação do trabalho corporal do ator-animador da Companhia de teatro “Nu escuro”, tendo sido baseada, a princípio, em seu corpo e nos artefatos animados – bonecos e máscaras. Por conseguinte, considera-se a questão do corpo do ator, em que o corpo um é ator-animador e o outro é ator-personagem, diferenciando-se pela técnica, ou seja, pela questão de direcionamento de foco.

This dissertation addresses an important empirical regularity that is still not very well understood: the same firm, in a given institutional context, simultaneously relies on different organizational arrangements to govern similar (or identical) transactions. I will follow Bradach & Eccles (1989) and Menard (2013) and treat this phenomenon as \'plural forms\'. The dissertation is composed of four chapters, each of which, providing different but complementary approaches to plural forms and serving as input for the next: the first half of this dissertation remains theoretical, while the second presents distinct qualitative empirical contributions on the theme. In the first chapter, I intend to verify what has been theorized about plural forms and how this field has evolved over time. I am especially concerned with the multiple theoretical explanations about the reasons why firms adopt plural forms, mainly because, to date, there is no consensus on the subject. To this end, I both perform some bibliometric analyses by surveying the ISI Web of Science platform and qualitatively review some significant papers on the subject. I find that the combination of asset specificity and multiple types of uncertainty underlies most of the explanations used over time and highlight that these could be interesting variables for a model predicting plural forms. In the second chapter, I am concerned with explaining the variety of plural form manifestations. However, in order to understand such variety, I build a theoretical model integrating asset specificity and uncertainty to predict plural and non-plural forms. Next, I emphasize that these arrangements are heterogeneous and, to keep my argumentation tractable, I define three categories of plural forms: \'between\' (or the combination of different modalities of organizational arrangements), \'within\' (or the combination oh hybrid arrangements) and \'combo\' ( or the combination of \'between\' and \'within\'). My hypotheses relate each of these three types of plural forms to the different typologies of uncertainty (market, technological and performance assessment) that capture the essential dimensions of the concept. In the next two chapters, I empirically confornt my theretical model and hypotheses with qualitative empirical data concerning the Brazilian Agribusiness sector. In the third chapter, I seek to verify whether the combination of uncertainty and asset specificity predicts the emergence of plural forms. Moreover, I assess whether different levels of uncertainty and of asset specificity (combined) determine the selection of distinct organizational arrangements. To this end, I perform an embedded clinical case study at the Korin company, which produces and commercializes multiple organic products. I am concerned with the procurement of distinct inputs (regular and organic corn, regular soybeans, poultry and antibiotic-free eggs), both with plural and with non-plural forms. I find support for my model and for the idea that different levels of asset specificity and uncertainty push towards the adoption of distinct organizational arrangements. In the final chapter, I intend to empirically confront both my theoretical model (i.e., if asset specificity and uncertainty predict plural or non-plural forms) and my hypotheses (i.e., whether different types of high uncertainty, subject to a certain degree of asset specificity, push towards different types of plural forms). To this end, I survey the procurement of inputs by 24 companies operating in the Brazilian Agribusiness sector and procuring 11 different inputs by means of both plural and non-plural forms. I make use of a 4-point likert scale questionnaire capturing my theoretical variables and perform some qualitative analyses. I find empirical support for my theoretical model and for some of my hypotheses concerning the diversity of plural forms, indicating a path for further empirical analyses. / Esta tese aborda uma importante regularidade empírica que ainda não é muito bem compreendida: uma mesma empresa, em um determinado contexto institucional, simultaneamente se baseia em diferentes arranjos organizacionais para governar transações similares (ou idênticas). Seguindo os trabalhos de Bradach & Eccles (1989) e Menard (2013), trata-se este fenômeno como \"formas plurais\". A tese é composta por quatro capítulos, cada qual proporcionando abordagens diferentes, porém complementares, sobre a temática das formas plurais, e cada qual servindo como insumo para o próximo capítulo: a primeira metade desta tese permanece teórica, enquanto a segunda apresenta contribuições empíricas qualitativas distintas sobre o tema. No primeiro capítulo, pretende-se verificar o que foi teorizado sobre formas plurais e como este campo tem evoluído ao longo do tempo. Em especial, busca-se conhecer as múltiplas explicações teóricas sobre as razões por que as firmas adotam formas plurais, principalmente porque ainda não há um consenso sobre o assunto. Para tanto, realizam-se algumas análises bibliométricas por meio de um levantamento de dados na plataforma ISI Web of Science e qualitativamente revisam-se alguns artigos significativos sobre o assunto. Como resultado, tem-se que a combinação de especificidade de ativos e vários tipos de incerteza se encontra subjacente à maior parte das explicações utilizadas ao longo do tempo e destaca-se a ideia de que estas poderiam ser variáveis interessantes para um modelo de previsão de formas plurais. No segundo capítulo, busca-se compreender o que explica a variedade de formas plurais. No entanto, a fim de compreender tal variedade, constrói-se um modelo teórico integrando especificidade de ativos e incerteza para prever formas plurais e não plurais. Em seguida, enfatiza-se que estes arranjos são heterogêneos e, para manter a argumentação tratável, definem-se três categorias de formas plurais: \"entre\" (ou a combinação de diferentes modalidades de arranjos organizacionais), \"dentro\" (ou a combinação de arranjos híbridos ) e \"combo\" (ou a combinação de \"entre\" e \"dentro\"). As hipóteses relacionam cada um destes três tipos de formas plurais com as diferentes tipologias de incerteza (mercado, tecnológica e de avaliação de desempenho) que capturaram as dimensões essenciais deste conceito. Nos próximos dois capítulos, o modelo teórico e as hipóteses são confrontados com dados empíricos qualitativos relativos ao setor agroindustrial brasileiro. No terceiro capítulo, procura-se verificar se a combinação de incerteza e especificidade de ativos prevê o surgimento de formas plurais. Além disso, avalia-se se diferentes níveis de incerteza e de especificidade de ativos (combinados) determinam a seleção de arranjos organizacionais distintos. Para tanto, realiza-se um estudo de caso clínico \"embedded\" na empresa Korin, que produz e comercializa diversos produtos orgânicos. Analisa-se a aquisição de insumos distintos (milho comum e orgânico, soja comum, frango e ovos livres de antibióticos), tanto com formas plurais quanto com formas não plurais. Encontra-se suporte para o modelo e para a ideia de que diferentes níveis de especificidade de ativos e de incerteza levam à adoção de arranjos organizacionais distintos. No capítulo final, confronta-se empiricamente tanto o modelo teórico (ou seja, se a especificidade dos ativos e a incerteza preveem formas plurais ou não-plurais) quanto as hipóteses (ou seja, se os diferentes tipos de elevada incerteza, sujeitas a um determinado grau de especificidade de ativos, leva à diferentes tipos de formas plurais). Para tanto, examina-se a aquisição de insumos por 24 empresas que operam no agronegócio brasileiro e adquirem 11 insumos diferentes, tanto por meio de formas plurais como de formas não-plurais. Utiliza-se de um questionário escala de Likert de 4 pontos, capturando as variáveis teóricas e realizam-se algumas análises qualitativas. Encontra-se suporte empírico para o modelo teórico, e para algumas das hipóteses que explicam a diversidade, apontando um caminho para maiores investigações empíricas

Collective nouns are a category of nouns that refer to a group of people or things. This group of nouns has the special characteristic that when in singular form, they can be followed by either a singular or a plural verb. This feature of collective nouns has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers and traditional grammarians, who in the last few decades have tried to explain this phenomenon by investigating different perspectives on it, thereby taking into consideration morphological, syntactic and semantic, as well as variational and discourse-specific differences (Biber et al, 1999; Levin, 2001; Depraetere, 2003). One of the main assumptions that has been suggested in the literature is that collective nouns have specific concord preferences, allowing for either a singular or a plural verb or both. Another assumption that has also been invoked is that when collective nouns are part of a complex noun phrase, as for instance in the phrase the rest of (the) society, in which the collective is part of the of-phrase, the plural tends to be used. Based on these two assumptions, the aim of this thesis is to further investigate, firstly whether a singular or a plural verb is used after expressions where a collective noun is being modified by a quantifying noun expression (e.g. the rest of, part of), secondly whether the concord preferences the collective nouns have an influence on the verbal concord and finally if there is any difference between the two main varieties of English, namely British and American English. Since this is a topic of actual language use, the methods used in corpus linguistic research are also employed in the thesis. More specifically, by looking at the instances of quantifying noun expressions modifying collective nouns as well as the frequency with which such constructions occur in two different corpora, the enTenTen13 and the GloWbE (Corpus of Global Web-Based English), the thesis seeks to answer the aforementioned questions. From the analysis of the data it was concluded that in some cases the concord preferences of the collective nouns influenced the verb form following the complex noun phrases, whereas in others these preferences did not determine the selection of the verb form. Syntactic, semantic as well as contextual factors seem to also influence the selection of the verb form. Furthermore, variational differences occurred, since in British English the plural was more often used with collective nouns that prefer the plural concord over the singular one or that are more variable in their concord patterns, whereas in American English the singular was the preferred choice in all cases.

No description available.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de rendre compte d’une figure particulièrement dynamique dans l’écriture de Leïla Sebbar, celle de l’adolescent fugueur. Mohamed dans Le Chinois vert d’Afrique (1982) et Shérazade dans Shérazade, 17 ans, brune, frisée, les yeux verts (1984), personnifient une réalité autre que celle accolée aux jeunes descendants de l’immigration maghrébine (surtout algérienne), partagés entre les codes culturels du pays d’origine et ceux du pays de naissance. L’hybridité des personnages et leur mobilité aléatoire permettent de réévaluer les discours sociaux dominants émis en France, pays tiraillé entre les aspirations d’unité nationale et l’histoire coloniale. Le premier chapitre fera état du contact des fugueurs avec la représentation picturale et sa place dans la constitution de leur identité. À la lumière de ces observations, la seconde partie du travail se penchera sur la prise de conscience du regard de l’Autre et le questionnement de l’image préconçue de l’adolescent de banlieue inculte en mal d’insertion sociale. La déconstruction de ce cliché permettra dans le troisième chapitre d’aborder la réappropriation de l’objet culturel par les fugueurs, procédant à une véritable démocratisation de la culture élitiste. Le quatrième chapitre sera enfin consacré au mouvement des fugueurs dans l’espace et dans le temps. Nous y verrons comment les fugueurs, intermédiaires entre la ville et sa banlieue mais aussi entre le paradis perdu du pays d’origine et le désarroi des parents immigrés, provoquent la relecture de l’histoire des générations passées tout en gardant un œil critique sur l’avenir. / The purpose of this master’s thesis is to study the dynamic figure of the runaway in the writing of Leïla Sebbar. Mohamed in “Le Chinois Vert d’Afrique” (1982) and Shérazade in “Shérazade, 17 ans, brune, frisée, les yeux verts” (1984), personifie a reality that the young descendants of the North African immigration must encounter, torn between the cultural codes of the country of origin and the country of birth. The blend of the characters’ culture and their constant mobility reassess the dominant social discourse during a time when France was torn between the aspirations of a national unity and colonial history. The first chapter examines the cultural blend of the runaways with the pictorial representation and its place in the formation of the young protagonists’ identity. In light of these observations, the second part of the thesis will focus on the characters’ awareness of the Other’s perception. The stereotypical suburban teenager lacking culture resulting in the character feeling out of place is being questioned. The breakdown of the “cliché” in the third chapter will address the importance of culture by characters, allowing for a democratization of an upper class culture. The fourth chapter is devoted to the movement of the runaways in space and time. Between the city and its suburbs, the lost paradise that Algeria represents, and the distress of the parents that have left their beloved country, the last part of this study will focus on the characters’ contribution to the rewriting of the history of past and future generations.

Ce travail a pour but d'identifier et d'expliquer l'expression de croyances, notamment religieuses, dans l'enseignement public français et polonais. D'après le dictionnaire Littré, l'« enseignement public » est l'« enseignement que donne l'État ». Si l'on suit cette définition, alors les croyances dont il est question sont celles qui sont exprimées par les personnes chargées de concevoir les programmes scolaires, par les auteurs de manuels scolaires, par les professeurs, etc. La focale sera mise sur l'enseignement (historique, littéraire…) relatif aux religions, parce que c'est là que des croyances religieuses sont a priori le plus susceptibles d'être exprimées. Une distinction majeure proposée est celle entre croyances collectives et croyances personnelles. La France et la Pologne sont des pays très différents, mais des points communs sont repérables. En particulier, dans les deux pays en question, il arrive que des croyances exprimées dans l'enseignement public interfèrent arbitrairement avec certaines croyances que peuvent avoir les élèves – même si cette interférence arbitraire semble moindre en France qu'en Pologne. Finalement, notre étude voudrait établir que l'expression de croyances personnelles ou collectives dans l'enseignement public engendre parfois de la domination. L'originalité la plus nette de cette thèse est probablement de chercher à mettre en évidence la pertinence empirique d'analyses conceptuelles proposées par des philosophes sociaux que l'on pourrait qualifier de « néo-holistes » (Margaret Gilbert, Raimo Tuomela, Philip Pettit) et dont le souci commun est de reformuler avec davantage de rigueur analytique certaines intuitions de Durkheim. / This work aims to identify and to explain the expression of beliefs, especially religious ones, in public teaching. According to the Littré dictionary, public teaching (enseignement public) is the teaching given by the state. If we follow this definition, then the beliefs in question are those which are expressed by people in charge of conceiving school programs, by textbook authors, by teachers, etc. Focus will be placed on the (historical, literary…) teaching about religions, because religious beliefs are a priori the most likely to be expressed there. A key distinction will be drawn between collective beliefs and personal beliefs. France and Poland are two very different countries, but commonalities can be identified. Specifically, in both countries, it happens that beliefs expressed in public teaching arbitrarily interfere with beliefs which pupils could hold – although this arbitrary interference seems lesser in France than in Poland. Finally, our study seeks to show that the expression of personal or collective beliefs in public teaching sometimes engender domination. One original contribution of this work lies in trying to display the empirical relevance of conceptual analyses which could be qualified as “neo-holists” (Margaret Gilbert, Raimo Tuomela, Philip Pettit) and for which a common concern is to reformulate with more analytical rigor some of Durkheim's intuitions.

Dans des contextes institutionnels complexes, la mise en oeuvre d'innovations nécessite la collaboration d'une grande variété d'acteurs. Cette recherche propose d'enrichir la notion émergente et très peu conceptualisée d'entrepreneuriat institutionnel collectif. Guidés par des ouvrages et des articles de référence, elle enrichit la grille de lecture de l'entrepreneuriat institutionnel en la transposant dans un contexte d'action collective, grâce aux notions de leadership pluriel et d'équipe de travail. Elle porte ainsi un regard sur les micros dynamiques de l'action entrepreneuriale, en ce qu'elles relèvent d'un caractère structuré et organisé, impliquant l'action de plusieurs individus agissant sous l'égide d'une seule entité, le collectif. Le terrain de la recherche a consisté en une recherche-action menée auprès d'un dispositif collectif (EPSP, Espace Partagé de Santé Publique) qui prône une approche novatrice en termes de nouvelle santé publique depuis sa création en 2007 dans le sud de la France. Les éléments relatifs à la structure de l'action entrepreneuriale permettent de saisir les différents aspects de la collaboration d'un ensemble d'acteurs. Le collectif, mêlant l'hétérogénéité des compétences et permettant la distribution des rôles sur différents niveaux de structuration, constitue une plateforme d'échanges et de mise en commun de tout un ensemble de ressources, partagées dans un effort collaboratif. Le pilotage de l'action entrepreneuriale s'opère à différents niveaux de structuration dévoilant notamment l'émergence de leaders (formels et informels), une vision commune travaillée et partagée favorisant l'accès aux ressources rares réparties dans le champ. / In complex fields, change requires cooperation from numerous dispersed actors with divergent interests. Guided by reference works and articles, we draw on complementary insights from institutional and plural leadership in team theories to enrich the emerging notion of Collective Institutional Entrepreneurship. In this sense, this work focuses on the micro mechanisms by which actors engage collectively in entrepreneurial actions and highlights the structural and organized character involving the action of many individuals acting under the same entity: the "Collective". Our research is based on a case study called the "Espace Partagé de Santé Publique", which has been established in 2005 to favor social innovations targeting disabled individuals. Collective Institutional Entrepreneurship takes many forms varying from the institutional work in witch actors are involved. It shows how collective institutional entrepreneurship relies on shared competencies and on the sharing of multiple resources derived from a diversity of actors working in a collaborative effort. This case study shows how experiments such as EPSP are conducive to the emergence of Collective Institutional Entrepreneurship involved in the design and implementation of a social innovation. The platform provides a large set of various resources, and institutional entrepreneurs can use its to establish a social innovation project. Regarding the structure and dynamics of Collective Institutional Entrepreneurship, the main results of this study invite future investigations to consider the richness of collective dynamics to apprehend complex institutional changes.

O derrame pleural pós-revascularização do miocárdio é uma situação freqüente, porém, ainda de etiologia desconhecida, apesar da tendência atual de responsabilizar a agressão direta da pleura como principal fator desencadeante. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a participação e comportamento das citocinas TNF-alfa, IL-1E, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF e TGF-beta nos derrames pleurais imediatamente após o ato cirúrgico, em três intervalos distintos (2, 24 e 48horas). Foram analisados 43 indivíduos submetidos a revascularização miocárdica e 16 com derrames pleurais transudativos. Na comparação com os transudatos, os resultados obtidos mostraram que TNFbeta e IL-2 não são mobilizados neste tipo de derrame, nas primeiras 48 horas. A IL- 1E se eleva a partir das primeiras 24 horas. As IL-6 e IL-8 se mantêm elevadas, assim como VEGF, enquanto que o TGF-beta se inicia em níveis altos, que decaem a partir das 24 horas e atingem o valor dos transudatos em 48 horas. Quando confrontados com variáveis que poderiam interferir na análise global dos pacientes (sexo, faixa etária, complicações pós-operatórias, CEC e tempo de cirurgia), foram observados níveis elevados de IL-6 e TGF-beta que se relacionaram nas primeiras 2 horas no sexo feminino. O VEGF apresentou-se reduzido, nas primeiras duas horas, em paciente submetidos à circulação extra-corpórea. Concluímos, que o derrame pleural pós-revascularização do miocárdio é um exsudato associado à mobilização das citocinas IL-1E, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF e TGF-beta nas primeiras 48 horas, não parecendo haver relação com circulação extracorpórea nem com faixa etária, tempo de cirurgia e complicações pós-operatórias / Pleural effusion after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a very common finding. Its origin remains unknown, despites the tendency to consider pleural injury as the responsible cause. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the participation and behavior of cytokines TNF-alfa, IL-1E, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and TNF-beta in pleural fluid immediately after 2, 24 and 48 hours after the surgical procedure. Were evaluated 43 surgical patients and 16 transudates (control group). The obtained results showed that TNF-beta and IL-2 are not mobilized and that IL-1E increases after 2 hours from the procedure. Interleukyn-6 and IL-8 presented in expressive levels during 48 hours as well as VEGF. Nevertheless, TGF-beta values increase in the first time (2 hours) and decrease significantly in subsequent times until the transudates levels after 48 hours. The cytokines were confronted with some variables (sex, age, complications, extra-corporal circulation and time of surgical intervention). Interleukin-6 and TGF-beta values increased on the first time (2 hours) in females. In a similar way, only VEGF presented high levels in the firs time (2 hours) in patients not submitted to extracorporeal procedure. We concluded that pleural effusions after CABG are associated with the presence of some cytokines (IL-1E, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and TGF-beta) on the first 48 hours that do not correlate with age, extra-corporeal circulation, post-surgical complications and time of surgical intervention