This paper compares political dynamics in Sweden and societal outcomes inFinland with regard to the implementation of Universal Basic Income (UBI).While Sweden still largely remains in theoretical discussion, Finland hascarried out practical experimentation, and the results are shifting. Theevidence suggests that the recent Finnish UBI experiment resulted in mixedfindings: it neither improved nor hurt employment, but increased the wellbeing of participants in terms of mental health and feelings of financialsecurity. The debate in Sweden is quite the opposite, with politicalpolarization and a caution stemming from the worry about economicfeasibility. This paper thus brings out the different cultural, economic, andsocial contexts that could harbor the acceptance and possible impact of UBIin the two Nordic countries.

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The passage of PRWORA in 1996 gave states the opportunity to engage in secondorder devolution (SOD), which allows local governments to exercise more discretionary power in the implementation of welfare policies. Currently 14 states have engaged in significant SOD, with a number of other states practicing SOD to a lesser degree. Given this trend in TANF administration, it is important to explore if and how SOD affects the implementation of TANF work sanctions and work-related policies. Opponents of welfare decentralization insist SOD may lead to a ‘race to the bottom’ in welfare generosity to avoid the immigration of the poor, the loss of business revenue, and financial burden due to fiscal relationship, while proponents of welfare decentralization insist that local governments better understand the needs of the poor and are therefore better able to provide more appropriate services to their welfare clients, thus improving program performance. Existing scholarship on SOD under TANF has focused on the increase in discretion to local government, and how this may enhance variation in policy outcomes or contribute to policy success or stringency across local jurisdictions (Cho et al. 2005 ; Fording, Soss and Schram 2007). However, these studies are limited by the fact that they examine a single state. To date there has been no systematic analysis of the impact of administrative structure on the implementation of welfare policy which compares centralized states with SOD states. In this dissertation, I conduct an analysis of the effects of SOD across the states by exploring how differences in administrative structure due to SOD affect different implementation outcomes. First, I examine the impact of SOD on the implementation of TANF work sanctions, using individual-level administrative data combined with county level data. Second, I examine the impact of SOD on TANF work sanctions, caseload decline, and several work-related TANF outcomes with state-level data. Multilevel analysis and OLS with panel corrected errors are applied for the analyses. Specifically, I test the conventional wisdom that success and punitiveness in policy implementation is enhanced in second-order devolution states, compared to centralized states, due to increased discretion granted to local governments in SOD states.

This explanatory mixed-methods policy analysis describes how school counselors' thoughts and attitudes contribute to the implementation fidelity of the Academic and Career Plan (ACP) policy in a suburban Virginia school division. A quantitative survey investigated counselor thoughts about the policy, implementation behaviors, and counselor ideas about equity issues related to providing college and career planning services to at risk students. Counselor interviews were conducted to provide deeper insight about the street level implementation practices and beliefs of counselors. Findings reveal that counselors place substantial value in the ACP policy and think the process is useful for connecting student interests and postsecondary goals to high school programs of study. Counselors implement the ACP policy with high fidelity because the policy incorporates counselor beliefs such as integrating the career pathway model into the course selection process. Counselors report spending more time assisting higher socioeconomic groups with college planning which results in less time for supporting at risk students. Findings indicate that counselors recognize the need at risk students have for additional support during postsecondary planning but are inhibited by the demands of higher socioeconomic groups. Finally, implications for school leaders related to improving counselor services to at risk students are discussed.

This study har aimed to examine why there are still so few women working full time as firefighters in the Swedish municipal firefighting services, even though there has been a political goal for about twenty years to increase gender equality in firefighting. The study uses a structured focused comparison of two groups of municipal firefighting organizations to compare them against each other in order to understand why they differentiate, and identify factors that has made some organizations more successful than others. The study uses Lundquist’s (1987) simplified actor model’s three factors, understand-can-will, to explain the failed implementation. The study concludes that the simplified actor model can be used to explain differences in implementation and to identify factors that have led to successful implementation, and that the most important one seems to be the understanding of the problem. However, they seem to enable each other in a way that makes it impossible to say that they could create successful implementation if one was lost.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The focus of the study is on the implementation of public policies through provision of basic services such as water and sanitation in the City of Cape Town. The case study of the research is the informal settlements of Khayelitsha area which falls under the jurisdiction of the City of Cape Town. The study identified and analysed the socioeconomic conditions of the people living in the informal settlements of Khayelitsha and the impact of such conditions to their lives. The study emphasizes the role of all spheres of government in the implementation of public policies.The study identified various challenges faced by government in the implementation of public policies, particularly at local government level. Among the challenges is the lack of communication, lack of public participation and lack of capacity. The study emphasizes the importance of intergovernmental relations and cooperate governance in order to achieve the objectives of good governance and effective and efficient service delivery. The study reveals that civil society plays an important role in the implementation of public policies and also holds the government accountable to the people. It is important to indicate that government cannot achieve the goals and objectives of providing clean water and adequate sanitation facilities if communities do not form part of the structures that implement projects and programmes of development in their respective areas.Hence, the study emphasizes the importance of communication and consultation of communities on issues that directly affect them. The study emphasizes the fact that communities need to take control of the resources and infrastructure provided to them in order to avoid unnecessary expenditure of replacing and repairing resources damaged and destroyed by the very same community.

Este trabalho analisa o avanço da política de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres no Brasil, e se debruça sobre o processo de formulação nacional e de implementação municipal, visando identificar e compreender seus limites e desafios. A dissertação parte da perspectiva da responsabilização e do protagonismo do Estado, que na última década tem conseguido desenvolver e consolidar políticas públicas para as mulheres. Neste processo, foram adotadas as estratégias de transversalidade, intersetorialidade e capilaridade para a promoção da política de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres. A análise desse processo deu-se em três etapas. Inicialmente, apresenta-se a formação das políticas para mulheres no Brasil sob a perspectiva analítica do processo do ciclo de políticas públicas. Em seguida, analisa-se a formulação da Política de Enfrentamento à Violência a partir da criação e desenvolvimento da Secretaria Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres em âmbito federal. Por fim, são investigados os processos de implementação da política nos municípios brasileiros, por meio do estudo de três cidades paulistas: São Paulo, Poá e Ferraz de Vasconcelos. Foram realizadas entrevistas de campo, e analisados dados qualitativos e quantitativos, além da recente literatura de Gênero e Políticas Públicas. Constatou-se uma enorme heterogeneidade entre os municípios quanto à implementação da política. Apesar do aumento gradativo do número de municípios que desenvolvem políticas para as mulheres, este é ainda um processo em construção / This work analyzes the advances of policy of facing up to violence against women in Brazil, and focuses on the national formulationand local implementation process, seeking to identify and understand their limits and challenges. The dissertation starts from the perspective of responsibility and protagonism of the State, which in the last decade has been able to develop and consolidate public policies for women. In this process, were adopted the strategies of transversality, intersectoriality and capillarity to promote policies of facing up to violence against women. The analysis of this process ocurred in three stages. Initially, it shows the formation of policies for women in Brazil under the analytical perspective of the public policy cycle process. Then, analyzes the formulation of policy of facing up to violence starting from the creation and development of Special Secretariat of Policies for Women at the federal level. Finally, the policy implementation processes isinvestigated in Brazilian municipalities, through the study of three cities in São Paulo: São Paulo, Poá and Ferraz de Vasconcelos. Field interviews were realized, and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data, as well as recent Gender and Public Policy literature. It was found a huge heterogeneity among the municipalities in relation to the implementation of the policy. Despite the gradual increase in the number of municipalities who develop policies for women, this is still a process in construction

Thesis (M.Ed. (Curriculum Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The key aim of the study was to investigate whether school libraries in the rural schools of Nkangala region, Mpumalanga do implement budgeting policies due to funding constraints and poor service delivery. The library-computer centre can enhance teaching and learning. Some 188 school libraries were selected to explore their budgeting procedures and only 81 responded. The survey data collection method was used through a self-administered questionnaire which was distributed to teacher-librarians. The results of the study were analyzed according to frequencies and graphically displayed in table form. The results of the study show that almost all rural school libraries in the area have neither budgeting policies nor adequate budget to spend for effective service delivery. This shows that not only do school libraries experience budgetary constraints, but there might be other factors contributing to their poor library service delivery. It is important to empower school principals, SGBs and top managers in library budgeting procedures and for all to work cooperatively to achieve the expected educational goals.

This study is an historical study of parent participation in school level decision making, particularly in curriculum issues, in relation to the Victorian Government policies of Devolution through the 1980s. It was conducted as a case study of one rural secondary school, examining how the role of parents in the school�s curriculum development and associated decision making structures may have changed during the decade from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Three conceptual models were established, which served as analytical frameworks for the field data: a Theory model of how school level participation could operate, a Policies model deriving from the expectations of the major Government policies of the time, and an Historical model based on research and analyses of practice in Australia and overseas. The findings indicate that little effective parent participation developed or took place in the school over the period under study. Major contributing factors identified are the lack of policy direction and official mechanisms, especially in implementation of change, the definition of appropriate participant roles, the culture of traditional authorities in education (teacher in the classroom, principal in school processes and bureaucracy in administration), and the local factors of community attitudes and demographic profile. While the local factors are significant, it is concluded that the policies did not provide sufficient direction or mechanism to overcome the entrenched culture of traditional authorities in schooling. Changes in practice were directed more by the influence of specific personalities in single situations than any development of general attitude or institutional structure.

本文擬以第三代政策執行理論為觀點, 並提出一個適合台灣地區勞資關係 政策的分析架構及變數 再分別檢視其對政策執行的影響。全文的安排如 下: 第一章緒論;第二章政策執行的理論分析,探討執行的研究途徑與三代 政策執行理論;第三章勞資關係現況,探究有關工會組織 ,勞資爭議,團體 協約,分紅入股,勞資會議的實施情形; 第四章則為理論架構對勞資關係現 況的解釋;第五章結論。 文中提出一項重要的結論為由於我國勞資關係立 法皆是修定國外的法令制度而得, 但卻未對其精神加以深究,並由於法規 本身的明確性及周延性不足,導致執行的成效不佳。