Background: The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) can be reduced by dexamethasone. Single dose administration may cause elevated blood glucose levels in obese adults. No data are available for children. Objective: The aim was to evaluate perioperative blood glucose changes related to body weight in children who received dexamethasone. Methods: This prospective observational study included 62 children. All patients received total intravenous anesthesia and a single dose of dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg, maximum 8mg). Blood glucose levels were measured up to 6 hours. Standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated using age- and gender-specific BMI percentiles, p<0.05. Results: 62 children (11.5±2.9years, median SDS 0.43, 29% overweight/obese) were included. Blood glucose level increased from 5.52±0.52 to 6.74±0.84mmol/l 6h after dexamethasone without correlation to the BMI-SDS. Conclusions: This study shows an increase of perioperative blood glucose (normoglycemic ranges) after single dose of dexamethasone but no BMI-dependent effect in children. Therefore, low-dose dexamethasone may be used in obese children for PONV prophylaxis.

Bakgrund: Postoperativt illamående och kräkningar (PONV) är en vanlig komplikation till anestesi och en utmaning för anestesisjuksköterskan att behandla. Behandlingen bör vara multimodal och innehålla både farmakologiska- och icke-farmakologiska åtgärder. Akupressur är en metod som tillämpas profylaktiskt för att lindra PONV. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva i vilken utsträckning anestesisjuksköterskor använder akupressur som preventiv metod för att minska postoperativt illamående ochkräkningar, om anestesisjuksköterskor har utbildning i akupressur, vilka lokala riktlinjer som finns och vilka erfarenheter de har av akupressur. Syftet var även att undersöka i vilken utsträckning akupressur används i dagligt arbete av anestesisjuksköterskor som har tidigare erfarenheter av metoden jämfört med anestesisjuksköterskor som inte har det. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie med en beskrivande och jämförande design. Ansatsen är i huvudsak kvantitativ men innehåller kvalitativa inslag. Data har samlats in med webbenkäter från dec 2021 – feb 2022. Totalt deltog 36 anestesisjuksköterskor. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade på låg frekvens av användning och utbildning av akupressur hos anestesisjuksköterskorna. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan erfarenhet av akupressur och i vilken utsträckning metoden används. Resultatet tyder på en positiv inställning till metoden bland anestesisjuksköterskorna. Slutsats: Akupressurbehandling mot PONV används i låg utsträckning. Resultatet indikerar på att tidigare erfarenhet av akupressurbehandling kan bidra till ökad frekvens av användning av metoden. Anestesisjuksköterskor var positivt inställda till att använda metoden och beskriver brist på utbildning och riktlinjer som ett hinder. För att möjliggöra implementering av akupressurbehandling mot PONV behöver tydliga riktlinjer utarbetas och personalen utbildas.

Bakgrund: PONV står för postoperative nausea and vomiting och är ett vanligt problem som drabbar cirka 25–30% av patienterna som genomgår ett kirurgiskt ingrepp under generell anestesi. Vid PONV är det vanligt med både illamående och kräkningar, vilket leder till obehag hos patienten som lider av dessa symtom. Vårdtiden kan bli upp till dubbelt så lång på den postoperativa avdelningen för de patienter som lider av PONV med samtida smärta postoperativt jämfört med de som inte gör det. Syfte: Att beskriva vilka icke-farmakologiska åtgärder som sjuksköterskan kan använda sig av för att lindra PONV i samband med laparoskopisk kirurgi och i vilken utsträckning de lindrar. Metod: Forskningsdesignen som användes var en beskrivande litteraturöversikt inkluderande 11 vetenskapliga randomiserade kontrollerade studier publicerade år 2009–2019. Resultat: De icke-farmakologiska åtgärder som identifierades var akupressur, elektrisk stimulering, preoperativ dryck och musik. Akupressur, elektrisk stimulering och musik visade sig överlag ha en signifikant antiemetisk effekt främst under den tidiga postoperativa perioden hos patienter som genomgått laparoskopisk kirurgi, medan effekten av preoperativ dryck inte kunde klargöras. Slutsats: Akupressur, elektrisk stimulering och musik som icke-farmakologiska åtgärder mot PONV kan lindra och minska lidandet för patienten under det första postoperativa dygnet efter laparoskopisk kirurgi. Effekten av preoperativ dryck på PONV kan inte helt klargöras då inkluderade studier gav två varierande utfall. Sammanfattningsvis är musik och elektrisk stimulering kostnadseffektiva åtgärder som till viss del praktiskt kan tillämpas för att lindra PONV efter laparoskopisk kirurgi, där musik dessutom kan främja delaktigheten i vården för patienten och minska beroendet av sjuksköterskan. Nyckelord: Postoperativt illamående och kräkning, icke-farmakologiska åtgärder, sjuksköterska, laparoskopi. / Background: PONV stands for postoperative nausea and vomiting and is a common problem affecting about 25-30% of patients undergoing a surgical procedure under general anesthesia. At PONV, both nausea and vomiting are common, leading to discomfort in the patient suffering from these symptoms. The duration of care can be up to twice as long in the postoperative ward for patients suffering from PONV with contemporary pain post-operatively, compared to those who do not. Purpose: To describe what non-pharmacological interventions the nurse can use to relieve PONV in connection with laparoscopic surgery and to what extent they relieve. Method: The researchdesign used was a descriptive literature review including 11 scientific randomized control trials published in 2009–2019. Results: The non-pharmacological interventions identified were acupressure, electrical stimulation, preoperative drinking and music. Acupressure, electrical stimulation and music were generally found to have a significant antiemetic effect, especially during the early postoperative period, in patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. The effect of preoperative drink could not be clarified. Conclusion: Acupressure, electrical stimulation, and music as non-pharmacological interventions against PONV can relieve and reduce the patient's suffering during the first postoperative day after laparoscopic surgery. The effect of preoperative drinking on PONV cannot be fully elucidated as included studies yielded two different outcomes. In summary, music and electrical stimulation are cost-effective interventions that can, to some extent, be practically applied to relieve PONV after laparoscopic surgery, in which music can further promote participation in patient care and reduce dependence on the nurse. Keywords: Postoperative nausea and vomiting, non-pharmacological interventions, nurse, laparoscopic

Introdução: Náuseas e vômitos (NV) são ainda um desafio problemático no período pós operatório (PO). Modelos preditores, como o critério de Apfel, auxiliam para estratificação do risco dos pacientes e direcionar profilaxias antieméticas. Identificar fatores de risco que possam adicionar informações ao critério de Apfel no paciente oncológico é de extrema importância pela vulnerabilidade à Náusea e Vômito Pós-operatório (NVPO) nesta população. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 1500 pacientes oncológicos consecutivos submetidos a cirurgias oncológicas de médio a grande porte entre abril e julho de 2011. NVPO foi avaliada nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório durante a avaliação pós-anestésica pela equipe do Centro Multidisciplinar de Tratamento de Dor (CMTD) do ICESP. Foi preenchido um prontuário eletrônico com todas as variáveis estudadas. A análise de regressão logística múltipla foi realizada para avaliar se qualquer das variáveis poderia adicionar alguma capacidade de previsão para o modelo preditor de Apfel e foram modeladas curvas CCO (curvas características do operadora). As áreas abaixo da curva (AAC) foram utilizados para comparar a capacidade discriminante do modelo para prever os pacientes que vomitaram daqueles que não o fizeram. Resultados: A incidência global de NVPO foi de 26%. Regressões logísticas múltiplas identificaram dois preditores independentes (razão de chances, IC 95%): pontuação do Apfel (1,78; 1,23-2,63) e náuseas e vômitos anteriores induzidos pela quimioterapia (3,15; 1,71-5,9), p de Hosmer -Lemeshow < 0,0001. Náusea e Vômito Pós Quimioterapia (NVPQ) anterior é o indicador mais importante para ser adicionado ao modelo preditor de Apfel nesta população. Conclusão: história de NVPQ deve ser considerada como um forte preditor para NVPO e deve ser adicionado como um fator de risco para NVPO no período pré-operatório de pacientes oncológicos / Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is still a troublesome problem in the postoperative period. Predictive models as Apfel score help to stratify risk of patients and orientate antiemetic prophylaxis. Identifying risk factors that may add information to Apfel score in oncological patient is of extreme importance due to the vulnerability to PNV in this population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 1500 consecutive patients undergoing intermediate or major cancer surgery between April and July 2011. PONV was assessed in the first 24 hours by Pain Management Team. Electronic medical record with all the studied variables was filled. Multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to assess if any of the variable could add some predictive ability to Apfel\'s tallying heuristic and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were modeled. The areas under the curve (AUC) were used to compare the model\'s discriminating ability for predicting patients who vomited from those who did not. Results: The overall incidence of PONV was 26%. Multiple logistic regressions identified two independent predictors (odds ratio; 95% CI): Apfel\'s score (1.78; 1.23-2.63) and previous chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (3.15; 1.71-5.9), Hosmer-Lemeshow\'s p < 0.0001. Previous CINV is the most significant predictor to be added to Apfel\'s heuristic in this population. Conclusions: History of previous CINV should be considered as a strong predictor for PONV and should be added as an additive risk factor for PONV in the preoperative period of oncological surgery

Introdução: Náuseas e vômitos (NV) são ainda um desafio problemático no período pós operatório (PO). Modelos preditores, como o critério de Apfel, auxiliam para estratificação do risco dos pacientes e direcionar profilaxias antieméticas. Identificar fatores de risco que possam adicionar informações ao critério de Apfel no paciente oncológico é de extrema importância pela vulnerabilidade à Náusea e Vômito Pós-operatório (NVPO) nesta população. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 1500 pacientes oncológicos consecutivos submetidos a cirurgias oncológicas de médio a grande porte entre abril e julho de 2011. NVPO foi avaliada nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório durante a avaliação pós-anestésica pela equipe do Centro Multidisciplinar de Tratamento de Dor (CMTD) do ICESP. Foi preenchido um prontuário eletrônico com todas as variáveis estudadas. A análise de regressão logística múltipla foi realizada para avaliar se qualquer das variáveis poderia adicionar alguma capacidade de previsão para o modelo preditor de Apfel e foram modeladas curvas CCO (curvas características do operadora). As áreas abaixo da curva (AAC) foram utilizados para comparar a capacidade discriminante do modelo para prever os pacientes que vomitaram daqueles que não o fizeram. Resultados: A incidência global de NVPO foi de 26%. Regressões logísticas múltiplas identificaram dois preditores independentes (razão de chances, IC 95%): pontuação do Apfel (1,78; 1,23-2,63) e náuseas e vômitos anteriores induzidos pela quimioterapia (3,15; 1,71-5,9), p de Hosmer -Lemeshow < 0,0001. Náusea e Vômito Pós Quimioterapia (NVPQ) anterior é o indicador mais importante para ser adicionado ao modelo preditor de Apfel nesta população. Conclusão: história de NVPQ deve ser considerada como um forte preditor para NVPO e deve ser adicionado como um fator de risco para NVPO no período pré-operatório de pacientes oncológicos / Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is still a troublesome problem in the postoperative period. Predictive models as Apfel score help to stratify risk of patients and orientate antiemetic prophylaxis. Identifying risk factors that may add information to Apfel score in oncological patient is of extreme importance due to the vulnerability to PNV in this population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 1500 consecutive patients undergoing intermediate or major cancer surgery between April and July 2011. PONV was assessed in the first 24 hours by Pain Management Team. Electronic medical record with all the studied variables was filled. Multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to assess if any of the variable could add some predictive ability to Apfel\'s tallying heuristic and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were modeled. The areas under the curve (AUC) were used to compare the model\'s discriminating ability for predicting patients who vomited from those who did not. Results: The overall incidence of PONV was 26%. Multiple logistic regressions identified two independent predictors (odds ratio; 95% CI): Apfel\'s score (1.78; 1.23-2.63) and previous chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (3.15; 1.71-5.9), Hosmer-Lemeshow\'s p < 0.0001. Previous CINV is the most significant predictor to be added to Apfel\'s heuristic in this population. Conclusions: History of previous CINV should be considered as a strong predictor for PONV and should be added as an additive risk factor for PONV in the preoperative period of oncological surgery

Bakgrund: Postoperativt illamående och kräkningar (PONV) är en vanlig komplikation i samband med anestesi och drabbar cirka 30% av alla patienter. Kvinnor som genomgår gynekologiska laparoskopiska operationer är en särskilt utsatt grupp. Många individer som drabbas upplever ett onödigt lidande. Anestesisjuksköterskan har ett centralt ansvar i att arbeta preventivt och på så sätt lindra samt förebygga komplikationer. Genom att studera och jämföra olika enheter kan problemet med PONV uppmärksammas och eventuellt reduceras. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka skillnader i förekomst av postoperativt illamående och kräkningar hos kvinnor som genomgår laparoskopiska gynekologiska steriliseringar på två olika operationsenheter i södra Sverige. Metod: Kvantitativ retrospektiv jämförande studie med journalgranskning av 95 patienter som genomgått gynekologisk laparoskopisk sterilisering på ett länssjukhus i södra Sverige. Förekomsten av PONV och skillnader samt korrelation mellan enheterna har jämförts avseende profylaktiska interventioner i förhållande till riskfaktorer. Resultat: Utfallet av PONV blev 13% kontra 8% på respektive enhet. Ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad påvisades mellan enheterna. Korrelationen mellan antal riskfaktorer och antal profylaktiska interventioner visade på en svag icke signifikant korrelation på bägge enheter. Slutsats: Endast en liten del av de kvinnor som genomgår laparoskopiska steriliseringar drabbas av PONV. Bättre dokumentation skulle underlätta kartläggningen av olika faktorer som bidrar till PONV. Individernas riskfaktorer beaktas inte och patientperspektivet är inte i fokus. Gemensamma rutiner skulle kunna leda till bättre förutsättningar för god vård och minskat lidande hos fler individer. Förslag på framtida forskning är en prospektiv studie där utfallet av PONV studeras över längre tid. / Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication associated with anesthesia and affects an average 30% of all patients. Women who go through gynecological laparoscopic surgery are a particularly vulnerable group. Many individuals experience an unnecessary suffering due to PONV. The nurse anesthetist has a central responsibility in working preventively, thus alleviating and reducing complications. By studying and comparing different units, the problem can be noted and possibly reduced. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine differences in postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing gynecological laparoscopic sterilization at two different operating units in southern Sweden. Method: Quantitative retrospective comparative study with journal review of 95 patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic sterilization at a county hospital in southern Sweden. The outcome of PONV with differences and correlation between the units has been compared with regard to prophylactic interventions in relation to risk factors. Results: The outcome of PONV was 13% versus 8% on the respective unit. No statistically significant difference was detected between the units. The correlation between the number of risk factors and the number of prophylactic interventions showed a weak, non-significant correlation on both units. Conclusion: Only a small proportion of women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization suffer from PONV. Better documentation would favor the mapping of various factors contributing to PONV. Risk factors are not considered for each individual and therefore the patient perspective is not in focus. Common routines could lead to better conditions for good care in more individuals, thereby reducing suffering. A proposal for future research is a prospective study where the outcome of PONV is studied over a longer period of time.

Submitted by Verônica Esteves (vevenesteves@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T14:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Estêvão Braga.pdf: 573304 bytes, checksum: ad209c591d600ecfd064c313a95814b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Verônica Esteves (vevenesteves@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T14:26:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Estêvão Braga.pdf: 573304 bytes, checksum: ad209c591d600ecfd064c313a95814b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-11T14:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Estêvão Braga.pdf: 573304 bytes, checksum: ad209c591d600ecfd064c313a95814b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso / Contexto: Apesar de diminuir com o envelhecimento, a incidência de náuseas e vômitos pósoperatórios (NVPO) permanece elevada em pacientes idosos, gerando possíveis repercussões pósoperatórias que podem ser catastróficas em indivíduos com menor reserva fisiológica. OBJETIVOS: Nosso objetivo principal foi testar a hipótese de que o uso único de palonosetrona na indução da anestesia, não é inferior ao uso da ondansetrona na indução, seguida do uso regular, em mulheres com 60 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e duas mulheres com 60 anos ou mais, não fumantes, submetidas a colecistectomias laparoscópicas, receberam como intervenção palonosetrona 75 μg administradas por via endovenosa (ev) na indução de anestesia ou ondansetrona 4 mg, administrados iv na indução de anestesia seguido por administrações regulares de 4 mg a cada 8 horas no pós-operatório. A freqüência e intensidade das NVPO, os efeitos adversos, a necessidade de medicação de resgate e o nível de satisfação com a terapia antiemética foram avaliados no pós-operatório com 2, 6, 24 e 48 horas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa durante os períodos de avaliação na freqüência e na intensidade das NVPO entre os grupos estudados. A freqüência total de náuseas pós-operatórias (0-48 horas) entre as pacientes que receberam palonosetrona e ondansetrona foi de 60 vs 55% (p = 0,65), e a freqüência total de vômitos foi de 35 vs 25% (p = 0,33), respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas nos efeitos adversos, no uso de medicação de resgate, como também no nível de satisfação com a terapia antiemética utilisada. CONCLUSÃO: A administração de dose única da palonosetrona na indução de anestesia foi tão eficaz quanto a administração da ondansetrona na indução, seguida de sua administração regular, para a profilaxia de NVPO em mulheres com 60 anos ou mais, submetidas a colecistectomia laparoscópica. / Background: Although decreases with aging, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV) remains high in elderly patients, generating possible postoperative repercussions that can be catastrophic in individuals with less physiological reserve. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to test hypothesis that the single use of palonosetron at induction of anaesthesia, is non inferior to the use of ondansetron at induction, followed by regular doses, in women aged 60 years or older. METHODS: Eighty-two women aged 60 years or older, non-smokers, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy received as intervention palonosetron 75 μg administered intravenously (iv) at the induction of anaesthesia or ondansetron 4 mg administered iv at the induction of anaesthesia followed by regular administrations of 4 mg every 8 hours postoperatively. The frequency and intensity of PONV, the frequency of adverse effects, the need for rescue medication and the level of satisfaction with antiemetic therapy were evaluated postoperatively at 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the frequency or intensity of PONV among the groups studied during the evaluation periods. The total frequency of postoperative nausea (0-48 hours) among patients receiving palonosetron and ondansetron was 60 vs 55% (p = 0.65), and the total frequency of vomiting was 35 vs 25% (p = 0.33), respectively. There were also no differences in adverse effects, use of rescue medication and level of satisfaction with antiemetic therapy. CONCLUSION: The administration of a single dose of palonosetron at the induction of anaesthesia was as effective as the regular administration of ondansetron at induction followed by regular administration for the prophylaxis of PONV in women 60 years of age or older who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Postoperativt illamående och kräkning är fortfarande ett vanligt förekommande problem i samband med anestesi. Förutom obehaget med detta finns även medicinska risker som aspiration av maginnehåll eller sårruptur. PONV går att förebygga till viss del med hjälp av läkemedel, pre-operativ riskskattning samt genom anpassad anestesimetod. Genom att göra en riskskattning kan personal uppskatta vilka patienter som ligger i riskzonen för PONV och därigenom anpassa behandlingen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur riktlinjerna för att riskbedöma och förebygga PONV följs vid en dagkirurgisk avdelning. Studien genomfördes som en prospektiv observationsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats. Sammanlagt deltog 49 patienter i studien. De fick svara på om de kände av illamående och/eller kräkningar 2 samt 4 timmar postoperativt. Datan analyserades sedan i  Package for Social Science (SPSS). Resultatet visade att rutinen följdes i 63% av fallen och att förekomsten av PONV var på 16%. Slutsatser som kan dras ifrån detta är att rutinen för PONV följs i samma utsträckning som många andra rutiner inom hälso- och sjukvård och att förekomsten av PONV är som förväntat utifrån tidigare studier. Rutinen borde dock kunna följas i fler än 63% av fallen. Vidare forskning kring huruvida ökad följsamhet skulle kunna sänka förekomsten av PONV behövs.

<p>UVOD. Bilijarna kalkuloza je najče&scaron;će oboljenje hepatobilijarnog sistema, a holecistektomija predstavlja jedan od najče&scaron;će izvođenih operativnih zahvata. Laparoskopska holecistektomija je danas zlatni standard lečenja holelitijaze. Laparoskopska holecistektomija je pokazala pobolj&scaron;anje u klinički značajnim ishodima kao &scaron;to su skraćenje operativnog vremena, kraća hospitalizacija, smanjenje jačine i trajanja postoperativnog bola i brži povratak dnevnim i radnim aktivnostima. Postoperativna bol i vreme potpunog oporavka ostaju dva glavna problema posle nekomplikovane laparoskopske holecistektomije koje bi trebalo pobolj&scaron;ati. Bol koji je povezan sa laparoskopskom holecistektomijom je kompleksan i multifaktorijalan. On nastaje o&scaron;tećenjem tkiva, disekcijom i uklanjanjem žučne kesice iz svoje lože, stimulacijom periportalnih nerava, iritacijom dijafragme, mehaničkim i hemijskim interakcijama gasa i pneumoperitoneuma, incizijama portova. Istraživanja su označila parijetalni i visceralni bol kao dva glavna mehanizma nastanka bola kod laparoskopske holecistektomije. Bol se ne može meriti nego proceniti jer je subjektivni osećaj. Pokazalo se potrebnim da se na čvr&scaron;ćim naučnim osnovama da odgovor na pitanje da li je moguće blokirati parijetalni i visceralni bol posle laparoskopske holecistektomije u akutnoj fazi. CILJEVI. Cilj studije je da uporedi standardnu analgeziju (ne-opioidnu) (grupa O) sa davanjem parijetalne blokade (grupa P), ili davanjem visceralne blokade (grupa V), ili sa obe date blokade (grupa P+V). Primarni ishodi studije su bolesnikov procenjeni bol pre operacije i posle operacije na 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 sati i 7. dana. Sekundarni ishodi studije su bolesnikova procenjena mučnina na 1,2,4,6,12 sati i bolesnikova procenjena mobilnost 1. 2. i 7. dan. HIPOTEZA. Blokada postoperativnog visceralnog bola i blokada postoperativnog parijetalnog bola posle laparoskopske holecistektomije putem intraperitonealne lokalne infiltracije anestetikom i putem lokalne infiltracije anestetikom pristupnih laparoskopskih portova može značajno smanjiti rani postoperativni bol. MATERIJAL I METODE. Ova prospektivna, randomizirana jednostruko slepa studija je započela septembra 2014. godine i trajala je do januara 2016. godine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na Klinici za abdominalnu, endokrinu i transplantacionu hirurgiju i Urgentnom centru Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u Novom Sadu kod bolesnika operisanih metodom laparoskopske holecistektomije. Rad je podeljen u nekoliko celina. 1. Procena veličine uzorka; 2. Procena podobnosti za studiju; 3. Anketiranje i uključivanje u studiju; 4. Razvrstavanje u grupe i operativni rad; 5. Period postoperativnog praćenja; 6. Statistička obrada i pisanje rada.<br />1. Procena veličine uzorka. Studija je realizovana podelom bolesnika u 4 grupe. Neophodni broj bolesnika je izračunat uzimajući podatke iz pilot istraživanja slične studije iz 2012. godine. Veličina uzorka je računata za primarni ishod studije&nbsp; (bolesnikov procenjen bol sa NAS) na pretpostavci da treba biti 20% smanjenja bola u prvom postoperativnom satu, uz verovatnoću Tip 1 gre&scaron;ke &alpha;=0.05 i Tipa 2 gre&scaron;ke &beta;=0.10 da postigne adekvatnu statističku snagu oko 80% i da otkrije 20% razlike u srednjoj vrednosti procenjenog bola jedan sat nakon laparoskopske&nbsp; holecistektomije. Procenjeni broj ispitanika po grupama prema zadatim kriterijumima je bio (P+V=65; P=68; V=68; O=65). Studija je započela uključivanjem prvog bolesnika u studiju a zavr&scaron;ena ispunjenim periodom praćenja sve dok poslednji bolesnik nije doneo upitnike o bolu, mučnini i kretanju. 2. Procena podobnosti za studiju. U periodu studije ukupan broj holecistektomiranih bolesnika je bio 1024 (440 klasično i 584 laparoskopski). Samo pogodni bolesnici su anketirani (584) i pročitali su informacioni list o istraživanju. Uključivanje ili procena podobnosti bolesnika za studiju sprovedena je na osnovu uključnih i isključnih kriterijuma. U studiju nije uključeno ukupno 226 bolesnika. Od tog broja 82 bolesnika je odbilo učestvovati u studiji a 144 bolesnika nije ispunilo uključne postavljene kriterijume. Svojim potpisom potvrdilo je uče&scaron;će u studiji 358 bolesnika. 3. Anketiranje i uključivanje u studiju. Nakon prijema bolesnika u bolnicu ispitivači su uzimali anamnezu i bolesnicima je ponuđen informacioni list i informisani pristanak. Nakon čitanja informacije, potpisivanja informisanog pristanka i zadovoljavanja&nbsp; uključnih i isključnih kriterijuma 358 bolesnika je uključeno u studiju. Obavljena je preoperativna priprema i ispitivači su popunili deo podataka u individualnom listu. 4. Razvrstavanje u grupe i operativni rad. Neposredno preoperativno od strane nezavisne osobe neuključene u studiju napravljena je randomizacija izabranih (n=358) u studijske grupe tablicama slučajnog izbora, tako da bolesnici nisu znali kojoj grupi pripadaju, dok su operater i osoblje to znali na početku operacije (jednostruko slepa studija). Nakon randomizacije i operacije bolesnici pripadaju jednoj od sledeće 4 grupe: Kontrolna grupa O=89, u kojoj su bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom&nbsp; holecistektomijom bez visceralne blokade anestetikom i bez parijetalne blokade anestetikom. Eksperimentalna grupa P=88, u kojoj su bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom holecistektomijom bez visceralne blokade anestetikom i sa parijetalnom blokadom anestetikom. Eksperimentalna grupa V=92, u kojoj su bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom holecistektomijom sa visceralnom blokadom anestetikom i bez parijetalne blokade anestetikom. Eksperimentalna grupa P+V=89, u kojoj će biti bolesnici sa urađenom laparoskopskom holecistektomijom sa visceralnom blokadom anestetikom i sa parijetalnom blokadom anestetikom. Primenjivan je uobičajni, standardni protokol anestezije za laparoskopske operacije kod svih ispitanika. Svim bolesnicima plasirana je orogastrična sonda koja se nakon operacije odstranjivala. Kod&nbsp; bolesnika kod kojih je primenjivan lokalni anestetik neposredno pre početka operacije pravio se rastvor lokalnog anestetika (Marcaine&reg; 0,25%). Bolesnici su otpu&scaron;teni sa bolničkog lečenja prvog postoperativnog dana, pod uslovom da nisu imali komplikacija. 5. Postoperativno praćenje i ispunjavanje upitnika. Po dolasku na odeljenje&nbsp; bolesnicima je odmah uključivana ista analgezija. Tokom ispunjavanja informisanog pristanka, bolesnici su dobili upitnik na kojoj će sami procenjivati nivo bola, mučnine i kretanja tokom ležanja u bolnici i vremena praćenja od 7 dana kući. Bolesnici su dolazili na unapred zakazane postoperativne kontrole 7 do 10 dana posle operacije i donosili ispunjene upitnike. Otpu&scaron;teno je i za praćenje ostalo n=302 laparoskopski operisanih bolesnika a isključeno iz studije n=20 bolesnika. 6. Statistička obrada i pisanje rada. Ukupno je analizirano 274 listića operisanih bolesnika: u Grupi P+V =67; u Grupi P =70; u Grupi V =70 i u Grupi O =67. Od osnovnih deskriptivnih statističkih parametara za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu procenu dobijenih rezultata su kori&scaron;ćeni apsolutni brojevi, relativni brojevi, mediana, mod, aritmetička sredina i standardna devijacija (SD). Obrada podataka se vr&scaron;ila&nbsp; osnovnim i naprednim statističkim metodama i programima. Rezultati su prikazani tabelarno i grafički. REZULTATI. Demografski podaci. Ukupno je bilo 188 žena i 86 mu&scaron;karaca, u odnosu 2,2 : 1. Prosečna starost cele grupe je bila 52,1 &plusmn; 15,72 godine. Ukupno je bilo 179 zaposlenih i 95 nezaposlenih. Ukupno je bilo 45 ispitanika sa osnovnim obrazovanjem, 153 ispitanika sa srednjim obrazovanjem i 76 ispitanika sa visokim obrazovanjem. Ukupno je bilo 186 nepu&scaron;ača i 88 pu&scaron;ača. Prosečna vrednost BMI cele grupe je bila 27,24 &plusmn; 4,21 kg/m2. Prosečna vrednost ASA u celoj grupi je bila 2,03 (mediana=2, mod=2). Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između posmatranih grupa u odnosu na posmatrane parametre. Laboratorijski podaci. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u vrednosti leukocita između posmatranih grupa (p=0,039), u vrednosti uree između posmatranih grupa (p=0,040). Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u vrednosti eritrocita, trombocita, hemoglobina, &Scaron;UK-a, kreatinina i bilirubina posmatranih grupa. Operativni i postoperativni podaci. Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u količini upotrebljenog Fentanila između posmatranih grupa. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u dužini trajanja operacije između posmatranih grupa (p=0,003), u trajanju postavljenog abdominalnog drena između posmatranih grupa (p=0,024), u trajanju hospitalizacije između posmatranih grupa (p=0,027), u broju dana do povratka uobičajenim aktivnostima između posmatranih grupa (p=0,000), u broju uzetih tableta između posmatranih grupa (p=0,000). Prosečna ocena zadovoljstva bolesnika posle operacije u celoj grupi je bila 8,80 (mediana=9; mod=10). Najbolju ocenu zadovoljstva bolesnika posle operacije je imala grupa P+V. Procena bola, mučnine i kretanja. Postoji statistički značajna razlika između posmatranih grupa u proceni jačine bola pre operacije (p=0,003). Postoji statistički značajna razlika između posmatranih grupa u proceni jačine bola 1h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 2h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 4h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P); u proceni jačine bola 6h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 12h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 24h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P+V); u proceni jačine bola 48h posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P) i u proceni jačine bola 7 dana posle operacije (najbolju procenu bola je imala grupa P). Procenjena bol se pojačava otprilike 2,5 sata posle operacije sa vrhom 3 sata posle operacije, a smanjuje se na istu vrednost kao 2. sata posle operacije, otprilike 5. sata posle operacije. U vremenskim intervalima 1, 2. i 7. postoperativni dan postoji značajno pobolj&scaron;anje u postoperativnoj mobilnosti bolesnika. U vremenskim intervalima 1, 2, 4, 6 i 12 sati postoji značajno pobolj&scaron;anje u procenjenoj vrednosti mučnine bolesnika. Korelacije. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija ocene bola posle 1. sata, posle 2. sata, posle 6. sata, posle 12. sata je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,000), kao i procene mučnine (p=0,000). Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija procene bola posle 4. sata je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,006), kao i aktivnosti (p=0,014). Statistički značajna korelacija procene bola posle 24. sata je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,000; pozitivna) i trajanjem operacije (p=0,028; negativna). Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija procene bola posle 48. sata i posle 7 dana je utvrđena sa brojem uzetih tableta (p=0,000). ZAKLJUČCI: Primena lokalnog anestetika datog na bilo koji način značajno smanjuje bol posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Primena lokalnog anestetika datog i&nbsp; portalno i visceralno (P+V) značajno smanjuje bol u odnosu na samo portalnu (P) ili visceralnu (V) primenu u vremenskim intervalima 2, 6, 12 sat posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Portalna (P) primena sa ili bez visceralne (V) primene lokalnog anestetika značajno smanjuje bol u vremenskim intervalima 1, 4, 24, 48 sati i 7 dana posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Najbolje kretanje je bilo u grupi P+V posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Najbolje smanjenje procenjene mučnine je bilo u grupi P posle laparoskopske holecistektomije. Najraniji povratak uobičajenim aktivnostima zabeležen je u grupi P+V. Najbolja ocena zadovoljstva bolesnika hirur&scaron;kim lečenjem bila je u grupi P+V. Postoperativna bol ima najznačajniju pozitivnu korelaciju sa procenjenom mučninom i brojem tableta uzetih od momenta otpusta do prve kontrole bolesnika.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Biliary calculosis is the most frequent disease of the hepatobiliary system, and cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures. Today laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents the golden standard in treating cholelithiasis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed improvement in the clinically significant outcomes, such as: reducing the duration of the surgery, shorter hospital stay, reducing the intensity and duration of postoperative pain and faster return to normal daily and working activities. Postoperative pain and the time of full recovery remain the two major problems after a non-complicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy and they should be improved. The pain related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy is complex and multi-factorial in origin. The pain occurs due to damaged tissues, dissection and removal of gallbladder from its cavity, stimulation of periportal nerves, irritation of the diaphragm, mechanical and chemical interaction of gases and pneumoperitoneum and port incisions. Researches have denoted parietal and visceral pains as two major mechanisms in occurrence of pain in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pain cannot be measured, but estimated, as it is a subjective feeling. It was considered necessary to find the answer, based on solid scientific evidence, if it was possible to block parietal and visceral pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in its acute phase. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare standard, non-opioid, analgesia (group O) with applying parietal blockade (group P), or visceral blockade (group V), or compare with both applied blockades (group P+V). The primary outcomes of the study are the patient&acute;s estimated pain before surgery and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours and 7th day after the surgery. The secondary outcomes of this study are the patient&acute;s estimated nausea level during 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 hours, along with the patient&acute;s estimated mobility 1st, 2nd and 7th day, postoperatively. HYPOTHESIS. Blockade of postoperative visceral pain and blockade of postoperative parietal pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, applying intraperitoneal local infiltration with anesthetic and also by local infiltration with anesthetic through accessible laparoscopic ports, can significantly reduce early postoperative pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospectively randomized single-blinded study started in September 2014 and lasted up to January 2016. The research was carried out at the Clinic for Abdominal, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery and Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Vojvodina in Novi Sad and it involved patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study has been divided into several units. 1. Assessment of sample size; 2. Assessment of eligibility for the study; 3. Survey and inclusion in the study; 4. Group formation and operational work; 5. Period of postoperative follow-up; 6. Statistical processing and writing the paper.1. Assessment of sample size. The study was realized by dividing the patients into 4 groups. The number of patients necessary was determined based on the data taken as pilot study from a similar study from 2012. Sample size was calculated for the primary outcome of the study (patient&acute;s estimated pain with NAS) based on the assumption that a pain reduction of 20% should occur during the first postoperative hour, with the probability of Type 1 error &alpha;=0.05 and Type 2 error &beta;=0.10 to reach the adequate statistical power of about 80%, and to reveal 20% difference in the average value of the estimated pain one hour after the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The assessed number of respondents in groups according to the set criteria was (P+V =65;P =68;V =68; O =65). The study started when the first patient was included and it ended with the complete follow-up period when the last patient handed in the survey about pain, nausea and mobility. 2. Assessment of eligibility for the study. During the study the number of patients undergoing surgery applying the method of cholecystectomy was 1024 (440 classical and 584 laparoscopic). Only the suitable patients were surveyed (584) and given to read the information leaflet about the study. Inclusion and assessment of patients&acute; eligibility was performed on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 226 patients was not included in the study. Out of that number 82 patients refused to participate in the study and 144 did not fulfill the inclusive criteria set. By signing 358 patients confirmed their participation in the study. 3. Survey and inclusion in the study. After admitting the patients to hospital the surveyors took their anamnesis and the patients were offered an information leaflet and informed consent. Following the reading of the information leaflet, signing the informed consent and satisfying the criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 358 patients were included in the study. Preoperative preparations were performed and the surveyors filled in some of the data on the individual list. 4. Group formation and operational work. Prior to the surgery an independent person not included in the study carried out the randomisation of the patients chosen (n=358) into study groups by random selection tables. The patients did not know which group they belonged to, while it became known to the surgeon and the operation stuff at the beginning of the surgery (singleblinded study). After randomization and surgery the patients belonged to one of the following groups: Control group O=89 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy without visceral blockade by anesthetic and without parietal blockade by anesthetic. Experimental group P=88 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy without visceral blockade by anesthetic but with parietal blockade by anesthetic. Experimental group V=92 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy with visceral blockade by anesthetic but without parietal blockade by anesthetic. Experimental group P+V=89 of patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy with visceral blockade by anesthetic and with parietal blockade by anesthetic. The standard protocol of anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy was applied to all patients. An orogastric tube used during the surgery, was removed after it. In patients with applied local anesthetic immediately before surgery a solution of local anesthetic was made (Marcaine&reg; 0,25%). The patients were discharged from hospital the first postoperative day, provided that no complications occurred. 5. Postoperative follow-up and completing the questionnaire. When admitted to the ward the patients were given the same kind of analgesia. While completing the informed consent the patients were given a questionnaire for estimating their pain level, nausea and mobility during their stay in hospital and during the 7-day follow-up period at home. The patients were required to come for 7 and 10-day postoperative check-ups by appointment and then they handed in the questionnaires. n=302 patients with performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy were released and designated for follow-up, and n=20 patients were excluded from the study. 6. Statistical processing and writing the paper. In total 274 operated patients&acute; slips were analysed, by groups as follows: in Group P+V =67; in Group P =70; in Group V =70 and in Group O =67. From the basic descriptive statistical parametres for qualitative and quantitative assessment of results obtained, absolute numbers, relative numbers, the median, mode, arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD) were used. Data processing was carried out using basic and advanced statistical methods and programmes. The results are presented in tabular and graphical manner. RESULTS. Demographic data. In total there were 188 women and 86 men, in proportion 2,2 : 1. The average age of the whole group was 52,1 &plusmn; 15,72 years. In total there were 179 employed and 95 unemployed persons. In total there were 45 surveyed patients with primary education, 153 surveyed patients with secondary education and 76 surveyed patients with higher education. In total there were 186 nonsmokers and 88 smokers. The mean BMI value of the whole group was 27,24 &plusmn; 4,21 kg/m2. The mean value of ASA of the whole group was 2,03 (the median=2, mode=2). There is no significant difference among the groups observed considering the observed parametres. Laboratory data. There is a statistically significant difference in the value of leukocytes among the observed groups (p=0,039), and in the value of urea among the observed groups (p=0,040). There is no statistically significant difference in the value of the erythrocyte, platelets, hemoglobin, blood glucose, creatinine and bilirubin of the&nbsp; observed groups. Operative and postoperative data. There is no statistically significant difference in the amount of Fentanyl&reg; applied among the observed groups. There is statistically significant difference in the length of the surgery among the observed groups (p=0,003), in the duration of the positioning of abdominal drainage among the observed groups (p=0,024), in the duration of hospital stay among the observed groups (p=0,027), in the number of days until getting back to regular activities among the observed groups&nbsp; (p=0,000), in the number of taken pills among the observed groups (p=0,000). The patients&acute; average satisfaction grade after surgery in the whole group was 8,80 (the median=9; mode=10). Group P+V had the best patient&lsquo;s satisfaction grade after the surgery. Assessment of pain, nausea and mobility. There is statistically significant difference in the estimation of pain intensity before surgery among the observed groups (p=0,003). There is statistically significant difference in the estimation of pain intensity 1 hour after surgery among the observed groups (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 2 hours after&nbsp; surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 4 hours after surgery (P having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 6 hours after surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 12 hours after surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 24 hours after surgery (P+V having the best estimated pain); in the estimation of pain intensity 48 hours after surgery (P having the best estimated pain) also in the estimation of pain intensity 7 days after surgery (P having the best estimated pain). The estimated pain intensifies at about 2,5 hours after surgery and peaks 3 hours after surgery, and decreases to the same level as it was during 2nd hour after surgery approximately during 5th hour after surgery. There is considerable improvement in mobility of patients in the time interval 1st, 2nd and 7th postoperative days. There is considerable improvement in estimated nausea level of patients in the time interval 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 hours. Correlations. Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 1st hour, after 2nd hour, after 6th hour and after 12th hour was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,000), just like the estimated nausea level (p=0,000). Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 4th hour was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,006), just like the activities (p=0,014). Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 24th hour was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,000; positive), and by the duration of the surgery (p=0,028; negative). Statistically significant positive correlation in estimated pain after 48th hour and after 7 days was determined by the number of tablets taken (p=0,000). CONCLUSIONS: The application of local anesthetic, regardless of how it was applied, considerably reduces pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The application of local anesthetic by port or viscerally (P+V) considerably reduces pain compared to only by port (P) or only visceral (V) application in the time intervals of 2, 6, and 12 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The application of local anesthetic by port (P), with or without visceral (V), considerably reduces pain in the time intervals of 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours and 7 days after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The best mobility was shown by group P+V after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Estimated nausea was most reduced in group P after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Group P+V presented the earliest return to regular activities. The best patients&acute; satisfaction grade with surgical treatment was shown by group P+V. Postoperative pain is most considerably positively correlated with the estimated nausea and pills taken, from the moment of patient&acute;s release from hospital to the first check-up.<br />&nbsp;</p>

Introdução: Apesar da abordagem farmacológica multimodal profilática, as náuseas e os vômitos pós-operatórios (NVPO) correspondem a uma das principais queixas dos pacientes após procedimentos laparoscópicos. Em pacientes considerados de alto risco pelo critério de Apfel, a incidência de tais eventos pode chegar a 80%. Neste contexto, os antagonistas dos receptores de NK-1 têm sido recomendados para adultos em adição a outras estratégias antieméticas na tentativa de reduzir essa incidência. Entretanto, o efeito da associação do aprepitanto ao regime dexametasona, ondansetrona e propofol permanece indefinido. Nesta pesquisa, como desfecho principal, estudou-se o efeito da associação do aprepitanto em regime antiemético profilático multimodal para redução de risco de NVPO nas primeiras 24 horas do período pós-operatório em pacientes de alto risco pelo critério de Apfel. Como desfechos secundários, foram estudadas intensidade dos eventos de náuseas, incidência dos eventos de vômitos intensos e ocorrência de consumo de antieméticos de resgate nas primeiras 24 horas do período pós-operatório. Métodos: pacientes adultos, estratificados como alto risco pelo critério de Apfel, submetidos a procedimentos laparoscópicos oncológicos, foram alocados aleatoriamente para receber profilaticamente aprepitanto 80 mg (grupo de tratamento) ou amido (grupo controle) associados à dexametasona (4 mg ou 8 mg), ondansetrona (4 mg ou 8 mg) e anestesia venosa alvo-controlada com propofol. A análise estatística do desfecho principal foi realizada utilizando o Teste Exato de Fisher, e a hipótese nula foi descartada se p < 0,05. Resultados: Sessenta e seis pacientes concluíram o estudo. NVPO ocorreram em 13 (40,6%) pacientes nas primeiras 24 horas após emergência da anestesia no grupo controle. No grupo tratamento, ocorreram náusea em 5 pacientes (14,7%, p = 0,03) e vômito em 1 paciente (2,9%, p = 0,0002). A redução de risco relativo foi de 63,8% (IC 95% 9,9% - 86%) para náusea e de 92,7% (IC 95% 61,2% - 98,8%) para vômito. Episódios de náusea intensa ocorreram em 2 (6,3%) pacientes e de vômitos intensos, em 4 (12,5%) pacientes, no grupo controle. Um paciente apresentou vômito intenso no grupo tratamento. Em relação ao consumo de antieméticos, 9 (28,1%) pacientes solicitaram medicamentos antieméticos de resgate no grupo controle e 3 (8,8%) pacientes, no grupo tratamento, nas primeiras 24 horas pós-operatórias (p = 0,02). Conclusão: O aprepitanto (80 mg), como uma quarta estratégia antiemética profilática, pode contribuir para a redução significativa de NVPO e de consumo de antieméticos de resgate em pacientes de alto risco / Background: Despite the use of multimodal pharmacological approach, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most important causes of patients discomfort after laparoscopic surgeries. NK-1 receptor antagonists have recently being recommended for prophylaxis of PONV in adults, but the combination with serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists such as ondansetron, corticosteroids such as dexamethasone and propofol, are not yet well established. The primary aim of this randomized and double-blind study was to assess whether the addition of aprepitant to a multimodal management strategy for PONV prophylaxis in a high-risk patient population would further decrease the incidence of PONV in the first 24 postoperative hours. The secondary aims were the quantification of nausea intensity, number of episodes of vomiting and rescue antiemetic consumption in the same period. Methods: patients classified as Apfel Score 3 or 4, scheduled to laparoscopic surgeries to treat cancer, were randomized to receive either oral aprepitant 80mg (treatment group) or matching placebo (control group) before induction of anesthesia. All patients received intravenous dexamethasone 4 mg or 8 mg at induction of anesthesia, ondansetron 4 mg or 8 mg at the end of the surgery and a standardized total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) technique. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher\'s Exact Test and the null hypothesis was ruled out if p < 0.05. Results: Sixty-six patients completed the study. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 13 (40.6%) patients during the first 24 hours in the control group (all patients who presented nausea also vomited). In the treatment group, nausea occurred in 5 patients (14.7%, P = 0.03) and vomiting occurred in 1 patient (2.9%, P = 0.0002). The reduction in the relative risk was 63.8% (95%CI 9.9% - 86%) for nausea and 92.7% (95%CI 61.2% - 98.8%) for vomiting. Severe nausea occurred in 2 (6.3%) patients, and severe vomiting occurred in 4 (12.5%) patients in the control group. One patient presented with severe vomiting in the treatment group in the first 24 postoperative hours. The administration of rescue antiemetics occurred in 9 (28.1%) patients in the control group and in 3 (8.8%) patients in the treatment group in the first 24 postoperative hours (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Eighty milligrams of aprepitant added to a three-drug multimodal prophylaxis strategy can bring benefits to a high-risk population by reducing PONV episodes and rescue antiemetic requirements