Vespidae possui aproximadamente 5000 espécies, sendo 3500 dessas são eumeníneos. Zethus é o maior gênero de Eumeninae, com mais de 250 espécies no mundo. Atualmente, encontra-se dividido em quatro subgêneros: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) e Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), com 42 espécies, se destaca por construir ninhos expostos e apresentar comportamento subsocial. Essas espécies encontram-se divididas em oito grupos, cada qual uma unidade filogenética natural que, porém, foram criados sem qualquer análise filogenética. Exemplares de 18 espécies de Z. (Zethoides), correspondentes aos grupos foram examinadas junto com terminais de outras linhagens de Zethus, Zethini e Eumeninae para elaboração de uma análise cladística afim de averiguar as divisões elaboradas. Todos os grupos de espécies foram recuperados como monofiléticos, exceto Z. bilgumis, que é parafilético em relação ao grupo Z. clypearis. Z. (Zethoides), apesar de monofilético, junto com Z. (Madecazethus), situa-se dentro de Zethus s. s. Z. (Zethusculus) também não foi recuperado como monofilético. Zethus é parafilético em relação aCtenochilus. Assim, o grupo Z. clypearisnão foi recuperado e seus integrantes pertencem agora ao grupo Z. biglumis, e as seguinte sinonímias serão propostas: Ctenochilus (=Zethus); Z. (Madecazethus) (=Z. (Zethus)); Z. (Zethoides) (=Z. (Zethus)). / Vespidae has approximately 5000 species, of which 3500 are eumenines. Zethus is the largest genus in Eumeninae, with over 250 species. Currently, it is divided in four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) and Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), with 42 species, stands out for building exposed nests and presenting subsocial behavior. These species are further divided in eight groups, each considered a phylogenetic unit that were created without any phylogenetic analysis. Eighteen species of Z. (Zethoides) corresponding to different groups were examined, altogether with terminals fromdistict lineages of Zethus, Zethini and Eumenine, in order to elaborate a cladistics analysis to verify the proposed divisions. All species groups were monophyletic except for the Z. biglumis group, that is paraphyletic in relation to the Z. clypearis group. Z. (Zethoides), although monophyletic as Z. (Madecazethus), is placed within Zethus s. s. Z. (Zethusculus) was also retrieved paraphyletic. Thus, the Z. clypearis group is dismantled, and its integrates are incorporated in the Z. biglumis group. Also, the following synonymies will be proposed: Ctenochilus (=Zethus); Z. (Madecazethus) (=Z. (Zethus)); Z. (Zethoides) (=Z. (Zethus)).

In this essay I have studied the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling from an ecocritical point of view. The main theorist is Timothy Morton and his concepts of the Mesh and Strange Strangers. The analysis shows that the books are anthropocentric, and that Culture has a higher status than Nature in the magic world. The analysis also shows that the witches and wizards of the books have a similar way of looking at nature as the real world has, which can be used to open up discussions about nature. The books are anthropocentric when it comes to animals and how they can be used. The analysis also focuses on coexisting, and how the magic world deals with Strange Strangers. The Strange Strangers that the analysis deals with are both humans and other entities.

Berättelsen om Harry Potter har lästs av miljontals människor världen över. Bokseriens sociala och kulturella genomslag har haft stor påverkan på generationen som föddes under 1990-talet. Böckernas popularitet var tilltalade för många, men vissa läsare blev mer engagerade än andra och började engagera sig i fan-grupper och använde sig av internet för att kunna diskutera Harry Potter med andra fans. I den här uppsatsen undersöks det hur det kan vara att vara ett Harry Potter-fan och vad det har för betydelse för en individ. För att kunna gå in på djupet kring fenomenet ligger fokus på fandomet kring Harry Potter. Med fandom menas den typ av subkultur fans agerar inom. Syftet med studien är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, bildanalyser och observationer, kunna förstå och kartlägga hur fandomet kring Harry Potter är uppbyggt, samt den inverkan det har på människorna inom det. För att ta reda på det analyserades resultaten med hjälp av deltagande kultur, Social Identity Theory och habitus. Resultatet vittnade om ett aktivt fandom med dedikerade medlemmar, fyllt av gemenskap med delad passion och nostalgi till barndomen.

This thesis investigates the word formation processes of the neologisms in the Harry Potter books by JK Rowling. The aim is to find the frequencies of these processes and then discuss why the frequency looks this way. By collecting and analysing the neologisms with the help of the classification of Plag (2003) and Ljung (2003), the frequencies of the different formation processes is established. The reasons why the distribution of word formation processes looks this way is then discussed and compared to the background information about the author. The conclusion is that compound is the most frequent word formation of this sample. The arguments why the distribution looks this way could be that the semantic meaning of the Harry Potter words is important and that many of the neologisms are based on humour, mythology and folklore.

This thesis is a study of the first four books of J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series. It accounts for the widespread success of the novels by examining their publication and marketing histories, and their literary achievement as narratives including a sophisticated mix of generic traditions. Chapter One looks at the popularity of the novels, comparing their material production and marketing by Rowling’s English language publishers: Bloomsbury in Britain and Scholastic in the United States of America. The publisher’s influence on the public perception of each book is demonstrated by comparative study of its mode of illustration and layout. Further, the design of the books is linked to their strategic marketing and branding within the literary world. The second chapter considers Rowling’s debt to the school story. It concentrates first on the history of this relatively short-lived genre, briefly discussing its stereotypical features and values. Traditional elements of setting and characterisation are then examined to show how the Harry Potter novels present a value system which, though apparently old-fashioned, still has an ethical standpoint designed to appeal to the modern reader. Chapter Three focuses on the characterisation of Harry as a hero-figure, especially on how the influence of classical and medieval texts infuses Rowling’s portrayal of Harry as a hero in the chivalric mode. The episodes of “quest” and “test” in each book illustrate specifically how he learns the values of selflessness, loyalty, mercy and fairness. Chapter Four surveys the contribution of modern fantasy writing to the series. It shows how Rowling creates a secondary world that allows us to perceive magic as a metaphorical representation of power. This focus on the relationship between magic and power in turn has a bearing on our assessment of the author’s moral stance. The thesis concludes by suggesting that Rowling’s unusual mix of genres is justified by the values they share, and which are inscribed in her work: the generic combination forms a workable, new and exciting mode of writing that helps to account for the phenomenal popularity of the series.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på om flickor och pojkar i böckerna skildras enligt stereotypiska könsroller. Genom en enkät fick vi fram de fyra mest populära böckerna enligt några flickor och pojkar i årskurs 4. En intervju genomfördes även för att få en bakgrund till bokvalet. De böcker som var populärast och som vi har analyserat är Rum 213, Harry Potter och hemligheternas kammare, Dagbok för alla mina fans – Gregs bravader och Pax 2 – Grimmen. Samtliga böcker visar på karaktärer med både kvinnliga och manliga egenskaper. Gemensamt för de böcker som pojkarna valde, Gregs bravader och Grimmen, är att det är manliga huvudroller med mestadels manliga egenskaper. Böckerna valdes för att pojkarna blivit rekommenderade dessa böcker av sina kompisar. Böckerna som flickorna valde, Rum 213 och Harry Potter och hemligheternas kammare, hade både kvinnliga och manliga huvudroller och karaktärerna i böckerna var till största del inte stereotypiska. Vår tolkning av detta är att, precis som Hirdman (1988) säger, män och pojkar har svårare att ta sig ur normer då de representerar en och därför väljer "typiska pojkböcker".

This research study explores how ten Eritrean refugees living in Pretoria, South Africa, make sense of their refugee identity in individual interviews. Discursive analysis was employed as a methodology to capture the different ways of talking (interpretative repertoires) about their institutionally-ascribed refugee identity, their experiences as refugees and alternative identities which the refugees discursively constructed in their interaction with the researcher. The study was motivated to provide the refugees, as a marginalized social group, a platform for expressing their agency. Six men and four women were recruited for the study using a convenience sampling technique. Analysis resulted in the identification of five dominant and two less dominant interpretative repertoires. The dominant interpretative repertoires were as follows: ‘we have rights’ repertoire; ‘accept who you are’ repertoire; ‘they target you’ repertoire; ‘I am secure: they can’t deport me’ repertoire and ‘we are misunderstood as criminals’ repertoire. The two less dominant repertoires were: ‘our refugee identity is transient’ repertoire and ‘I am lost; I don’t have a country any more’ repertoire. The findings of such varied, contradictory and inconsistent ways of talking by the participants about their refugee identity demonstrate a challenge to previous empirical studies conducted on the experiences and identities of Eritrean refugees in different settings which treated participant accounts as consistent and coherent. Furthermore, the results of the study defy dominant discourses about refugees which describe them as voiceless and without agency. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / am2014 / Sociology / unrestricted

The increased popularity of tattooing in recent years serves as the backdrop for this research report. As tattooing has grown in popularity it has become increasingly mainstream and has been embraced by people from all walks of life. In particular, a large Internet archive of tattoos has emerged, that contains narratives by people with tattoos as well as numerous pictures of tattoos. In this research report a discourse analysis was conducted on fifty-two of these Internet postings, in order to ascertain what discourse were in use in these postings. Thus, the discourse analysis looked at the ways in which having a tattoo/ being tattooed were constructed within these postings. In order for the discourse analysis to be conducted, the research first embarked on an extensive review of literature, that looked at the academic readings of tattooing. It was found that these readings were varied, and that it was possible to read tattooing in many different ways. Both positive and negative readings of tattoos are highlighted within the literature review. The theoretical backdrop of social constructionism informs the methodology section of the research, as it presents a detailed and contradictory discussion of the field of discourse analysis. Rather than unproblematically claiming to produce a discourse analysis, the research interrogated the term itself, highlighting the contradictions in the field before narrowing to the presentation of a pragmatic approach to discourse analysis that was used in this specific research report. Following the debate in both the literature review and the methodology, three discourses were identified by the discourse analysis conducted. The first discourse relates to tattooing as being a definition or a redefinition of the self, a way to construct a new and complete identity. The second discourse refers to the process of getting a tattoo as providing access to a certain way of speaking that is only available to those who have tattoos. The third discourse identified looks at the construction of the tattoo artist as expert, and the role that the tattoo artist has as a gatekeeper to the discourses of tattooing. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Psychology / unrestricted

This essay’s aim is to investigate how Rowling uses her novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets to criticize racism in her magical world and ours. A secondary aim concerns how Rowling’s critical stance creates ways to resist racism for readers in the EFL classroom. Therefore, a comparison from a Critical Race Theory (CRT) perspective is made with focus on certain sequence comparisons between the novel and the film. Teachers need to highlight problems like racism in classrooms and fantasy novels and movies are exceptional tools to raise awareness and teach critical thinking to students.

This thesis explores how the presence of authors on social media sites influences the way that fans perceive their work. The main goal of the analytical part was to determine, whether and primarily how the presence of an author on social media sites changes the relationships of readers with a complete (and therefore no longer open) text, as put forth by Roland Barthes in his The Death of the Author essay. The theoretical part of the thesis starts out by exploring the historical evolution of what an author is, differentiating between time periods and dominant theoretical approaches, with focus on postmodern authors such as Roland Barthes or Michel Foucault. The theory then focuses on the digital revolution, technological determinism and the rise of social media influence, including its impact on literary marketing and the concept of the celebrity author. Lastly, the theory summarizes studies that analyze the relationship between fan communities and current authors, specifically when it comes to the authors and their social media presence, focusing on the Harry Potter fan community and J. K. Rowling. The analysis itself is done through looking at semi-structured interviews conducted with fans of the Harry Potter saga. The analysis begins with focusing on the early relationships of fans with the saga,...