Typescript (Photocopy) / Bibliography: leaves 307-320 / vii, 320 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Dept. of Community Medicine, University of Adelaide, 1992

Caryl Churchill, the most widely performed female dramatist in contemporary British theatre, is a playwright preoccupied with the dissection of the traditional relations of power. She challenges social and dramatic conventions through her innovative exploration of the male gaze, the objectification of women, the performativity of gender, and women as objects of exchange within a masculine economy. In so doing, Churchill locates her concerns in the area of `materialism and gender'. Churchill explicates a socialist-feminist position by pointing directly at the failure of liberal feminism. The lack of a sense of community among women, highlighted by Churchill's portrayal of women such as Marlene in `Top Girls', forms a critical aspect of Churchill's work. Her drama re-iterates how meaningful change is impossible while women continue to oppress one another, and while economic structures perpetuate patriarchy. Altered consciousness, aligned to socio-political re-structuring, is necessary for both the oppressors and the oppressed, in a society where too much emphasis has been placed on individualism. The outspoken hope for a transgression of the conventional processes of identification and other omnipresent, oppressive socio-political phenomena, is a strong aspect of Churchill's work. Her plays reveal how signs create reality rather than reflect it, and she uses Brechtian-based distancing methods to induce a critical examination of gendered relations. Time-shifting, overlapping dialogue, doubling and cross-casting are used by Churchill to manipulate the sign-systems of the dominant order. Cross-gender casting, Churchill's most widely reviewed dramatic device, is employed to destabilise fixed sexual identities determined by dominant heterosexual ideology. She calls into question the traditional sign `Woman' - which is constructed by and for the male gaze - and addresses the marginality of the female experience in a non-linear framework. Although dealing with serious issues, Churchill's plays are often executed in a style that is at once amusing and thought-provoking to exclude the possibility of didacticism. With her skilful use of language and innovative techniques as her highly effective instruments, Churchill accomplishes her broader purpose with originality. In its originality and complexity, her drama is in itself a `new possibility' for different forms. / English Studies / M. A. (English)

This study emphasizes the role of soft power in China’s relations with Africa. It attempts to explore and interpret China’s role in Africa from Joseph Nye’s perspective of soft power and Realism in general. China’s foreign policy is ideologically underpinned by nationalism. In the past two decades, it is based on the need to protect its national interest, by expanding trade and diplomatic relations. For this reason, China has expanded economic interest in Africa by means of mutual development and investment, economic cooperation and trade. This has led to the growth of ‘soft’ ties between China and Africa, through the provision of aid and diplomatic cooperation. By using ‘soft power’ as a vehicle to promote the perception of a peaceful rise to power, it also makes a valuable contribution to the Chinese goal of constructing a harmonious world. Based on the research, the conclusion is that China has achieved impressive gains in its overall level of soft power in Africa, especially in economic and political aspects of its relationship with Africa and less in its cultural penetrations. / Political Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (International Politics)

O objetivo desta dissertação foi compreender os embates sociais entre católicos e protestantes nas décadas de 1860 e 1880, no Recife. Analisamos os discursos produzidos nos jornais da época, O Jornal do Recife e O Cathólico. Este estudo levou em consideração os acontecimentos sócio-econômicos, políticos e culturais do Brasil e do mundo na segunda metade do século XIX. Essas mudanças colocaram em cheque a prática religiosa da Igreja no Brasil, obrigando-a a transitar para um outro modelo: o ultramontano. A tentativa de enquadrar o catolicismo popular (uma seita católica) ao modelo ultramontano, não foi bem sucedida e levou uma parte dessas pessoas para o universo protestante. Em Pernambuco (1842), surgiu um protestantismo negro através do movimento do Divino Mestre, uma seita protestante. Esse movimento liderado por um negro, que alfabetizava os seus seguidores, e rejeitava as tradições católicas, trouxe pavor à elite política da província. O governo temia uma revolta semelhante aos malês da Bahia ou uma revolução como a do Haiti. O protestantismo missionário não ameaçava as bases econômico-sociais da província, por isso foi bem recebido, pelos maçons e pelos liberais. Mas a atividade missionária protestante se desenvolveu entre mestiços, mulatos e negros. Os embates da fé estudados aqui ocorreram na mídia, através dos jornais. Os protestantes aproveitaram as polêmicas nos jornais, como estratégia para ocupar espaços institucionais aos quais não tinham acesso. Dessa forma, conseguiram o apoio daqueles que se opunham a Igreja, aproveitando o clima proporcionado pela questão religiosa no Império / This work aimed to understand the social problems involving Catholicism and Protestantism, during the 1860s and 1880s, in Recife. Weve observed all the speeches presented in newspapers by that time,specially in Jornal do Recife and O Cathólico. This study considered the social, economical, political and cultural events in Brazil and in around the world, in the second half of the 19 th century. These changes made the religious practice become weak in Brazil, forcing it to change its model to the ultramontane. The attempt to make the popular Catholicism become an ultramontane model didnt succeed and most people were taken to the Protestant universe. In Pernambuco (1842) a Negro Protestantism rose because of a Protestant group called Divino Mestre. That movement had a negro as their leader, and he taught his followers how to read also rejected the Catholic tradition. All the local Protestantism feared him. The government was afraid of a rebellion similar to the Malês in Bahia or another like the one in Haiti. The missionary Protestantism didnt threaten the local economy and the social bases, so it was welcomed by the masons and liberals. However, the Protestant missionarys activity developed among, half-blood people and Negroes. All the incidents involving faith, which were studied here, were in the media, in newspapers. Protestants used the polemic presented by newspapers as strategies to occupy institutional spaces to which they didnt have access before. This way, they got the support of those who were against the Church and took advantage of the situation provided by the Religious matter in the Empire

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo refletir sobre as estratégias e mediações utilizadas pelos museus Oscar Niemeyer e de Arte Contemporânea, em Curitiba, e Pinacoteca e Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, para aproximar o público da arte. Reconhece que o hiato existente entre ambos e que se reflete na baixa visitação aos museus de arte é resultado de construções ideológicas dominantes – as tecnologias de controle social – construídas historicamente para manter o controle de quem possui o poder econômico sobre os demais, sejam pessoas, como no caso da apreciação artística, ou países, como o que acontece com a tecnologia. Apresenta também algumas possibilidades de subversão deste controle, que ocorrem especialmente pelo fato de o ser humano ser criativo e interpretativo. Por fim, observa que o trabalho realizado pelos setores educativos dos museus para atrair diferentes públicos às instituições é bastante relevante e comprometido. Em relação aos materiais didáticos elaborados e distribuídos aos visitantes, entretanto, constatou-se a necessidade de alguns ajustes para que estes se comuniquem melhor com os visitantes e contribuam, de fato, para desconstruir a ideia de museu como um espaço elitizado e disponível apenas a alguns poucos privilegiados. / This research aims to reflect on the strategies and mediation used by Oscar Niemeyer and Museum of contemporary art, in Curitiba, and Pinacoteca and Museum of modern art of São Paulo, to approximate audience of art. Recognizes that the gap between the two and that is reflected in the low visitation to art museums is the result of social control technologies historically elaborate and maintained to keep track of who has economic power over others , are people , as in the case of artistic appreciation, or countries, such as what happens with technology.It also presents some possibilities of subversion of this control , which occur especially because the human being creative and interpretive. Finally, it notes that the work carried out by the educational sectors of museums to attract different audiences is very relevant institutions and committed. With regard to teaching materials prepared and distributed to visitors, however, the need for some adjustments so that they communicate better with visitors and contribute, in fact, to deconstruct the idea of the Museum as an elite space and available only to a few privileged.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo refletir sobre as estratégias e mediações utilizadas pelos museus Oscar Niemeyer e de Arte Contemporânea, em Curitiba, e Pinacoteca e Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, para aproximar o público da arte. Reconhece que o hiato existente entre ambos e que se reflete na baixa visitação aos museus de arte é resultado de construções ideológicas dominantes – as tecnologias de controle social – construídas historicamente para manter o controle de quem possui o poder econômico sobre os demais, sejam pessoas, como no caso da apreciação artística, ou países, como o que acontece com a tecnologia. Apresenta também algumas possibilidades de subversão deste controle, que ocorrem especialmente pelo fato de o ser humano ser criativo e interpretativo. Por fim, observa que o trabalho realizado pelos setores educativos dos museus para atrair diferentes públicos às instituições é bastante relevante e comprometido. Em relação aos materiais didáticos elaborados e distribuídos aos visitantes, entretanto, constatou-se a necessidade de alguns ajustes para que estes se comuniquem melhor com os visitantes e contribuam, de fato, para desconstruir a ideia de museu como um espaço elitizado e disponível apenas a alguns poucos privilegiados. / This research aims to reflect on the strategies and mediation used by Oscar Niemeyer and Museum of contemporary art, in Curitiba, and Pinacoteca and Museum of modern art of São Paulo, to approximate audience of art. Recognizes that the gap between the two and that is reflected in the low visitation to art museums is the result of social control technologies historically elaborate and maintained to keep track of who has economic power over others , are people , as in the case of artistic appreciation, or countries, such as what happens with technology.It also presents some possibilities of subversion of this control , which occur especially because the human being creative and interpretive. Finally, it notes that the work carried out by the educational sectors of museums to attract different audiences is very relevant institutions and committed. With regard to teaching materials prepared and distributed to visitors, however, the need for some adjustments so that they communicate better with visitors and contribute, in fact, to deconstruct the idea of the Museum as an elite space and available only to a few privileged.

The creation of rural settlement in Brazil is a historical and relational process, a conquest and produced space that the symbolic and functional appropriation is turned into territory. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the referential that guides the construction of a territorial identity in rural settlements in Sergipe, to obtain multiples configurations of themselves. It was delimited as locus of investigation five of twenty two settlements, and classified by INCRA in phase seven, that the body corresponds to the consolidated settlements. The methodological way used was the qualitative research, based in three points: the construction of the territory, the meaning of territory and the settlement as a space of reference and the sense of being settled. This research was developed in transversal levels of characterization and analysis. A discussion was held about the territory category and its characteristics to comprehend the rural settlements, considered as territories, product and conditions of fights territorialization for lands in Brazil. The agrarian problem in Brazil and Sergipe was analyzed in a way to contextualize the object of study and the settlements studied was taken as a space of experience and reference to comprehend their identities. The delimitation of this research was guided from the comprehension that the construction of identities and territorialities in settlements is historical and relational, because the settled ones build social relations and establish link. The sense of being settled reveals itself as institutional and symbolic content and means not only a territorial category, but also the construction of social and spatial consciousness, that expresses in traditions and translations. This is the process of identity construction in settlements. A dialect that includes functionality and symbology, memory and daily routine, symbols and marks, objectivity and subjectivity. / A criação dos assentamentos rurais no Brasil é um processo histórico e relacional, um espaço conquistado e produzido e que pela apropriação funcional e simbólica é transformado em território. Esta tese tem como objetivo principal analisar os referenciais que norteiam a construção da identidade territorial nos assentamento rurais do estado de Sergipe, tendo em vista as múltiplas configurações na formação dos mesmos. Delimitou-se como locus de investigação cinco assentamentos, dentre os vinte e dois, classificados pelo INCRA na fase sete, que para o órgão corresponde aos assentamentos consolidados. Tomou-se como caminho metodológico a pesquisa qualitativa, ancorando-se em três questões basilares: a construção do território do assentamento, o significado do território: o assentamento como espaço de referência e o sentido de ser assentado. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em níveis transversais de caracterização e analise. Procedeu-se uma discussão sobre a categoria território e suas características, para compreensão dos assentamentos rurais, assumidos como territórios, produto e condição da territorialização das lutas pela terra no Brasil. A questão agrária no Brasil e em Sergipe foi analisada de modo a contextualizar o objeto de estudo e os assentamentos estudados foram tomados como espaço de vivência e espaço de referência para compreensão de suas identidades. A delimitação da pesquisa guiou-se a partir da compreensão de que a construção das identidades e das territorialidades nos assentamentos é histórica e relacional, pois os assentados ao se fixarem no território constroem relações sociais e estabelecem vínculos de pertencimento e de identificação com o mesmo. O sentido de ser assentado se revela tanto com conteúdo institucional quanto simbólico, pois denota não só uma categoria territorial, mas a construção de uma consciência socioespacial de pertencimento, que se expressa nas traduções e nas tradições. É neste envoltório que demarcamos o processo de construção identitária nos assentamentos. Uma dialética que inclui funcionalidade e simbologia, memória e cotidiano, símbolos e marcas, objetividade e subjetividade.

The presence of human destitution, impoverishment and degradation in the midst of plenty has puzzled social thinkers for millennia. One of the oldest and grandest of theories: the theory of ideology attempts to provide an answer to the puzzle of domination in society. Michael Rosen, in his book On Voluntary Servitude (1996), argues that the solution provided by the theory of ideology is problematic. Furthermore, on the basis of his critique, Rosen argues that we should abandon the theory of ideology and consider alternatives to it. Even though many contemporary academics have turned away from the theory of ideology, because they view it as an imprisoning meta-theory, this study explores the possibility of there being a meta-theory that could help us to make sense of the world. Through an examination of Rosen's critique this thesis shows that Rosen is too quick in his dismissal of the theory of ideology because he fails to consider that a revised functionalist theory of ideology can be expanded to account for the mechanism(s) that ensure that, over time, the society in question acquires ideological consciousness to further its welfare. This thesis shows that Rosen is correct in his criticism of the theory of ideology's explanation of domination because the content, history and social effects of ideological consciousness cannot be fully explained in terms of their role in promoting or stabilising relations of domination. In light of Rosen's criticism the thesis shows that if one provides both an explanation of the psychological motivations of individuals and of the nature of the oppressive society in which they find themselves then what I call an integrated theory of ideology can be developed. In order to illustrate the importance of an integrated theory of ideology the study moves away from high-level theoretical abstraction to concrete social analyses, focusing on the work of Frantz Fanon and Steve Biko and their explanations of domination. The reason this study focuses on their work is because in their role as social scientists, Fanon and Biko provided a powerful critique of colonial, post-colonial and neo-colonial society. It will be argued that Fanon and Biko were able to provide a lasting critique of colonial reality because they offered their critique within the framework of such an integrated theory. Consequently, this study argues that, as Fanon and Biko's work illustrate, an integrated theory of ideology qua critical theory ought not to be abandoned because it is crucial for understanding and resisting forms of oppression that exist in the world today.

The role of natural resources in African conflicts has been subject to extensive scholarly analysis. However, much of this analysis has taken a narrow economic reductionist bias. As such, it is imperative that the dominant assumptions and accepted concepts and theories about the role of natural resources in African conflicts be re-examined. The aim of this thesis is to offer a revaluation of the role of coltan during the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) Second War (1998-2003) through a critical engagement with the resource wars literature. The purpose is to offer a re-reading of the role of coltan in the DRC Second War and the broader regional and global economic context in which this conflict took place. It rejects the commonly cited assumption that the presence of coltan in the DRC means it is an initiator of conflict. Rather, this thesis argues that the central role of coltan in the DRC Second War was as an aggravator of conflict in that its exploitation was used by different parties to fund their military and political ambitions. This thesis also argues that the DRC’s weak state structures and pivotal role within the Great Lakes region, as well as the international trade of coltan and the nature of the DRC coltan mining industry are all key factors in understanding coltan exploitation in the country’s Eastern Region during the Second War.

M.A. (English) / Victorian studies is a field much-studied and, during the century that has passed since the end of Queen Victoria‘s reign, literary criticism on the subject has been extensive. In the main, however, criticism has tended to focus on the protagonists of Victorian novels, whether to argue that their journeys are immoral, or represent a warning against immorality, or to examine their behaviour and so arrive at conclusions regarding identity. Through a close reading of Oscar Wilde‘s The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), Robert Louis Stevenson‘s The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), and Bram Stoker‘s Dracula (1897), and by focussing on the reactions and responses of Victorian society (as the texts represent it) to the novel‘s transgressive characters rather than on those characters themselves (as has been the trend) this dissertation moves away from readings of duality and moral judgment and towards a greater understanding of the intricacies of late-Victorian society itself. In addition, and through this process, this dissertation interrogates the bifurcated and contradictory nature of the Victorian moral structure and destabilizes the binary oppositions of character judgment that were so fundamental in its creation. Furthermore, through a discussion of the historical context of the text‘s chosen for this study, this dissertation challenges the formulation and authenticity of Victorian morality by considering the manner in which power informed the behaviour and decisions of middle-class Victorians at the turn of the century. To this end, I will consider how the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche, especially those pertaining to power and morality, are invaluable in problematizing the binary system of categorization that so dominated the late-Victorian cultural space. Finally, I argue that the texts I have elected to study represent a climate of unrest and dissatisfaction with the Victorian moral climate at the fin de siècle (or turn of the century) and that they are instrumental in our understanding of that moral climate and the subsequent changes to it.