Cette recherche part du constat d'un dysfonctionnement de l'aide au développement et à la conservation. Depuis les années 1980 et malgré la succession des stratégies de l'aide, les résultats restent souvent insatisfaisants, médiocres, voire contraires aux effets recherchés. Pour comprendre ce phénomène, nous partons d'un territoire forestier, Amindrabe, situé au Centre-Est de Madagascar. En nous focalisant sur ce territoire, ses habitants et les programmes d'aide qui le ciblent, nous prenons progressivement conscience des logiques sous-jacentes à ce système global du développement : qu'est-ce qui s'y passe concrètement ? Comment est-ce organisé ? Pourquoi ces dynamiques se poursuivent-elles malgré des effets décevants ? La singularité de notre proposition est de nous détacher de la littérature surplombante pour partir du perçu et du vécu des habitants et des porteurs des programmes. Cette analyse empirique et qualitative amène à poser un regard critique sur les croyances fondatrices des stratégies de l'aide. Nous mettons en lumière une organisation hiérarchisée et compartimentée en différentes sphères déconnectées entre elles et déconnectées de la réalité locale. Les croyances, illusions et intérêts de chacun participent à renforcer l'incompréhension entre sphères et à détourner les actions des objectifs initiaux, par un processus qui se répète. En décortiquant un système d'acteur particulier, ses mondes et ses dynamiques du local au global, nous invitons le lecteur à un plongeon au-delà de ces incompréhensions. / This research is based on the observation of a dysfunction in aid for development and conservation. Since the 1980s and despite the succession of aid strategies, the results are often unsatisfactory, mediocre or even contrary to the desired effects. To understand this phenomenon, we begin in a forest territory, Amindrabe, located in the Central-East of Madagascar. By focusing on this territory, its inhabitants and the aid programs that target it, we gradually become aware of the underlying logic of this global development system: what is actually happening there? How is it organized? Why do these dynamics go on despite disappointing effects? The singularity of our proposal is to detach ourselves from the overhanging literature to start with the perceived experiences of the inhabitants and the bearers of the programs. This empirical and qualitative analysis leads us to take a critical look at the founding beliefs of aid strategies. We highlight a hierarchical and compartmentalized organization in different spheres: disconnected from each other and disconnected from the local reality. The beliefs, illusions and interests of each actor contribute to reinforce the incomprehension between spheres and to divert the actions from the initial objectives by a process that repeats itself. By anatomizing a particular actor system, its worlds and its dynamics from local to global, we invite the reader to a dive beyond these incomprehensions.

Cette étude sociologique porte sur le travail des intervenantes communautaires en santé mentale en relation avec les personnes qu’elles accompagnent. Le contexte actuel dans lequel se déroulent les pratiques d’intervention en santé mentale est caractérisé par une injonction contraignante à l’autonomisation des personnes accompagnées. C’est pourquoi, nous avons fait le pari de comprendre comment se traduit l’autonomie dans les pratiques d’intervention en santé mentale dans des organismes communautaires, à travers la perspective d’intervenantes. En nous inscrivant dans une démarche exploratoire et analytique, s’appuyant sur un cadre d’analyse interactionniste, incluant les concepts d’autonomie et de la street-level-bureaucracy, nous avons décortiqué d’une part, comment les intervenantes exercent leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le cadre d’actions situées, régulées par des contraintes de nature organisationnelle, et d’autre part, comment les interactions d’intervention sont des espaces d’observation des jeux d’autonomie. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une méthode qui nous permet d’entrer au cœur des pratiques des intervenantes communautaires en santé mentale, soit l’entretien d’explicitation. À travers ces entretiens, les interviewées ont produit un récit d’une situation d’intervention choisie. Ces données sont découpées en trois corpus (contextuel, narratif et représentatif) que nous avons analysés sous la forme d’études de cas transversales. Celles-ci nous informent sur les spécificités de la relation dynamique entre l’autonomie des professionnelles et celle des personnes accompagnées, selon les professionnelles de l’intervention. Ainsi, nous concluons que les jeux d’autonomie prennent une forme bidirectionnelle qui découle en « cascade », c’est-à-dire que l’autonomie des professionnelles influence directement celle des personnes accompagnées. Les jeux d’autonomie sont aussi empreints d’une hiérarchie relationnelle, alors que tous et toutes ont une « reddition de compte » à faire pour l’expression de leur autonomie, les intervenantes envers leur milieu de pratique et les personnes accompagnées envers les professionnelles. / This sociological study focuses on relational work of community mental health workers. The current context in which community mental health intervention occurs is characterized by a binding rule to empower the people they accompany. This leads us to seek to better understand how personal autonomy in mental health intervention unfolds in the context of specific situations that arise in community organizations. The thesis presents an exploratory and analytical study, based on an interactionist framework, and guided by two approaches. First, street-level-bureaucracy, which allows us to capture the strategies of relational workers in constraining organisational contexts; and second, the concept of “autonomy” defined as dynamic relational power in contexts of interaction. We analyzed how community mental health workers, on the one hand, exercise their discretionary power within their work milieu, and on the other hand, how they see their own autonomy and that of a person they were accompanying, in the context of a situated intervention. Our principal method of data collection, the explication interview, allowed us to delve deeply into the practices of community mental health workers, as they were invited to produce a detailed narrative of a specific intervention situation. These narratives were then integrated and reconstructed in the form of three textual data sets (contextual, narrative and reflexive) that were coded using both thematic and grounded theory procedures, and analysed transversely to produce insights into the situated autonomy of the community mental health workers, and their negotiated autonomy in the context of intervention interactions. We found that, from the perspective of the community mental health workers we interviewed, autonomy in the context of intervention has a bidirectional dynamic, in that the autonomy of the workers influences that of the people they accompany, but is also conditioned by the autonomy exercised by the people they are helping. There is none the less a hierarchical cascade that can be observed, in so far as the workers must justify their strategic intervention choices to the community organizations in which they work and to their colleagues, while the people they help must justify their choices to them.

Ce mémoire est le fruit d’une recherche-action dans le contexte des organismes à but non lucratif (OBNL) aconfessionnels œuvrant auprès des populations réfugiées et/ou vulnérables au Liban. À l’heure où les organisations humanitaires, internationales et locales privilégient ce statut aconfessionnel, il présente les résultats d’une étude sur la manière dont ils entrent en dialogue avec des populations en difficultés dont les identités culturelles et religieuses sont parfois plus marquées du fait de leurs déplacements souvent traumatiques. Nous appuyant sur une méthode ethnographique, nous avons suivi quatre OBNL aconfessionnels – deux libanais (Amel et Arcenciel) et deux internationaux (Jusoor et l’IECD Liban) – durant près d’un an, dans leurs actions auprès de ces populations. Adoptant une posture d’observateur participant pour être au cœur de leurs relations et interactions, nous avons surtout observé les formes de dialogues interreligieux et interculturels à la fois entre les membres de ces OBNL et dans leurs relations avec les populations auprès desquelles ils œuvrent. Nous avons également pris en considération l’origine culturelle de ces OBNL pour établir leur impact sur les formes de dialogues développées. Dans un dernier temps, nous combinons ce qui nous semble être les points forts du modèle d’OBNL aconfessionnel libanais – plus prompt à envisager ces types de dialogues – à une approche intervisionnelle développée par Brodeur (2019) pour en extraire un modèle de traitement des dialogues interreligieux et interculturels viable pour les OBNL aconfessionnels œuvrant dans un contexte ouest-asiatique, incluant des formations sur la gestion de ces types de dialogues et de populations sujettes aux discriminations, le recrutement d’une diversité représentative du terrain d’action, ainsi que l’identification des similarités et des valeurs communes aux différents groupes d’acteurs. Reposant sur un cadre conceptuel interdisciplinaire et une enquête qualitative regroupant dix-sept entretiens individuels semi-dirigés, c’est donc sur un terrain peu défriché que s’avance notre étude, dont l’ambition est de pouvoir modestement contribuer à cette question charnière du traitement des dialogues interreligieux et interculturels par les OBNL aconfessionnels. / This action research is looking at the context of non-confessional non-profit organizations (NPOs) working with refugee and vulnerable populations in Lebanon. At a time when humanitarian organizations, international and local, favor this non-denominational status, it seems relevant to study the way in which they enter into dialogue with populations in dire needs, whose cultural and religious identities are sometimes more pronounced due to their often traumatic displacements. Based on an ethnographic method, we followed four NPOs – two Lebanese (Amel and Arcenciel) and two internationals (Jusoor and IECD Lebanon) – for almost a year, in their actions among these populations. Adopting a position of participant observer to be at the heart of their relationships and interactions, we followed the forms of interreligious and intercultural dialogues that came to life, both between the members of these NPOs and in their relations with the populations with whom they work. In order to sharpen our analysis, we also considered the cultural origin of these NPOs to establish their impact on the forms of dialogue they developed. In the final part of this thesis, we try to combine the strong points we found of the Lebanese non-confessional NPO model, in its treatment of these forms of dialogues, with an interworldview dialogue approach developed by Brodeur (2019), to extract a model for the treatment of interreligious and intercultural dialogues feasible for NPOs working in a West Asian context, that includes training on managing these types of dialogues and populations subject to discrimination, recruiting a diversity representative of the field, and identifying similarities and common values among different groups of actors. Based on an interdisciplinary conceptual framework and a qualitative survey bringing together seventeen semi-directed individual interviews, this thesis aims modestly to provide further avenues of research to this transitional question of the treatment of interreligious and intercultural dialogues by non-confessional NPOs.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur genus- och maktrelationer avbildas samt reproduceras genom bilder från The Big Fours års- och hållbarhetsrapporter. Tidigare forskning har klarlagt behovet att på ett adekvat sätt särskilja mellan kön och genus inom kritisk redovisningsforskning. Således grundas studien i en rad feministiska teorier och kritisk organisationsteori, såväl som tidigare forskning där genus står i fokus. Dessa teorier tillämpas vid en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och efterföljande slutledning. Detta för att identifiera dolda processer inom organisationerna som inverkar på hur hierarkier utformas inom dessa.  Resultaten påvisar att det existerar ett könande inom organisationerna som är till mannens fördel. Dock är generaliserbarheten av studiens empiri begränsad utifrån resultatet av den logistiska regressionen. Symboler för ett starkt ledarskap förknippas med maskulinitet och mannen avbildas oftare som stående inom urvalet, vilket studien härleder till uttryck för rådande och önskade hierarkier. Därtill påvisar empirin att aktivitet till högre grad avbildas som ett manligt attribut vilket studien förklarar som ett uttryck för ett rådande informationsövertag. Det återfinns dock frekvenser som gör gällande att kvinnan ges utrymme att komma till tals och således att dennes perspektiv tas tillvara på. Detta då kvinnan till en högre grad avbildas som seriös i sällskap av män än ensam. Genusrelationer identifieras men processerna är genomgående subtila. Sociala koder och normativa påtryckningar kan dock påpekas. / The purpose of this study is to examine how gender and power dynamics are depicted and reproduced through images from The Big Four’s Swedish branches, in their annual and sustainability reports. Previous research clarifies the need for a separation between sex and gender within critical accounting research in order to expand the current empirical reach. Hence this study utilizes several feminist perspectives as well as critical organizational theory combined with previous research where gender has been at the center. The study’s content analysis and deduction, along with its conclusion, is built upon these theories to identify hidden processes that constitute real-life gender based hierarchies within said organizations.  Furthermore the results of this study points to a continued gendering within these organizations that favour the male sex. However the generalizability of the empirical findings are limited due to the outcome of the logistic regression. Symbols of strong leadership are continuously associated with a sense of masculinity and the male is more often depicted as standing up, symbolizing being higher up in the organizational hierarchy. Empirical evidence is laid forth stating that a higher frequency of being active is tied to being male and furthermore a masculine attribute. Although, measured frequencies show that the woman is granted the opportunity of having her perspective listened to and through that her epistemic privilege utilized as she’s, to a relatively high degree, represented as serious when accompanied by men. Gender relations are identified as parts of subtle processes that are sometimes even to be labelled as ambiguous.

Diploma thesis The power imbalance in caring families deals with power dynamics in the caregiving situation, where mother is a care receiver and her own daughter is caregiver. The theoretical part conceptualizes terms such as the power, the power imbalance, role reversal, caregiver, care receiver and ambivalence. The practical part is presented with its own qualitative survey with caregivers. The work confirms that the factors that significantly affect the success of care are (by caring daughter) options for care giving and degree of caring tie, and (by care receiving mother) ability to give up part of their autonomy, to assess properly the subjective and objective assistance needs and satisfaction with quality and quantity of social ties. The work also reveals some of the mechanisms of power dynamics within families; for example, the ways in which the phase of role reversal is reflected in mutual negotiation, persuasion in dimension, feelings of interaction, advocacy and conflict resolution. It turned out that a higher intergenerational power has actor with incomplete role reversal. Phase of role reversal showed to be a key factor in sorting manifestations of power dynamics in caregiving families. The main outcome of this work is the typology of strategies for power influence of caregivers and...

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Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur fenomenet platthet fungerar och upplevs i organisationer samt att få en ökad förståelse för självorganisering och formella och informella strukturer i icke-hierarkiska organisationer. En experimentell fenomenologisk studie gjordes på svenska platta organisationer med kriteriet få eller inga mellannivåer av chefer. Metoden som användes var en metodkombination där gruppintervjuer och djupintervjuer kombinerades. Totalt intervjuades åtta antal personer på företagen där en semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes som baserades på Jo Freemans essä The Tyranny of structurelessness från 1970. Det empiriska materialet kategoriserades senare genom en tematisk innehållsanalys och analyserades genom tre ansatser för att kunna identifiera och beskriva hur företagen var platta. Resultatet och analysen visade att de två företagen kunde anses vara platta på olika sätt. Andra fynd var att konceptet platt är komplext där olika faktorer samspelar med varandra. Vidare forskning bör fokusera på om det är organisationen som initierar platthet eller om rätt individer väljs in i en organisation och gör den platt. Vidare forskning kan också fokusera på intersektionalitet och hur identitet och makt samspelar i en platt organisation för att främja demokratisk deltagarmakt. / The purpose of this study is to understand how the phenomenon of flatness works and is experienced in organizations and to gain an increased understanding of self-organization and formal and informal structures in non-hierarchical organizations. An experimental phenomenological study was conducted on two flat organizations in Sweden with the criterion of few or no middle levels of managers. The method used was a method combination where group interviews and in-depth interviews were combined. A total of eight people were interviewed at the companies where a semi-structured interview guide based on Jo Freeman's essay The Tyranny of structurelessness from 1970 were used. The empirical material was later categorized through a thematic content analysis and analyzed through three approaches to be able to identify and describe how the companies were flat. The result and the analysis showed that the two companies could be considered flat in different ways. Other findings were that the concept flat is complex where different factors interact with each other. Further research should focus on whether it is the organization that initiates flatness or whether the right individuals are selected into an organization and make it flat. Further research can also focus on intersectionality and how identity and power interact in a flat organization to promote democratic participation.

In an electric power system, there will always be an electric balance. Nevertheless, System Operators (SOs) often uses the term imbalance. Here, the term imbalance refers to the difference between trades and real-time measurements. This thesis defines the term imbalance and develops a framework helping SOs in finding better decisions controlling these imbalances.  Imbalances are controlled by many decisions made at various stages before real-time. A decision can be to increase the flexibility in production and consumption. However, this is not the only decision affecting real-time balancing operation. Other decisions are grid code requirements, such as ramp rates of HVDC and generation; balancing market structure, such as imbalance fees and trading period lengths; and the strategies used in the system-operational dispatch. The purpose of this thesis is to create a new possibility for SO to find decisions improving the balancing operation.  In order to find and compare decisions, the thesis develops a framework that evaluates many different decisions made at various stages before real-time. The framework consists of the following. First, it develops an intra-hour model using multi-bidding zone data from a historical time-period; able to capture the normal state frequency and active power dynamics. The model creates high-resolution data from low-resolution measurements using several data-processing methods. The uncertainty from the historical time-period is re-created using many sub-models with different input data, time-scales and activation times of reserves. Secondly, the framework validates the model and identifies system parameters based on simulated frequencies and frequency measurements in the normal state operation. Finally; new decisions' are modelled, tested, and evaluated on their impact on selected targets supporting corporate missions of the SOs. The goal of the framework is that it should be able to find better decisions for balancing operation but also that it should be applicable for real and large power systems. To verify this, the framework is tested on a synchronous area containing 11 bidding zones in northern Europe. Results show that the framework can be validated and trusted. Three new decisions, made at various stages before real time, have been modelled, tested and evaluated. The modelled decisions were (i) lower ramp rates for generation, (ii) increased capacities for automatic reserves, and (iii) a new strategy for the system-operational dispatch. One implication of applying the balancing evaluation framework on data from July 2015 is that all tested decisions improve several selected targets supporting the corporate missions of the SOs.  The conclusion is that the balancing framework is useful as a simulation tool in helping SOs in finding more efficient decisions for transmission system balancing operation. / <p>QC 20180116</p>

This study examines power factors (resource dependence, attraction of relationship maintenance, and institutional forces) in relation to actors' behaviors and ties of varying strength between them within a network of business and sociopolitical spheres. The focus is on Samsung Electronics and Asahi Breweries in the context of the ROK-Japan trade dispute (2019-2023). An analysis model, incorporating perspectives from network theory, resource dependency theory, relationship marketing, and institutional theory, is operationalized and applied to the empirical data. A qualitative content analysis of primarily two Japanese and ROK-based newspapers, along with quantitative data, reveals a domino effect of events impacting the two focal firms, highlighting their interconnected networks. The study also demonstrates how layering of relevant spheres in a given context shapes the perception and impact of power factors, influencing actors' behavior and their ties. Additionally, it emphasizes the benefits of diversifying ties and the importance of distinguishing between short-term and long-term. / Denna studie undersöker maktfaktorer (resursberoende, attraktion att upprätthålla relationer och institutionella tryck) i relation till aktörers beteenden, samt förbindelser sinsemellan i varierande styrka, inom nätverk bestående av affärsmässiga och sociopolitiska sfärer. Fokus ligger på Samsung Electronics och Asahi Breweries i samband med handelskonflikten mellan ROK och Japan (2019-2023). En analysmodell som bygger på perspektiv från nätverksteori, resursberoendeteori, relationsmarknadsföring och institutionell teori har operationaliserats och tillämpats på empirin. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av främst två japanska respektive ROK-baserade tidningar, kombinerat med kvalitativa data, påvisar en dominoeffekt av händelser som påverkar de två fokala företagen och framhäver deras integrerade nätverk. Studien visar också hur skiktningar av relevanta sfärer i en given kontext formar perception och inverkan av maktfaktorer, vilket påverkar aktörers beteende och deras förbindelser.  Dessutom betonar studien fördelen med diversifiering av förbindelserna och vikten av att skilja mellan långsiktighet  och kortsiktighet.

This thesis examines the economic impacts of China's engagement in Nigeria. Various books and journals were used to help in formulating various objectives which include examination of how China’s economic activities in Nigeria perpetuate or challenge neo-colonial structure to find out the socio-political implications of China's economic engagement in Nigeria. To achieve the stated objectives, the study used a narrative literature review methodology (secondary data) in analyzing its findings. The study used Google Scholar for multidisciplinary sources as a search strategy and applying relevant keywords such as "China-Nigeria relations", "Chinese investments in Nigeria", and "economic impacts of China's engagement in Nigeria", one can retrieve a diverse range of scholarly literature spanning multiple disciplines. Thematic analysis (TA) was used to identify, examine, and report patterns found in data to highlight important concepts and ideas.The findings include that there are several economic impacts of Chinese investments in Nigeria such as GDP growth, employment creation, industrialization, and trade expansion. The thesis underscores the presence of neo-colonial elements within Nigeria, with colonial-era administrative systems and extractive economic practices continuing to shape governance frameworks and societal inequalities. China's involvement introduced alternative economic partnerships that offered opportunities for greater autonomy and development. It was also observed that Nigeria's increasing reliance on Chinese investments, loans, and trade partnerships, indicates a growing dependency that influenced policy decisions and domestic priorities. This economic dependency raised concerns about the potential for unequal trade relations and reliance on external aid and investment, echoing neo-colonial power dynamics.