L’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire la prise en charge en France des femmes enceintes infectées par le VIH à l’ère des multithérapies, de mesurer les écarts par rapport aux recommandations, d’identifier des facteurs liés à des prises en charge non optimales du point de vue du risque de transmission et d’améliorer les recommandations pour certaines situations minoritaires encore mal étudiées. Ce travail est issu des données de l’Enquête Périnatale Française (ANRS-EPF), la seule cohorte nationale et l’une des plus larges sur le plan international, avec 17 491 couples mères-enfants inclus depuis 1986.Actuellement, presque toutes les femmes sont traitées par multithérapie (96,5% en 2009) et le taux de transmission est inférieur à 1% (0,6% ; IC95% : 0,2-1,4). Les prises en charge non optimales du point de vue de la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH (PTME)(dépistage du VIH tardif, absence ou retard à l’initiation des traitements antirétroviraux pendant la grossesse, en perpartum ou en prophylaxie post-natale, échec virologique en fin de grossesse, accouchement par voie basse malgré une charge virale non contrôlée, allaitement maternel) sont de plus en plus rares en France (0,2% à 5,5% en 2009). Le taux de césarienne reste cependant nettement plus élevé qu’en population générale, du fait notamment d’un taux élevé de césariennes programmées malgré une charge virale contrôlée, ce qui n’est pas conforme aux recommandations. On n’observe pas pour autant un taux de transmission plus bas pour les césariennes programmées lorsque la charge virale est contrôlée.L’immigration en provenance d’un pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne est associée à un diagnostic du VIH plus tardif pendant la grossesse, mais l’accès à la PTME et l’observance semblent similaires à ceux des Françaises de métropole, une fois le diagnostic établi. La non divulgation du statut VIH maternel au père de l’enfant, plus fréquente chez les africaines, est associée à une PTME moins optimale, mais sans augmentation de la transmission mère–enfant du VIH.Nous avons également évalué les recommandations pour certaines situations minoritaires.Pour les femmes infectées par le VIH-2 (2,6% des femmes de la cohorte EPF), dont le risque de transmission mère-enfant est spontanément faible, nos résultats contribuent à justifier une prise en charge moins intensive que celles des femmes infectées par le VIH-1. Pour les femmes nécessitant une amniocentèse, associée à un risque accru de transmission mère-enfant avant l’ère des multithérapies, nos résultats ne montrent pas d’augmentation de risque chez les femmes traitées par multithérapie.Nos résultats sont globalement encourageants pour un système offrant un accès universel et gratuit aux soins pour le VIH, facilitant ainsi l’accès aux soins aux populations en situation de précarité, qui restent néanmoins les plus à risque de prises en charge non optimales. / The objective of this Ph.D thesis is to describe the care received by HIV-infected pregnant women in France in the era of multitherapy, to assess how actual practices differ from recommendations, to identify factors related to non optimal care for prevention of mother-to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) and to improve recommendations for some minority situations that have not been well evaluated.Work for this thesis was done using data from the French perinatal cohort ANRS-EPF, the only national multicenter cohort and one of the largest, having included 17 491 mother-child couples since 1986.Currently, almost all women are treated with multitherapy (96.5% in 2009) and the transmission rate is below 1% (0.6%; 95%CI: 0.2-1.4). Non optimal care for PMTCT (late HIV diagnosis, lack or late initiation of antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy, intrapartum and postnatal prophylaxis, virological failure at delivery, vaginal delivery despite uncontrolled viral load, maternal breastfeeding) has become increasingly rare in France (between 0.2% and 5.5% in 2009). The cesarean section rate is however clearly higher than in the general population, most notably due to a higher rate of elective cesarean section among women with a controlled viral load, which does not comply with the recommendations. And yet elective cesarean section performed on women with a controlled viral load does not result in a lower transmission rate.Migration from a sub-Saharan African country is associated with a later HIV diagnosis during pregnancy, but access to PMTCT and adherence seem similar once HIV infection is diagnosed. Failure for a mother to disclose her HIV status to the child’s father, which occurs more frequently with African women, is associated with less optimal PMTCT strategies but without any increase in MTCT rate.We have also evaluated the recommendations for some minority situations. For HIV-2infected women (2% of EPF cohort), who had a spontaneously lower MTC rate, our results contribute to justifying a less intensive PMTCT than for HIV-1 infected women. For women needing an amniocentesis, which, before the multitherapy era, was associated with an increased transmission rate, our results suggest that the transmission risk is no longer greater for women being treated by multitherapy.Our findings are encouraging as they demonstrate the effectiveness of a health care system which promoting free universal access to HIV care has succeeded in reaching out the most under privileged populations, thereby making it easier for them to receive optimal care although they remain at risk for non optimal PMTCT practices.

O presente trabalho é um estudo das relações entre as formas do controle social e os ilegalismos populares através de uma pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida em um bairro da periferia de São Paulo. De um lado a tentativa é perspectivar alguns lugares de incidência do controle social, suas redes econômicas e políticas, a partir de três postos de observação: uma pequena birosca, o transporte clandestino e um ponto de venda de drogas; de outro lado procurou-se estudar as condutas que se constroem nestes pontos de inscrição dos mercados urbanos informais, ilegais e ilícitos e sua correlativa exposição ao perigo da morte. Neste cruzamento entre a incidência da mecânica do poder, as tramas dos ilegalismos populares e suas condutas correspondentes talvez seja possível compreender algumas das dinâmicas deste mundo social que se produz entre o informal, ilegal e ilícito, também a vida e a morte. / This dissertation consists of a study of the relations between the types of social control and the mass ilegalisms by means of an ethnographic research study conducted in a neighborhood located on the favelas of São Paulo. On one hand, this attempt aims at finding some locations that suffer the incidence of this social control, their economical and political networks, based on three observation points: a small birosca (a small store, generally in a slum, where food and alcoholic drinks are sold), illegal transport and crack houses; on the other hand, it also aims at studying the conducts built in these points of insertion of the informal, illegal and illicit urban markets and their correlated exposure to the risk of death. In this crossroads between the incidence of the mechanics of power, the plots of the mass ilegalisms and their corresponding conducts, it may be impossible to understand some of the dynamics of this social world, which takes place between informal, illegal and illicit issues, as well as between life and death.

Le secteur de l’intérim s’est fortement démocratisé ces dernières décennies et génère de nombreuses externalités négatives pour la société civile. En effet, l’intérim est source de vulnérabilité sociale pour les intérimaires, dans une société où les individus s'intègrent socialement à travers leur emploi. L’intérim contribue à la précarisation des conditions de vie et de travail, à la relégation et à l’exclusion sociale. Pour limiter ces dérives sociales et internaliser les problématiques sociétales, les entreprises de travail temporaire (ETT) sont incitées, à travers le reporting extra-financier, à s’engager dans une démarche RSE. Les ETT valorisent leur engagement à travers une communication sociétale volontaire, qui repose notamment sur la production d’un rapport RSE/Développement Durable. La communication sociétale véhicule les engagements pris par les ETT pour protéger les intérêts des intérimaires. Les objectifs de la communication sociétale sont multiples : améliorer l’image et la réputation, favoriser l’autorégulation des activités, permettre un accès continu aux ressources intérimaires, diminuer l’encadrement des activités par les pouvoirs publics, légitimer l’existence des ETT malgré ces externalités négatives, générer une attitude positive des parties prenantes, contribuer à la performance globale et diminuer les coûts cachés relatifs au turn-over du personnel. L’engagement RSE doit être déployé au sein des ETT et susciter l’adhésion collective des parties prenantes internes. Cependant, la littérature académique relative à l’engagement RSE dans le secteur de l’intérim relève un décalage entre la communication sociétale et les pratiques réelles des ETT. Par contraste, ce décalage provoque des effets inverses et génère une attitude négative des parties prenantes envers les ETT. Compte tenu de ces enjeux, le manque d’informations dans la littérature académique ainsi que l’absence d’études empiriques relatives au décalage entre la communication sociétale et les pratiques réelles des ETT nous ont conduits à formuler notre problématique de recherche générale. Nos travaux de recherche ont pour objectif d’apporter des contributions significatives dans ce domaine de recherche émergent. / The temporary employment sector has greatly democratized in recent decades and generates numerous negative externalities for civil society. Indeed, the temporary employment sector is a source of social vulnerability for the temporary workers, in a society where individuals are socially integrated through their jobs. The temporary employment sector contributes in the precarious of life and work conditions, relegation and social exclusion. To limit these social deviations and internalize societal issues, the temporary work companies (TWC) are encouraged, through extra-financial reporting, to engage in CSR. The TWC value their commitment through a voluntary social communication, which is based in particular on the production of a CSR/Sustainable Development report. The societal communication vehicle commitments by TWC to protect the temporary workers’s interests. The objectives of social communication are numerous : improve the image and the reputation, promote self-regulation activities, allowing continuous access to temporary resources, reduce supervision activities by public authorities, legitimize the existence of ETT despite these negative externalities, generate positive attitudes of stakeholders, contribute to the overall performance and reduce hidden costs due to the staff turnover. The CSR commitment must be deployed within the TWC and arouse the collective membership of the internal stakeholders. However, the academic literature on the CSR commitment in the temporary employment sector is a gap between social communication and the actual practices of TWC. In contrast, this gap causes the opposite effect and generates negative attitudes of stakeholders towards TWC. Given these challenges, the lack of information in the academic literature and the lack of empirical studies on the gap between social communication and the actual practices of TWC led us to formulate our overall research problem. Our research aim to make significant contributions in this emerging area of research.

Les agriculteurs contemporains utilisent des machines et des matériels « ultra-modernes ». Mais, dans leurs champs qui contribuent à la position de la France, de pays 2ème exportateur de céréales au monde, ils utilisent, aussi, encore, des épouvantails traditionnels. Il est ici question de l'étude de ce qui a semblé, là, un ensemble de décalages, en termes d'apparence et de symbolismes. La recherche, en prenant de la distance avec les explications habituelles du « social agricole », et en s'appuyant sur un ensemble de travaux sociologiques et anthropologiques préalables, a porté sur les pratiques, leurs origines sociales et leurs conséquences. Il en résulte un ensemble d'analyses et de constats permettant une relecture des réalités agricoles. Sous ce jour, l'agriculture française apparaît florissante, ingénieuse, inventive, réactive et adaptable, ce qui est rarement dit d'elle. Mais, elle apparaît aussi n'y parvenir, qu'au prix d'une mécanique sociale ancienne et puissance : la disqualification et l'élimination de ce qui a fait la paysannerie ancestrale. Ainsi, au détour de ces travaux, nous rencontrons ce qui nous apparaît comme étant une cause systémique des « suicides » des agriculteurs en difficulté. Leurs cessations d'activité ont de particulier, le fait qu'elles permettent la libération des terres agricoles, dont d'autres ont besoin pour réussir. / Today's farmers are « ultra-modern » gear and machine users. But in their fields, which are at the heart of what makes the economic strength of France (the second biggest cereal exporter in the world), they still use traditional scarecrows. This is the study of what seemed like a set of paradoxes in terms of appearance and symbolism. Purposefully distancing itself from the usual explanations about the agricultural social, and basing itself on a body of previous anthropological works, this study is about practices, their social origins and their consequences. The result is a set of analysis and findings allowing a reinterpretation of agricultural realities. Looking at it this way, the french agriculture appears flourishing, ingenious, inventive, reactive and adaptable. Which is rarely said about it. But it also seems to manage it at the cost of an ancient and powerful social mechanics: the disqualification and the elimination of what maid the ancestral peasantry. Thus we end up encountering what seems like a systemic cause of the “suicides” of struggling farmers. Indeed, one of the specificities of their activity is that by shutting down, they make available agricultural lands that others need to thrive.

Les États ont depuis de nombreuses années incriminé la corruption des agents publics nationaux. La crise de l'énergie de 1973 et la fin de la guerre froide de 1989 ont néanmoins stimulé l'apparition d'une forme spécifique de corruption jusqu'alors passé sous silence par les textes juridiques : la corruption d'un agent public étranger. La lutte contre la corruption des agents publics étrangers a récemment connu un essor international normatif considérable notamment avec l'entrée en vigueur de plusieurs conventions internationales à visée régionale et universelle. La genèse de cette réaction internationale est avant tout d'inspiration étatsunienne. Promulgué aux États-Unis en 1977 dans le sillage de l'affaire du Watergate, le Foreign Corrupt Practices Act fut la première loi nationale incriminant la corruption d'un agent public étranger. Cette loi est progressivement devenue la matrice des textes internationaux ultérieurs. La lutte contre la corruption internationale doit faire face aux difficultés de mise en œuvre qui sont inhérentes à l'application des conventions internationales. Il est parfois estimé que ce dispositif juridique international n'est pas toujours d'une efficacité parfaite. Un premier niveau de recherche qui consiste à opérer une analyse des textes juridiques, conduira à étudier la dimension opératoire des dispositifs en vigueur. A la lumière des avis des praticiens contemporains de lutte contre la corruption, un second niveau d'analyse complétant le premier aura pour objectif final de formuler des propositions d'amélioration des mécanismes juridiques existants en droit international positif.

Every consumer has the right to food that is safe and fit for consumption. Diseases transmitted by foods increase the costs of health care and of the investigation of outbreaks. They can be damaging to trade and tourism by reducing revenues thereby leading to unemployment, or through lawsuits. The food production chain is very critical in its various stages, and certainly is responsible to the larger outbreaks of foodborne diseases, arising in most cases from a deficiency in the facilities, the absence of control in the acquisition of raw materials and the lack of training of the food handlers, both in terms of hygiene and personal presentation in the aspects of reception, storage, preparation, maintenance and distribution of meals. The growth in providers of food services in Brazil is around 20% per annum, which implies changes and innovations arising from our own society, the production sectors, forms of practice, legal codes and quality control systems. Aiming at contributing to the quality of meals sold, this study discusses aspects related to Best Practices in Food Handling, applied to the Unidades Produtoras de Refeições of lodging facilities, specifically hotels, in Maceio, capital of Alagoas State. Criteria related to Best Practices in Food Handling was collected, in loco, by applying a prepared check list based on the relevant legislation of the Ministry of Health, which establishes procedures for best practice in food production so as to ensure the hygienic-sanitary conditions of food ready for consumption. This thesis is divided into two chapters, the first being a literature review which presents the relevant legislation, its criteria with respect to food handlers and the good practices to be implemented during the production process of the meals. The second chapter refers to a research study showing the correlation between outcome variables related to employees and production processes, in addition to ranking considering the size of the lodging facilities surveyed. The results showed that the lodging facilities, regardless of size, meet the criteria of the relevant legislation to a certain degree. Of medium to large hotels, classified in Group II, between 51% to 75% met the legal requirements; and the smaller facilities, in Group III, between 0% and 50% in the two aspects evaluated. / Todo consumidor tem direito a alimentos inócuos e aptos para o consumo. As doenças transmitidas por alimentos aumentam os custos com os cuidados na saúde e com a investigação de surtos e podem ser danosas ao comércio e ao turismo, diminuindo receitas, causando desemprego ou processos judiciais. A cadeia produtiva dos alimentos é muito crítica em suas diversas etapas e, certamente, é a maior reponsável por surtos de doenças de origem alimentar, decorrentes na maioria das vezes da deficiência das instalações, da falta de controle na aquisição das matérias primas e da falta de capacitação da maioria dos manipuladores de alimentos, tanto no aspecto de higiene e apresentação pessoal quanto aos aspectos de recepção, armazenamento, preparo, manutenção e distribuição das refeições. O crescimento dos serviços de alimentação no Brasil está em torno de 20% ao ano, o que implica em transformações e inovações decorrentes da própria sociedade, dos setores produtivos, das formas de conduta, dos códigos legais e dos sistemas da qualidade. Visando contribuir com a qualidade das refeições comercializadas, este estudo discorre sobre os aspectos relativos às Boas Práticas na Manipulação de Alimentos, aplicados a Unidades Produtoras de Refeições de meios de hospedagem, especificamente na hotelaria, de Maceió, capital do Estado de Alagoas. Os critérios relacionados às Boas Práticas na Manipulação dos Alimentos foram levantados, in loco, através da aplicação de check list elaborado com base na legislação pertinente do Ministério da Saúde, que estabelece procedimentos de Boas Práticas em alimentação para garantir as condições higiênico-sanitárias do alimento pronto para consumo. Os resultados revelaram que os meios de hospedagem, independente do porte, cumprem parcialmente os critérios da legislação pertinente. os hotéis de médio e grande portes foram classificados no grupo II, por atenderem aos requisitos legais em percentuais que variam entre 51% a 75% e os de pequeno porte no Grupo III, com atendimento percentuais entre 0% e 50% nos dois aspectos avaliados.

Devido a diferentes razões, a população de diversos países do mundo, inclusive do Brasil, tem presenciado a ocorrência de sinistros relacionados a desabamentos de edificações, falhas localizadas ou problemas com subsistemas da edificação, que resultam em perturbações no uso e em riscos à saúde ou segurança dos usuários. No Brasil, foco especial vem sendo dado a partir da Norma de Desempenho e da percepção de que esquemas adequados de gestão da conservação de edifícios são fundamentais para proporcionar maior sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica às construções. Sabendo disso, vários estados e cidades brasileiras começaram a elaborar leis de inspeção, visando a obrigatoriedade da Inspeção Predial. Esta iniciativa se espelha em experiências internacionais, que veem a inspeção como uma atividade incorporada à rotina de conservação e manutenção das edificações. Destarte, a presente tese tem por objetivo fazer uma contribuição teórica para a construção de um sistema de inspeção brasileiro, através da identificação de boas práticas e da investigação dos padrões de deterioração recorrentes nos laudos de inspeção das cidades de Porto Alegre e Capão da Canoa. A metodologia de pesquisa consistiu em uma etapa qualitativa, que investigou e analisou documentação do contexto internacional e brasileiro, visando identificar boas práticas relativas ao escopo das leis de inspeção, perfil do inspetor, periodicidade e estrutura dos laudos - e uma etapa quantitativa, caracterizada pela análise de mais de 600 laudos obtidos junto às prefeituras das cidades alvo deste estudo. A capital gaúcha foi a primeira cidade brasileira a instituir uma lei sobre conservação de elementos de fachadas (Lei nº 6323/88), tais como marquises e outros elementos em balanço e em 2014 aprovou o Decreto nº 18.574, visando a inspeção de toda a edificação Capão da Canoa possui lei sobre o tema desde 2009, após o acidente com o Edifício Santa Fé. A realização do estudo identificou que em relação ao escopo, as leis buscam zelar pela segurança das edificações; quanto ao perfil do inspetor, vê-se uma boa prática na Austrália que possui classes de inspetores e locais aptos a certificarem os profissionais; quanto à periodicidade, basicamente a idade é o condicionante (quanto mais antigo o edifício, menor o prazo para a realização da inspeção). Quanto aos padrões de deterioração verificou-se que em Sistemas de Vedações Verticais Internas e Externas (SVVIE), é recorrente a umidade por infiltração que atinge 50% da amostra de Capão da Canoa e 27% das edificações vistoriadas em Porto Alegre. É recorrente também a presença de fissuras e deterioração na pintura. No subsistema revestimentos, os padrões referem-se à perda de aderência, principalmente na amostra de Porto Alegre, onde 36% das edificações registraram esta anomalia que impacta os requisitos de durabilidade, manutenabilidade, segurança no uso e operação. Na análise do subsistema Estrutura, a maior ocorrência foi corrosão das armaduras, relatada em 52% das edificações da cidade de Capão da Canoa. Em Porto Alegre é recorrente o registro de fissuras que impactam a estanqueidade e durabilidade da edificação. De forma geral se evidenciou que os laudos de inspeção são fontes importantes para análises relacionadas à vida útil e durabilidade das edificações. / Due to different reasons, the population of several countries in the world, including Brazil, have seen a number of accidents related to building collapses, localized faults of some of its structural components or other problems with building subsystems, which result in significant disturbances and in risks to users health and safety. In Brazil, special focus has been given on the Performance Standards and the perception that management appropriate schemes of building conservation are fundamental to provide greater environmental and economic buildings sustainability. With this in mind, several Brazilian states and cities have begun to elaborate inspection laws, aiming at the compulsory of Buildings Inspection. This initiative is reflected in international experiences, which see inspection as an activity incorporated into the routine of conservation and buildings maintenance. The purpose of this thesis is to make a theoretical contribution to the construction of a Brazilian inspection system through the identification of good practices and investigating recurrent deterioration patterns in the inspection reports of the cities of Porto Alegre and Capão da Canoa. The research methodology consisted of a qualitative step, which investigated and analyzed documentation of the international and Brazilian context, aiming to identify good practices related to the scope of inspection laws, inspector profile, periodicity and report structure - and a quantitative step characterized by the Analysis of more than 600 reports obtained from city halls of the target cities of this study The capital of Rio Grande do Sul was the first Brazilian city, to have a legislation on conservation of front elements (Law no. 6323/88), such as marquees and other elements in balance and in 2014 approved the Decree No. 18,574, aiming at the inspection of the entire building. Capão da Canoa has had a law on the subject since 2009 after the accident with the Santa Fe Building. The study identified that in relation to the scope, the laws seek to ensure the safety of buildings; As for the inspector's profile, we can see a good practice in Australia that has classes of inspectors and places able to certify the professionals; As to periodicity, basically age is the conditioning (the older the building, the shorter the time frame for the inspection). Regarding the deterioration patterns, it was verified that in Internal and External Vertical Wall Systems, the infiltration humidity reaches 50% of the sample of Capão da Canoa and 27% of the buildings surveyed in Porto Alegre. It is also recurrent the presence of cracks and painting deterioration. In the subsystem of coatings, the standards refers to loss of adhesion, especially in the sample of Porto Alegre, where 36% of the buildings registered this anomaly that impacts the requirements of durability, maintenance, safety in use and operation. In the analysis of the subsystem structure, the highest occurrence was corrosion of the reinforcement, reported in 52% of the buildings of the city of Capão da Canoa. In Porto Alegre it is recurrent the registration of fissures that impact the watertightness and durability of the building. In general, it was evidenced that the inspection reports are important sources for analyzes related to the useful life and durability of the buildings.

Depuis plus d’une décennie, les problèmes causés par la migration et touchant l’identité se retrouvent au centre de l’actualité en France. L’histoire de la Martinique, est composée de diverses migrations parfois forcées, d’épisodes tragiques, de l’influence de plusieurs cultures plus ou moins dominantes.Cette recherche vise à analyser la construction de l’identité, et les orientations des pratiques culturelles à travers l’expérience migratoire. Ainsi, notre ambition est d’observer les transformations a-priori survenant entre le territoire d’origine (Martinique) et le territoire d’accueil (France Hexagonale). Nos investigations ont mis en évidence la construction-continue de l’identité de ces individus, dont les pratiques transnationales (appuyées par l’usage des médias et des réseaux sociaux) servent de lien et de maintien avec le territoire et la culture d’origine. Pour autant, cette posture est chez certains individus concomitante d’une profonde volonté d’intégration, se manifestant par des stratégies localisées. Enfin, ces travaux offrent la lecture d’une possible identité collective reposant sur des référents socio-culturels qui circulent et qui sont largement partagés. / For over a decade, the problems caused by migration and related identity have been at the center of the news in France. The history of Martinique, a French overseas department, is composed of various sometimes forced migrations, tragic episodes of the influence of several more or less dominant cultures.This research endeavors to analyze the construction of identity and the development of cultural practices through the migratory experience by observing the changes that occur between the territory of origin (Martinique) and the host country (France). Our investigations present identity construction in these individuals as a continual process, including transnational practices (supported by the use of media and social networks) that serve to establish and maintain contact with the area and the culture of origin. However, for some individuals, this posture is concomitant with a deep desire for integration, manifested by localized strategies. Finally, this work may be read as the account of a possible collective identity based on socio-cultural references that are widely shared.

Devido a diferentes razões, a população de diversos países do mundo, inclusive do Brasil, tem presenciado a ocorrência de sinistros relacionados a desabamentos de edificações, falhas localizadas ou problemas com subsistemas da edificação, que resultam em perturbações no uso e em riscos à saúde ou segurança dos usuários. No Brasil, foco especial vem sendo dado a partir da Norma de Desempenho e da percepção de que esquemas adequados de gestão da conservação de edifícios são fundamentais para proporcionar maior sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica às construções. Sabendo disso, vários estados e cidades brasileiras começaram a elaborar leis de inspeção, visando a obrigatoriedade da Inspeção Predial. Esta iniciativa se espelha em experiências internacionais, que veem a inspeção como uma atividade incorporada à rotina de conservação e manutenção das edificações. Destarte, a presente tese tem por objetivo fazer uma contribuição teórica para a construção de um sistema de inspeção brasileiro, através da identificação de boas práticas e da investigação dos padrões de deterioração recorrentes nos laudos de inspeção das cidades de Porto Alegre e Capão da Canoa. A metodologia de pesquisa consistiu em uma etapa qualitativa, que investigou e analisou documentação do contexto internacional e brasileiro, visando identificar boas práticas relativas ao escopo das leis de inspeção, perfil do inspetor, periodicidade e estrutura dos laudos - e uma etapa quantitativa, caracterizada pela análise de mais de 600 laudos obtidos junto às prefeituras das cidades alvo deste estudo. A capital gaúcha foi a primeira cidade brasileira a instituir uma lei sobre conservação de elementos de fachadas (Lei nº 6323/88), tais como marquises e outros elementos em balanço e em 2014 aprovou o Decreto nº 18.574, visando a inspeção de toda a edificação Capão da Canoa possui lei sobre o tema desde 2009, após o acidente com o Edifício Santa Fé. A realização do estudo identificou que em relação ao escopo, as leis buscam zelar pela segurança das edificações; quanto ao perfil do inspetor, vê-se uma boa prática na Austrália que possui classes de inspetores e locais aptos a certificarem os profissionais; quanto à periodicidade, basicamente a idade é o condicionante (quanto mais antigo o edifício, menor o prazo para a realização da inspeção). Quanto aos padrões de deterioração verificou-se que em Sistemas de Vedações Verticais Internas e Externas (SVVIE), é recorrente a umidade por infiltração que atinge 50% da amostra de Capão da Canoa e 27% das edificações vistoriadas em Porto Alegre. É recorrente também a presença de fissuras e deterioração na pintura. No subsistema revestimentos, os padrões referem-se à perda de aderência, principalmente na amostra de Porto Alegre, onde 36% das edificações registraram esta anomalia que impacta os requisitos de durabilidade, manutenabilidade, segurança no uso e operação. Na análise do subsistema Estrutura, a maior ocorrência foi corrosão das armaduras, relatada em 52% das edificações da cidade de Capão da Canoa. Em Porto Alegre é recorrente o registro de fissuras que impactam a estanqueidade e durabilidade da edificação. De forma geral se evidenciou que os laudos de inspeção são fontes importantes para análises relacionadas à vida útil e durabilidade das edificações. / Due to different reasons, the population of several countries in the world, including Brazil, have seen a number of accidents related to building collapses, localized faults of some of its structural components or other problems with building subsystems, which result in significant disturbances and in risks to users health and safety. In Brazil, special focus has been given on the Performance Standards and the perception that management appropriate schemes of building conservation are fundamental to provide greater environmental and economic buildings sustainability. With this in mind, several Brazilian states and cities have begun to elaborate inspection laws, aiming at the compulsory of Buildings Inspection. This initiative is reflected in international experiences, which see inspection as an activity incorporated into the routine of conservation and buildings maintenance. The purpose of this thesis is to make a theoretical contribution to the construction of a Brazilian inspection system through the identification of good practices and investigating recurrent deterioration patterns in the inspection reports of the cities of Porto Alegre and Capão da Canoa. The research methodology consisted of a qualitative step, which investigated and analyzed documentation of the international and Brazilian context, aiming to identify good practices related to the scope of inspection laws, inspector profile, periodicity and report structure - and a quantitative step characterized by the Analysis of more than 600 reports obtained from city halls of the target cities of this study The capital of Rio Grande do Sul was the first Brazilian city, to have a legislation on conservation of front elements (Law no. 6323/88), such as marquees and other elements in balance and in 2014 approved the Decree No. 18,574, aiming at the inspection of the entire building. Capão da Canoa has had a law on the subject since 2009 after the accident with the Santa Fe Building. The study identified that in relation to the scope, the laws seek to ensure the safety of buildings; As for the inspector's profile, we can see a good practice in Australia that has classes of inspectors and places able to certify the professionals; As to periodicity, basically age is the conditioning (the older the building, the shorter the time frame for the inspection). Regarding the deterioration patterns, it was verified that in Internal and External Vertical Wall Systems, the infiltration humidity reaches 50% of the sample of Capão da Canoa and 27% of the buildings surveyed in Porto Alegre. It is also recurrent the presence of cracks and painting deterioration. In the subsystem of coatings, the standards refers to loss of adhesion, especially in the sample of Porto Alegre, where 36% of the buildings registered this anomaly that impacts the requirements of durability, maintenance, safety in use and operation. In the analysis of the subsystem structure, the highest occurrence was corrosion of the reinforcement, reported in 52% of the buildings of the city of Capão da Canoa. In Porto Alegre it is recurrent the registration of fissures that impact the watertightness and durability of the building. In general, it was evidenced that the inspection reports are important sources for analyzes related to the useful life and durability of the buildings.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Chitosan is a high molar mass polymer obtained from the partial deacetylation of chitin found in shellfishâs exoskeletum. It possesses some interesting features, such as: sugar absortion, non-toxicity, ability to form resistant films, biodegradability, anti-microbian activity and cicatrization properties, which allow this substance to be used in different areas. Chitosan has been studied for presenting several uses, acquiring, therefore, important industry interest. In order to this importance, some industries have been investing in chitosan finishing, possibilitating different ways of using it. However, there are no registers in literature about microbiological assessment concerning chitosan capsules, what does not allow to check its food security. Thus, this study intended to assess the food security regarding this production process, through physical-chemical analysis (moisture, pH and water activity) and microbiological tests (mesophilic bacterium, mold, yeast and total coliformes count) in chitosan - raw material -, in papaya and pineapple fibres, in before encapsulating product (chitosan with papaya and pineapple fibres) and encapsulated product (chitosan with papaya and pineapple fibres capsulated in gelatin capsules in plastic package, containing 120 capsules). The microbiological assessment included also the capsules and plastic packages, the equipments (encapsulator disk, funnel, platter and mixer) and the handlers gloves at the beginning and at the end of the process. Through the eight lots signed, chitosan - raw material â presented, as medium moisture, water activity, pH and cinder, respectively, 4,55%, 0,41, 8,83 and 1,10%. The results to papaya fiber and pineapple fiber were, respectively, 4,33%, 0,26, 5,11, 4,07% and 4,15%, 0,26, 4,24, 2,90%. The average obtained regarding to moisture, water activity, pH and cinder concerning the before encapsulating product and encapsulated product were, respectively, 3,20%, 0,36, 7,64, 1,65% and 3,98%, 0,36, 7,62, 1,40%. Regarding to all the microbiological analysis realized in chitosan â raw material â and in the inputs, the bacterian growth was ever < 10 UFC/g e < 10 UFC/bottle. The average obtained in mesophilic bacterium, mold and papaya and pineapple fibres yeast counting was, respectively, 2,51, 1,87 and 2,41, 2,29 UFC/g. The respective results to the before encapsulating product and encapsulated product were 1,86, 1,35, and 1,92, 1,15 UFC/g. The averages related to mesophilic bacterium counting in the encapsulator disk, funnel, platter and mixer were 1,65, 1,59, 1,54 and 1,72 UFC/cm2 . The respective results to mold and yeast were 1,59, 1,41, 1,49 and 1,11 UFC/cm2 . The mesophilic bacterium counting in the gloves of the handlers, at the beginning and at the end of the production process were, respectively, in average, 2,18 and 2,54 UFC/gloves. In all total coliformes analysis, the bacterian growth was ever < 10 UFC/g, < 10 UFC/bottle, < 10 UFC/cm2 and < 10 UFC/gloves. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude, in a concise way, that the pH low acidity and water low activity were limitant factors to the microbian developing in chitosan â raw material; that the inputs did not represent a contamination font to the encapsulated product; that the contaminations present in raw materials, before encapsulating product and encapsulated product were caused by the microbiota from the gloves themselves, equipments and handlers gloves, but there is no risk to consumers safety and the product analysed in this paper is safe / A quitosana à um polÃmero de alta massa molar, sendo obtida a partir da desacetilaÃÃo parcial da quitina proveniente do exoesqueleto de alguns crustÃceos. Possui caracterÃsticas como absorÃÃo de gorduras, nÃo-toxicidade, capacidade de formar filmes resistentes, biodegradabilidade, atividades antimicrobiana e cicatrizante; que permitem que essa substÃncia seja utilizada em diversas Ãreas. Esse composto vem sendo bastante estudado por apresentar vÃrias aplicaÃÃes, sendo assim um composto de grande interesse industrial. Em razÃo disso, algumas indÃstrias estÃo investindo no beneficiamento da quitosana, podendo esta ser industrializada de vÃrias formas. NÃo hÃ, porÃm, registros na literatura sobre a avaliaÃÃo microbiolÃgica de quitosana em cÃpsulas, nÃo existindo assim dados sobre a seguranÃa alimentar do produto. Assim sendo, esse trabalho visou avaliar a seguranÃa alimentar na produÃÃo desse alimento, atravÃs de anÃlises fÃsico-quÃmicas (umidade, cinzas, pH e atividade de Ãgua) e microbiolÃgicas (contagens de bactÃrias mesÃfilas, mofos e leveduras e contagens de coliformes totais) na matÃria prima quitosana, nas fibras de mamÃo e abacaxi, no produto antes de encapsular (quitosana com fibras de mamÃo e abacaxi) e produto encapsulado (quitosana com fibras de mamÃo e abacaxi encapsulada em cÃpsulas gelatinosas e acondicionadas em embalagens plÃsticas contendo 120 cÃpsulas). A avaliaÃÃo microbiolÃgica incluiu tambÃm as cÃpsulas e embalagens plÃsticas, os equipamentos (disco da encapsuladeira, funil da encapsuladeira, bandeja da encapsuladeira e misturador) e as luvas de manipuladores no inÃcio e no fim da produÃÃo. Ao longo dos oito lotes amostrados, a matÃria prima quitosana apresentou como mÃdia de umidade, atividade de Ãgua, pH e cinzas os valores de 4,55%, 0,41, 8,83 e 1,10%, respectivamente. Os respectivos valores para as fibras de mamÃo e abacaxi foram: 4,33%, 0,26, 5,11, 4,07% e 4,15%, 0,26, 4,24, 2,90%. As mÃdias obtidas referentes à umidade, atividade de Ãgua, pH e cinzas do produto antes de encapsular e produto encapsulado foram respectivamente: 3,20%, 0,36, 7,64, 1,65% e 3,98%, 0,36, 7,62, 1,40%. Em relaÃÃo a todas as anÃlises microbiolÃgicos realizadas na matÃria prima quitosana e nos insumos, o crescimento microbiano foi sempre < 10 UFC/g e < 10 UFC/embalagem, respectivamente. As mÃdias obtidas na contagem de bactÃrias mesÃfilas e mofos e leveduras das fibras de mamÃo e abacaxi foram respectivamente: 2,51, 1,87 e 2,41, 2,29 UFC/g. Os respectivos valores para o produto antes de encapsular e produto encapsulado foram: 1,86, 1,35 e 1,92, 1,15 UFC/g. As mÃdias referentes à contagem de bactÃrias mesÃfilas no disco, funil e bandeja da encapsuladeira e no misturador foram: 1,65, 1,59, 1,54 e 1,72 UFC/cm2. Os respectivos valores para mofos e leveduras foram: 1,59, 1,41, 1,49 e 1,11 UFC/cm2. A contagem de bactÃrias mesÃfilas nas luvas de manipuladores no inÃcio e fim da produÃÃo apresentou os respectivos valores de mÃdia: 2,18 e 2,54 UFC/luva. Em todas as anÃlises de coliformes totais o crescimento microbiano foi sempre inferior a 10 UFC/g, 10 UFC/embalagem, 10 UFC/cm2, 10 UFC/luva. Diante dos resultados obtidos foi possÃvel concluir de forma sucinta que a baixa acidez do pH e a baixa atividade de Ãgua foram fatores limitantes ao desenvolvimento microbiano na matÃria-prima quitosana; que os insumos nÃo representaram fonte de contaminaÃÃo para o produto encapsulado; que as contaminaÃÃes presentes nas matÃrias-primas, no produto antes de encapsular e no produto encapsulado foram decorrentes da microbiota presente nas prÃprias fibras, equipamentos e luvas do manipuladores, mas nÃo coloca em risco a seguranÃa do consumidor e que o produto analisado no presente trabalho pode ser considerado um alimento seguro