Denna examensrapport ingår som ett obligatoriskt moment i den treåriga Byggingenjörsutbildningen, vid Högskolan i Borås. Studien beskriver den förbättringspotential anläggningsprojektet Knutpunkt Gamlestaden har, för att kunna minska koldioxidavtrycket. Kortare beskrivningar kring posterna armering, asfalt, drivmedel och plattor av natursten ges, där produktionsprocesser och transporter vägs in. Författarna har tagit fram alternativa producenter och material, vilket i slutändan reducerar projektets totala koldioxidbelastning. Det har även tagits hänsyn till om dessa alternativ är tillgängliga och realistiska att införa i projektet. De eventuella fördelar och nackdelar som förändringen kan medföra, förs det en diskussion kring. Med hjälp av Skanskas interna klimatkalkylsverktyg, redovisas förbättringspotentialen i siffror. Detta för att få ut koldioxidbelastningen och därmed kunna jämföra de nya alternativen mot de befintliga. / This report is a part of the three-year Bachelor in Civil Engineering program at the University of Borås. The study describes the potential of improvement that the project Knutpunkt Gamlestaden have, in order to reduce the carbon footprint. Brief descriptions of the items rebar, asphalt, fuel and slabs of natural stone is given, where the production and  ransportation are considered. The authors have looked at alternative producers and materials, which ultimately reduces the project's total carbon footprint. It has also been taken into account if these options are available and realistic to implement in the project. The possible advantages and  isadvantages that the change can bring are discussed. With help from Skanska's in-house climate calculation tool, the potential for improvement is graphically described. This is to demonstrate the carbon load and to be able to compare the new options to the existing ones.

Preem has recently acquired a new office building and are interested inreducing the energy consumption, climate impact and annual energy costof the building. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how differentenergy efficiency measures as well as the installation of solar cellsaffect the energy use and climate impact of an office building. Three actions have been proposed, both separately and in combinationwith each other. These were attic insulation, change of ventilation andchange of heating system. The resulting simulations showed a reductionof between 3 and 65 %, depending on which energy efficiency measureswere implemented. Replacing the heating system resulted in the largestreduction. This study also showed that the most profitable way to place a PVsystem is in a south-westerly direction with a 25 degree slope. Thissolution has an installed power of 16.3 kWp and an annual electricityproduction of 12.96 MWh. This corresponds to a self-consumption rate of95.2 % and a self-sufficiency rate of 5.6 %. The highest electricityproduction was obtained when PV modules were placed on three differentrooftops and with a module slope of between 12 and 15 degrees,depending on the roof. This PV system has an installed power of 76.9kWp and an annual electricity production of 57.96 MWh. All solutionsled to a reduced climate impact.

This study investigates how Greenpeace, a non-profit environmental organization, and Preem, a for-profit fuel company, construct sustainability in their external communication. Through Foucauldian discourse analysis, we explore the interests, values, and discursive strategies employed by Greenpeace and Preem and how they shape sustainability discourses. Our findings reveal distinct perspectives on sustainability: Greenpeace emphasizes vast and complex environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and destruction of nature, advocating for radical societal changes and global solutions. Aligning with the dominant sustainability discourse, Greenpeace strategically leverages its legitimacy to promote an alternative discourse. On the other hand, Preem opposes the holistic discourse of Greenpeace, advocating for incremental reform and technological innovation within the existing politico-economic system. Thus, both organizations assert their authority and employ discursive strategies to legitimize their interests. Greenpeace portrays sustainability as a struggle, underscoring the need for collective action, while Preem presents sustainability as a journey, emphasizing individual responsibility in line with a neoliberal ideology. Our research contributes to our understanding of sustainability discourses in organizational communication. It sheds light on how different actors strategically construct and communicate sustainability messages, focusing on the ideological foundations, values, and interests that underlie these discourses. By enhancing our understanding of discourse transformation in shaping legitimate sustainability actions, our findings have implications for policymakers, researchers, and society at large.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förutsättningarna för det militära försvaret att kunna försörjas med drivmedel från näringslivet under ett väpnat angrepp. Vi har genomfört undersökningen utifrån dagens totalförsvarsförmåga som är under uppbyggnad sedan ett antal år tillbaka.Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med representanter från Försvarsmakten, utvalda bevakningsansvariga myndigheter och näringslivet undersökte vi om det finns en vilja och förutsättningar hos de aktörer vi identifierat som avgörande.Vi tillämpade en analysmetod inspirerad av grundad teori och identifierade de förhållanden som råder inom och mellan våra undersökningsenheter. Analysen leder till ett resultat som vi bekräftar med flera befintliga organisatoriska och interorganisatoriska teorier.Våra slutsatser är att det trots stora skillnader mellan undersökningsenheternas egenskaper, ändå finns goda förutsättningar inom och mellan dem, för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål. Däremot saknas andra yttre förutsättningar främst i form av mandat och regelverk som skulle reglera ansvar och uppgifter inom totalförsvaret. / The aim of this thesis, is to investigate the conditions for the Swedish Military Defence Force to incorporate support from the Business sector. The study focusses on the provision of fuel from business sector in the event of an armed attack.Our thesis is conducted from current military and civil defence capabilities, which have been under reconstruction for a couple of years.By conducting a qualitative interview study with representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces, selected Public Agencies and the Business sector, we investigated if there is a will and identified preconditions and factors that we deem crucial for success.We applied a method of the analysis inspired by Grounded Theory and search for factors that can affect the different actors in this study. Results lead to different theories that are supported by existing organisational and inter organisational theories.Our conclusions are that in spite of great differences between the different actors’ properties, there are still good expectations within and between the actors to reach a common goal. However, at present there are limiting factors preventing exploring the position, such as the requirement for mandates and regulations to regulate responsibilities and tasks within, and between the military and the civilian defence.

The study ”Wash away greenwashing” aims to analyze crisis communication caused byaccusations of greenwashing and whether the accused organizations succeed in repairing their image. Greenwashing is when an organization is trying to portray themselves as more environmentally friendly than they actually are. The chosen organizations are Sveaskog, Preem and Svenskt Flyg, who have been accused of greenwashing and won the annual anti- prize which is voted forward by the swedish environmental organization Jordens Vänner. The study conducts a qualitative rhetorical analysis and a smaller quantitative content analysis based on theories about the rhetorical situation, ethos, pathos and logos, green rhetoric and Image repair theory. The study analyzes four different media texts belonging to the organisations which are called ”Kommentar till Svenska Greenwashingpriset”, ”Sveaskog välkomnar en dialog om skog”, ”Så ska Preem hantera Svenska Greenwashingpriset” och ”De får Svenska Greenwashingpriset 2017”. The result of the analysis shows that all of the accused organizations are using the different theory’s within crisis communication, but theextent differs. The main thing to achieve effective crisis communication is to have available information concerning the accusations and that the crisis communication should be as correct and balanced as possible regarding rhetoric. The conclusion is that Sveaskog is the most efficient with their crisis communication and thus succeeds in repairing their image after the accusations in the best way. / Studien ”Wash away greenwashing” ämnar analysera kriskommunikation som uppstått efter anklagelser om greenwashing och huruvida organisationerna lyckas reparera sin image. Greenwashing är när en organisation försöker framställa sig som mer miljövänliga än vad de i själva verket är (Jordens Vänner, u.å.a). De valda organisationerna är Sveaskog, Preem och Svenskt Flyg, tre organisationer som anklagats för greenwashing och har vunnit det årliga antipriset som röstas fram och delas ut av miljöorganisationen Jordens Vänner (Jordens Vänner, u.å.a). Studien genomför en kvalitativ retorisk analys och en mindre kvantitativ innehållsanalys analys som utgår från teori om retorisk situation, retoriska appellformer, grön retorik och Image Repair Theory. Genom analysen analyseras fyra olika medietextertillhörande organisationerna vid namn ”Kommentar till Svenska Greenwashingpriset”, ”Sveaskog välkomnar en dialog om skog”, ”Så ska Preem hantera Svenska Greenwashingpriset” och ”De får Svenska Greenwashingpriset 2017”. Resultatet visar att avsändarna Sveaskog, Preem och Svenskt Flyg alla använder sig av strategier inom kriskommunikation, men vid olika antal tillfällen och genom olika uttryck. Det huvudsakliga för att kunna uppnå effektiv kriskommunikation är att det ska finnas tillgänglig information angående anklagelserna och att den ska vara så korrekt och retoriskt balanserad som möjligt. Trots att alla avsändare använder sig av olika retoriska appellformer, så är slutsatsen att det är Sveaskog som lyckas mest effektivt med sin kriskommunikation och därmed lyckas reparera sin image efter anklagelserna på bästa vis.

At the end of 2016, the Swedish petroleum and biofuel company Preem applied for an environmental permit to convert high-sulfur bunker oil to low-sulfur petrol and diesel at Preemraff Lysekil. Something that required an expansion of the refinery. The process ended abruptly in September 2020 when Preem chose to withdraw their application. In connection with the process, two actor coalitions were formed, with one being for an expansion and the other against. Both coalitions had the explicit goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preventing climate change. The difference, however, was their view on whether this could be achieved thanks to an expansion of Preemraff Lysekil, or if it could only happen without it. Through their actions the coalitions have tried to influence the policy process in a direction that is desirable for them. This study aims to systematically map the coalitions and their actions and contribute to a deeper understanding of their actions and impact on the process of the planned expansion project of Preemraff Lysekil. The study is designed as a qualitative case study and is based on The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), which can be used to explain and understand beliefs and policy change when multiple actors are involved in a policy process. According to the ACF, actors who share similar policy core beliefs come together in coalitions to increase the chances of policy change. The study also uses urban regime theory to understand the informal and unspoken agenda between Preemraff Lysekil and Lysekil municipality. The results from previous research show several common denominators with the Preemraff Lysekil case. The analysis shows that the actors who were against an expansion had similar deep core beliefs and consistent policy core beliefs, they also had a consensus on how the policy change should be implemented. They have tried to influence the process by appealing court decisions and tried to get the Swedish government to take over the assessment of the application, which also happened. The analysis shows that the actors who were in favor of an expansion had more dispersed deep core beliefs but were consistent in their policy core beliefs and secondary beliefs. They have made attempts to stop the government from taking over the case from the court. As these attempts have been unsuccessful, they instead tried to get the government to allow an expansion. By using different forms of resources, both coalitions have tried to get the public and decision-makers to support their own proposal for policy change, with varying results. What ultimately led Preem to withdraw the application is not clarified. Maybe the pressure from those who were against an expansion became too powerful, maybe the COVID-19 pandemic left such a big mark on international production chains and the global market that an expansion was no longer profitable. There is also a possibility that Preem's decision is based on both parts, but we will probably never know.