Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tannihao_kc_me_arafcl.pdf: 931190 bytes, checksum: 34b6bca190cbfbb9ef60cfb695d08a33 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Partindo da concepção de que as línguas não constituem realidades estáticas, a presente pesquisa trabalha com duas sincronias linguísticas, focalizando as mudanças morfossintáticas sofridas pelo sistema das preposições, de forma a identificar convergências entre essas variedades linguísticas. A primeira sincronia é um estágio do processo de evolução do sistema latino. Para isso, é utilizada a coleção de documentos e textos medievais intitulada Portugaliae Monumenta Historica, que datam do século VIII ao século XV. A coleção consta de quatro partes, das quais se trabalha com uma amostragem dos fascículos 1, 3 e 5 da parte intitulada Leges et Consuetudines. O material estudado abrange as cartas constitutivas dos municípios, ou forais, e foi publicado entre 1856-1868. Nessa sincronia, as preposições analisadas são: ad, cum, de e in. Para a outra sincronia, trabalha-se com um córpus de redações escritas por estudantes que estejam concluindo ou que tenham concluído o ensino médio na rede paulista de ensino, especificamente nas cidades de Ribeirão Preto, Rio Claro e Itirapina. Para o estudo dessa sincronia, as preposições analisadas são: a, com, de, em, para e por, que constituem as preposições mais gramaticalizadas no português. Considera-se que há diglossia nas duas sincronias: na primeira, por haver uma língua usada na fala e outra na escrita; e, na segunda, por haver uma variedade falada e outra escrita; ou seja, são utilizadas variedades diferentes, sendo que a forma representada pela escrita das duas sincronias é aprendida com a educação formal. Os objetivos do trabalho são: (i) fazer um estudo do uso do emprego das preposições e dos casos regidos por elas em um estágio tardio do sistema latino; (ii) analisar o português paulista moderno, considerando o comportamento das preposições, dando ênfase a seu apagamento em determinadas funções... / Leading from the idea that the languages are not static realities, this research works two linguistic synchronies, focusing the morphosyntatic changes made by the system of prepositions, in order to identify similarities among these linguistic varieties. The first synchrony is a process phase of evolution for the Latin system. Therefore, it is used the collection of documents and medieval texts that is called Portugaliae Monumenta Historica, dating from the eighth to the fifteenth century. The collection consists in four parts, of which are together worked with a sampling of issues 1, 3 and 5 of the part called Leges et Consuetudines. The studied material includes the charters of cities, and it was published in 1856-1868. In this study, the analyzed prepositions are: ad, cum, de and in. To synchrony the other one, is used a corpus of essays written by students who are completing or have completed high school in the São Paulo network of education, specifically in the cities of Ribeirão Preto, Rio Claro and Itirapina. To study this synchrony, the analyzed prepositions are: a, com, de, em, para e por, which constitute the most grammaticalized prepositions in Portuguese. It is considered that there is a diglossia in the two synchronies: first, because there is one language used in speaking while there’s another used in writing; and second, because there is a variety spoken and another variety written; that is, different varieties are used, and the shape represented by the writing of two synchronies is learned through formal education. The study aims to: (i) make a study of the use of prepositions and employment cases governed by them at a later stage of the Latin system; (ii) analyze the modern Brazilian pattern of language from the state of São Paulo, considering the positioning of prepositions, emphasizing its erasing related with some functions; and (iii) make a relation between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Neste trabalho, com base na Abordagem multissistêmica (CASTILHO 2010) e na Linguística Cognitiva (LAKOFF & JOHNSON 1985/1980, JOHNSON 1987, LAKOFF 1990/1987, LANGACKER 1993), é estudado o processo de semanticização (CASTILHO, 2010) do elemento em. Nos estudos direcionados a esse elemento, uma grande quantidade de categorias semânticas lhe é atribuída. Por isso, esta pesquisa buscou a redução desse número de categorias. Na análise, foram usados o estudo de Kewitz et al. (no prelo) direcionado ao estudo das preposições e os sentidos históricos do elemento em (NUNES 1930, FARIA 1958, MAURER Jr. 1951, 1959, COUTINHO 1962/1938, SAID ALI 1964/1921, CÂMARA Jr. 1979/1975, ALMEIDA NM 1983, CART et al. 1986/1955). Os dados usados em nossa análise, séculos XVIII e XIX, foram coletados nos corpora do projeto Para História do Português Paulista (PHPP), ou projeto Caipira II. Segundo Kewitz et al. (no prelo), a heterossemia é responsável pela perspectivização de cenas promovida por preposições. As diferentes maneiras pelas quais uma preposição pode perspectivizar uma cena foram organizadas pelos autores (op. cit.) em três funções semântico-cognitivas. Na primeira, uma preposição pode exprimir um EI (LAKOFF & JOHNSON 1985/1980, JOHNSON 1987, DEWELL 2005); na segunda ela estabelece relações dentro de um MCI (LAKOFF 1990/1987, KEWITZ et al., no prelo), via metonímia (LAKOFF 1990/1987, LANGACKER 1993, SOARES DA SILVA 2006) e na terceira, relações entre MCI, via metáfora (LAKOFF & JOHNSON 1985/1980, LAKOFF 2006). Quanto aos sentidos históricos, o elemento em é capaz de ativar sentidos como interioridade, limitação, direção/objetivo, modo/maneira e transformação (NUNES 1930, FARIA 1958, MAURER Jr. 1951, 1959, COUTINHO 1962/1938, SAID ALI 1964/1921, CÂMARA Jr. 1979/1975, ALMEIDA NM 1983, CART et al. 1986/1955). A partir dessas concepções, foi feita uma categorização prototípica dos dados (LAKOFF 1990/1987) - preposição e chunk (BYBEE 2010, p. 34). Foi constatado nessa análise que o elemento em desempenha as funções propostas por Kewitz et al. (no prelo) de acordo com o sentido histórico ativado em um certo contexto de uso. Por meio deste estudo, nos foi possível reduzir a quantidade de categorias semânticas atribuídas ao elemento em. Comprovamos também que o elemento em é polissêmico, mostrando assim que sentido é ativado pelas palavras e não que estas os somam (LAKOFF 1990/1987, SOARES DA SILVA 2006). / In this work, according to Abordagem mustissistêmica (CASTILHO 2010) and concepts from cognitive linguistics (LAKOFF & JOHNSON 1985/1980, JOHNSON 1987, LAKOFF 1990/1987, LANGACKER 1993) the process of semantization of the element em is researched. In the works about this element, multiple semantic categories are given to it. That is why this research aims at the redution of this categories number. The analysis was based on the Kewitz et al. (no press) study about the meaning prepositions and the element ems historic meaning (NUNES 1930, FARIA 1958, MAURER Jr. 1951, 1959, COUTINHO 1962/1938, SAID ALI 1964/1921, CÂMARA Jr. 1979/1975, ALMEIDA NM 1983, CART et al. 1986/1955). The data used in the analysis, was from between the XVIII and XIX centuries, and were extracted from corpora of project Para Historia do Portugues Paulista (PHPP), also know project Caipira II. Accoring to Kewtiz et al. (in press), the heterossemy is responsible for the perspectivization of scenes promoted by prepositions. The different ways prepositions perspectivize a scene were organized by authors in three cognitivesemantic functions. In the first, a preposition can express an EI (LAKOFF & JOHNSON 1985/1980, JOHNSON 1987, DEWEL 2005); in the second it establishes relations inside an MCI (LAKOFF 1990/1987, KEWITZ et al., in press), via metonymy (LAKOFF 1990/1987, LANGACKER 1993, SOARES DA SILVA 2006) and in the third, relations between MCI, via metaphor (LAKOFF & JOHNSON 1985/1980, LAKOFF 2006). Relative to the historic meanings, it was noted that the element em is capable of activating meanings such as interiority, limitation, direction/objective, way/method and transformation (NUNES 1930, FARIA 1958, MAURER Jr. 1951, 1959, COUTINHO 1962/1938, SAID ALI 1964/1921, CÂMARA Jr. 1979/1975, ALMEIDA NM 1983, CART et al. 1986/1955). From this conception, was made a prototypical categorization of data (LAKOFF 1990/1987) - prepositions and chunk (BYBEE 2010, p. 34). It was noted in this analisys that the element em works the three cognitive-semantic functions proposed by Kewitz et al. (no press) according to the historic meanings activated in determined context. By means of this study, it was possible to reduce the number of semantic categories given to element em. We also noted that the element em is polysemic, therefore, showing that the words themselves dont have meaning, but instead, activate meaning.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo buscar uma rede polissêmica para a preposição alemã über. Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos de semântica cognitiva, mais precisamente nas pesquisas de polissemia. Para a semântica cognitiva, há polissemia quando um mesmo item lexical tem diferentes significados que são necessariamente relacionados e formam um continuum. O modelo utilizado para a análise da rede semântica é o método de Polissemia Sistemática que os pesquisadores Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans (2003) desenvolveram para o estudo das preposições de língua inglesa. Neste estudo os autores definem critérios para encontrar o sentido primário de uma preposição a partir do qual são gerados os demais sentidos. Por meio desses critérios, o modelo de Tyler e Evans pôde ser adaptado para estabelecer a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã über. A fim de determinar quais sentidos fazem parte da rede semântica de über, foi feito um levantamento de suas acepções em gramáticas e dicionários de língua alemã. Após este levantamento, utilizamos os critérios propostos por Tyler e Evans para montar a rede semântica de über. Por fim, foi constituído um corpus formado por textos de jornais alemães, para atestar se esses sentidos são realmente correntes e observar se há novos usos da preposição über que ainda não foram incorporados aos dicionários. / The aim of the present research is to find a polysemous network for the German preposition über. This work pertains in the studies of Cognitive Semantics, more precisely in the research of polysemy. For the cognitive semantics, polysemy is when the same lexical item has different meanings which are necessarily related and form a continuum. The model used for the analysis of the semantic network is the method of Principled Polysemy that researchers Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2003) developed for the study of prepositions in English. In this study the authors define criteria for finding the primary sense of a preposition from which the other senses are generated. By means of these criteria, the model of Tyler and Evans could be adapted to establish the polysemous network of the German preposition über. In order to determine which senses are part of the semantic network of über, a survey was made of its meanings in grammars and dictionaries of the German language. After this survey, we used the criteria proposed by Tyler and Evans to build the semantic network of über. Finally, it was constituted a corpus composed of texts from German newspapers, to attest that these meanings are really current and observe whether there are new uses of the preposition über not yet incorporated into the dictionaries.

4 ABSTRACT This thesis provides a description of the incipient grammaticalization of like between the end of the Old English period and the beginning of the Middle English period. During the examined time period, like was gradually losing the attributes that defined its categorial status as an adjective and began to function as the head of a prepositional phrase. Since the process of grammaticalization is inherently gradual, both the adjectival and the prepositional like were found to coexist as a result of the process of layering. Therefore, 10 parameters were established to determine which instances of like were more adjective-like and which were more preposition- like. The empirical part is based on the analysis of the 371 instances of the OE variants of like found in The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE) and the 232 instances of the ME variants of like found in The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, second edition (PPCME2). The sample is examined from the morphological as well as the syntactic point of view. Compared to the YCOE corpus, the findings in the PPCME2 corpus revealed a more advanced stage of grammaticalization. While some of the changes are not specific to like and affected other adjectives as well (the loss of inflectional endings, the fixed...

One of the prominent questions in modern psycholinguistics is the relationship between the grammar and the parser. Within the approach of Generative Grammar, this issue has been investigated in terms of the role that Principles of Universal Grammar may play in language processing. The aim of this research experiment is to investigate this topic. Specifically, this experiment aims to test whether the Minimal Structure Principle (MSP) plays a role in the processing of Preposition-Stranding versus Pied-Piped Constructions. This investigation is made with a self-paced reading task, an on-line processing test that measures participants’ unconscious reaction to language stimuli. Monolingual English speakers’ reading times of sentences with Preposition-Stranding and Pied-Piped Constructions are compared. Results indicate that neither construction has greater processing costs, suggesting that factors other than the MSP are active during language processing.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-06T20:52:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - texto completo PDF.pdf: 1916654 bytes, checksum: 5da1850898130e05e3a0797ecfea5037 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T20:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - texto completo PDF.pdf: 1916654 bytes, checksum: 5da1850898130e05e3a0797ecfea5037 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study has the main objective to investigate the replacement of the preposition in by ni, fairly frequent phenomenon in speech and sometimes in writing. From comparisons between varieties of Portuguese (Brazil and Africa), it is conjectured that this morphological change has to do with influences from some African languages which had contact with the Portuguese in the period of colonization / exploration of these places. In addition, note that the use of ni is performed by speakers from rural and urban, there is the hypothesis that possibly there is a continuum that explain its dissemination in Brazilian Portuguese. Thus, from the quantitative methodology Labovian inspiration, we analyze speech from the Portuguese rural, popular and cult of Feira de Santana to evaluate the hypothesis of a rural-urban continuum, taking into account the use of this morphological trait . The results of the rounds indicate that the rural Portuguese and worship favor the use of ni with the relative weighting of .65 and .52, respectively. The relative weight of .33 of popular Portuguese factor, in turn, indicates that this variety does not favor implementation of this variant. The fact that there are so discrepant values among them is explained from the historical and social characteristics of each language community. But what draws the most attention in this research is the analysis of the results of the linguistic variables corroborate the idea of a relationship between the Portuguese of Brazil and some African languages with regard to the use of ni. / O presente estudo tem o principal objetivo de investigar a substitui??o da preposi??o em por ni, fen?meno bastante recorrente na fala e, algumas vezes, na escrita. A partir de compara??es feitas entre variedades do portugu?s (do Brasil e da ?frica), conjectura-se que essa troca morfol?gica tenha a ver com influ?ncias de algumas l?nguas africanas que mantiveram contato com o portugu?s no per?odo da coloniza??o/explora??o desses lugares. Al?m disso, por notar que o uso do ni ? realizado por falantes da zona rural e da urbana, h? a hip?tese de que, possivelmente, exista um continuum que explique a sua difus?o no portugu?s brasileiro. Dessa forma, a partir da metodologia quantitativa de inspira??o laboviana, analisam-se falas do portugu?s rural, popular e culto de Feira de Santana a fim de avaliar a hip?tese da exist?ncia de um continuum rural-urbano, levando em considera??o o emprego desse tra?o morfol?gico. Os resultados das rodadas apontam que o portugu?s rural e culto favorecem o uso do ni com os pesos relativos de .65 e .52, respectivamente. O peso relativo de .33 do fator portugu?s popular, por sua vez, indica que essa variedade n?o favorece aplica??o dessa variante. O fato de haver valores t?o discrepantes entre elas ? explicado a partir das caracter?sticas hist?rico-sociais de cada comunidade lingu?stica. Todavia o que chama mais aten??o nesta pesquisa ? que os resultados da an?lise das vari?veis lingu?sticas corroboram a ideia de haver uma rela??o entre o portugu?s do Brasil e algumas l?nguas africanas no que diz respeito ao uso do ni.

Abstract A central problem in all language teaching is to teach the correct use of prepositions. There are grammar rules, but also a lot of exceptions and idiomatic expressions that often have to be learnt by examples or by heart. A trick for learning might be to use a mnemonic method with songs and music to memorize a correct use of prepositions. The purpose of this study is to test a language teaching didactic exercise for knowledge of preposition in Spanish with songs and music. Grammatical aspects, rules and exceptions when studying prepositions in Spanish are presented. A literature review shows the significance of music for language learning. By lesson trials the five so called “empty” prepositions in Spanish: a, con, de, en and por, are studied by 40 high school students only by listening to and singing two different songs in the beginning and at the end of each Spanish lesson during two weeks. The result of the study shows an improved knowledge of correct use of the 5 Spanish prepositions among the students using the method. Furthermore, the language teaching didactic exercise with song and music was seen as a pleasurable learning experience by the students.

Dans cette thèse, nous abordons la question de l’identité sémantique respective des prépositions russes в (/v/) et на (/na/) en établissant pour chacune d’elles un schéma relationnel de base, en construisant leur configuration idéographique, en regroupant leurs relations sémantiques dans le but d’expliquer les emplois polysémiques de ces prépositions. Nous considérons la signification de la préposition comme un réseau complexe, où le sens abstrait de la préposition est précisé par un nombre d’éléments sémantiques (traits idéographiques et relationnels) qui font partie du contexte dans lequel se fixent les différents champs d’application de la préposition. Les systèmes prépositionnels du russe et du français ne sont pas identiques car les champs sémantico-relationnels des prépositions dans les deux langues sont différents : le caractère de la relation (l’activation des traits idéographiques) et le nombre d’entités mises en rapport, régies par telle ou telle préposition, diffèrent d’une langue à l’autre. / The thesis tackles the question of the semantic identity of the Russian prepositions « в » and « нa » establishing for each of them a relational basic scheme, by building their ideographic configuration, by grouping together their semantic relations in order to explain the polysemous use of them. It is argued that the meaning of the preposition is a complex system, where the abstract meaning of the preposition is specified by a number of semantic elements (ideographic and relational features) which are part of the context in which settle the various fields of application of the preposition. The Russian and French prepositional systems diverge because the semantico-relational fields of the prepositions are different in both languages : the character of the relation (activation of the ideographic features) and the number of entities in contact, governed by such or such preposition, differ from one language to another.

Glottalization, as significant irregularity of glottal pulsing, fulfils a number of linguistic functions and can occur in various contexts. This paper examines the rate of vowel-related glottalization of non-syllabic prepositions when native Russian speakers read Czech speech. In Czech, just like in other languages there is a relatively high frequency of glottalization. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that could influence it. The speakers produced a short read text which contained 59 potential neslabičné prepositions where glottalization could occur in standard pronunciation. The basic set of the perceptual analysis and statistical processing consisted of 582 items. The rate of glottalization in individual speakers ranged from 0 % to 90 % , where the average volume is regulary based at 49 %. Statistical significance of differences in the frequency of the analyzed groups created on the basis of monitored aspects were calculated using the chi-square test.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-01-12T11:38:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2950569 bytes, checksum: fdcb47c13d14f4ee0af9b2223a6ea351 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-12T11:38:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2950569 bytes, checksum: fdcb47c13d14f4ee0af9b2223a6ea351 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / This thesis analyzes the function of two grammatical forms which bring about the articulation of sentences through adverbial hypotaxis, a mechanism of textual connection characterized by the establishment of semantic-logical relationships, signaling the communicative intentions of the users of the language. These grammatical forms – sem(without) and the conjunctional periphrase semque (unless) - are placed in distinct grammatical classes: preposition and conjunction respectively, due to grammatical conventions. These conventions attribute to the first term, the function of transposing a nominal syntagm into an adnominal or adverbial adjunct within the sentence; and to the second, that of transposing an absolute sentence to a new structure, within which it occupies the position of a constituent, taking up, among other functions, that of the adverbial adjunct, under the form of a sentence. In this perspective, I address the syntactical and semantic re-categorization of the above mentioned preposition, defending the view that it figures as a conjunction not only when it is part of the conjunctional periphrase, but also in in the presence of the verb in the infinitive form, forming reduced infinitive sentences. Using Functional Theory, which analyzes the principles which govern the natural use of language, I discuss the cognitive and interactional motivations which cause the change.With specific reference to the treatment of the process of grammaticalization, I have used the North American branch of Functionalism to explain the fluctuation of category and semantic and discursive fluctuations experienced by this linguistic item. From the observation of data, I have deduced patterns of typical uses of reduced as well as highly evolved sentence structures, emphasizing that these two structures are not always interchangeable. The corpus from which I inventorythe syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of the transpositers under investigation, correlating textual and interpersonal functions, is constituted by texts from the argumentative sphere- articles of opinion, editorials and interviews from weekly magazines. I conclude that though the preposition sem does not introduce argumentative terms, it belongs to the listof prepositions which are moderately grammaticalized, and is susceptible to change, exhibiting a diversity of semantic nuances similar to conjunctions. / Esta tese analisa a função de duas formas gramaticais que promovem a articulação oracional via hipotaxe adverbial, mecanismo de conexão textual caracterizado por estabelecer relações lógico-semânticas, sinalizando as intenções comunicativas dos usuários da língua. Essas formas gramaticais – sem e a perífrase conjuntiva sem que – estão acomodadas em classes gramaticais distintas: preposição e conjunção respectivamente, devido a convenções da gramática, que atribui à primeira a função de transpor um sintagma nominal a adjunto adnominal ou adverbial, no nível da oração; e à segunda, de transpor uma oração absoluta para uma nova estrutura no interior da qual ocupa o lugar de constituinte, assumindo, dentre outras funções, a de adjunto adverbial, sob a forma de oração. Nessa perspectiva, abordo a recategorização sintática e semântica da preposição citada, defendendo que esta se configura como conjunção não só quando integra a perífrase conjuntiva, mas diante de verbo na forma infinitiva, formando orações reduzidas de infinitivo. Tomando como suporte a Teoria Funcionalista, que analisa os princípios que governam o uso natural da língua, discuto as motivações cognitivas e interacionais que pressionam a mudança; particularmente quando do tratamento do processo de gramaticalização, recorro à vertente do Funcionalismo Norte-americano, para explicar a flutuação categorial e semântico-discursiva experimentada por esse item linguístico. Da observação dos dados, depreendo padrões de uso típicos da estrutura oracional reduzida e da desenvolvida, ressalvando-se que nem sempre as duas estruturas são intercambiáveis. O corpus a partir do qual inventario as propriedades sintáticas e semântico-pragmáticas dos transpositores sob investigação, correlacionando às funções textual e interpessoal, constitui-se de textos da esfera argumentativa – artigos de opinião, editoriais e entrevistas de periódicos semanais. Concluo que, embora a preposição sem não introduza termos argumentais, daí integrar o rol das preposições medianamente gramaticalizadas, é suscetível à mudança, exibindo uma diversidade de matizes semânticos à semelhança das conjunções.