[pt] A necessidade de aumentar a produtividade no setor da construção civil estimulou investimentos em soluções digitais e a incorporação de princípios de manufatura na cadeia construtiva. A implementação de elementos estruturais padronizados fabricados fora do canteiro de obra é considerada uma prática válida para atingir este objetivo. O projeto para fabricação e montagem é um conceito que envolve diretrizes a serem consideradas no desenvolvimento do projeto, cuja finalidade é facilitar a fabricação e montagem de componentes. A metodologia BIM pode incorporar análises de planejamento e construtibilidade para apoiar a tomada de decisão no contexto de construções replicáveis em escala de concreto armado. A presente investigação inclui uma revisão sistemática da literatura que orientou a pesquisa. Com base na SLR (Structured Literature Review), foi desenvolvido um Manual de Entrega de Informações que propõe um novo fluxo de trabalho no qual os estudos de planejamento construtivo e princípios de fabricação e montagem são agregados nos estágios iniciais do projeto para aproveitar a colaboração intrínseca da metodologia BIM. Para ilustrar o fluxo de trabalho proposto no IDM (Information Delivery Manual) desenvolvido é apresentado um experimento de um complexo de escolas. As informações do modelo parametrizado serviram como dados de entrada para as análises realizadas permitindo assim que pudessem ser comtemplados diferentes cenários de soluções estruturais. Os resultados obtidos pelo experimento indicam que a consideração de elementos de concreto pré-fabricado nem sempre vai contra os interesses econômicos, práticos e estéticos. Por fim, as análises de planejamento e construtibilidade são parâmetros importantes nas tomadas de decisão para aprimorar a identificação de oportunidades de melhorias no projeto e potencializar a eficiência de trabalho no canteiro de obra. / [en] The need to increase the civil construction sector stimulates investments in digital solutions and manufacturing principles in construction industry. The employment of standardized structural elements manufactured off-site construction, such as structural precast element, is considered a valid practice to achieve this purpose. The Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) is a concept that involves guidelines considered in the development of the project and has the objective to facilitate the manufacturing and assembly of a product or component. Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology can incorporate planning and constructability analysis to support decision making in the context of scalable and replicable concrete building projects. The present investigation includes a Structured Literature Review (SLR) that guided the research. Based on the SLR, an Information Delivery Manual (IDM) was developed to propose a new workflow in which the studies of construction planning and the application of manufacturing and assembly principles are considered in the early stages of design to take advantage of the collaboration intrinsic to the BIM methodology. An experiment of a school complex is presented to illustrate the workflow proposed in the developed IDM. The parametric model information was the key input to run analyzes in different structural solutions scenarios. The results indicated that the consideration of precast concrete elements does not always contradict economic, practical and aesthetic interests. Finally, planning and constructability analyzes are important parameters in decision-making, enhancing the recognition of opportunities for improvement in the project and increasing the efficiency of work in the construction site.

Использование процессного подхода к ведению бизнеса, в основе которого лежит детальный анализ существующих бизнес-процессов и их последующая оптимизация, является одним из основных источников долгосрочных конкурентных преимуществ не только промышленных предприятий, но и организаций, выполняющих работы либо оказывающих услуги. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка методики принятия эффективных управленческих решений по совершенствованию системы управления бизнес-процессами некоммерческой организации. Научная новизна работы выражается в обосновании целесообразности применения теоретической базы в области бизнес-процессов к некоммерческой организации, не преследующей цели извлечения прибыли, с применением универсальной процессной модели фреймворк APQC PCF. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности применения описанных алгоритмов совершенствования системы управления бизнес-процессами в деятельности любой организации, имеющей целью повысить свою эффективность за счет повышения процессной зрелости. / Using a process approach to doing business, which is based on a detailed analysis of existing business processes and their subsequent optimization, is one of the main sources of long-term competitive advantages not only for industrial enterprises, but also for firms that provide services. The aim of the master's thesis is to develop a methodology for making effective decisions to improve the business process management system of a non-profit organization. The scientific novelty of the work is expressed in substantiating the appropriateness of applying the theoretical base in the field of business processes to a non-profit organization that does not pursue the goal of making profit, using the universal process model of the APQC PCF framework. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the described algorithms for improving the business process management system in the activities of any organization with the goal of achieving high efficiency by increasing process maturity.

[pt] A necessidade de diminuir os impactos ambientais provenientes da indústria da construção civil estimulou a criação de acordos governamentais ao redor do mundo, métricas quantitativas de impactos ambientais, novos materiais e novas técnicas e conceitos para o desenvolvimento de projetos sustentáveis. A reutilização de materiais com alto índice de energia incorporada, como os elementos estruturais de aço, é considerada uma prática válida para atingir este objetivo, sendo mais sustentável do que a reciclagem do aço em termos de emissão de dióxido de carbono, energia incorporada, processamentos e, em alguns casos, transporte. O projeto para desmontar é um conceito aliado à prática de reutilização de aço estrutural e dos demais materiais de construção, promovendo o planejamento de desmontes futuros e contribuição da cadeia de suprimentos com materiais para reutilização. Além disso, o BIM fornece um ambiente promissor para a troca de informações durante todo o ciclo de vida da construção, assim como um novo fluxo de trabalho e informações na fase de concepção de projetos que promove melhorias nas tomadas de decisão no contexto de construções sustentáveis. Este trabalho propõe uma nova dinâmica de troca de informações através de um IDM (Information Delivery Manual) da concepção de um projeto com baixos índices de impactos ambientais a partir da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida e reutilização de materiais. A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida de cenários de uma edificação foi utilizado para desenvolver as tarefas propostas pelo IDM. Os resultados obtidos pelos experimentos indicam que o desenvolvimento de um projeto sustentável não interfere significativamente com os interesses econômicos, práticos, estéticos e que a inclusão da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida é um fator importante nas tomadas de decisões na fase de projeto para melhorar o desempenho ambiental dos materiais utilizados. / [en] The necessity to reduce environmental impacts caused by construction industry promoted the creation of several government agreements around the world, quantitative measures of environmental impacts, new materials and new techniques and concepts for sustainable projects. Reusing materials with a high index of embodied energy, such as structural steel elements, is considered a valid practice to achieve this objective. Steel reuse is more sustainable than recycling in terms of carbon dioxide emissions, embodied energy, processing and, in some cases, transportation. The DfD (Design for Disassembly) is a concept allied to the practice of structural steel reuse and other building materials, planning future disassembly and contributing to the supply chain with reusable materials. Moreover, BIM provides a promising environment for the exchange of information throughout the buildings life cycle, as well as a new workflow in the conceptual design phase, which improves the decision making process in the context of sustainable constructions. This work proposes a new dynamic in terms of information exchange through an IDM (Information Delivery Manual) for developing a project with low levels of environmental impact using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and material reuse. A building s LCA study was used to develop the analysis and interpretation of environmental impact of projects conceived using the proposed IDM. The results indicate that the development of a sustainable project does not significantly interfere with the economic, practical and aesthetic interests and that including LCA is an important parameter in decision-making at the design stage to improve the environmental performance of the materials used.

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether home health care is a better choice of care from an economic and quality of care perspective than conventional care for people over 65. To answer this, the costs for the two care models were estimated using parametric cost estimation. The quality of care and the cost were evaluated with the "Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process" to determine which of the care models was the best fit. The cost estimate showed that conventional care is cheaper than home care. However, a sensitivity analysis shows that a minimal efficiency in the number of home visits per patient is sufficient for home health care to become the most advantageous alternative from an economic point of view. In addition, a sensitivity analysis also shows that home health care is preferable in five cases out of six, when the weights obtained from the "Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process" are varied. In this preference system, both the cost and the characteristics that make up quality of care are weighted to be summed up to a comprehensive list of priorities of the two care options. Main process maps of the two care models were made to help find significant cost parameters for the two care models. The preparation of the main process maps was done by studying similar process maps to compile two complete overall process maps. However, no significant cost parameters were found when studying the process maps, but they are still included in the study to show the reader an overall difference between the two models. The study shows that home health care is usually more expensive than on-site care, but that home health care is, from a quality point of view, preferable to conventional care. / Studiens mål var att utvärdera om hemsjukvård är ett bättre vårdval ur ekonomisk- och vårdkvalitets synpunkt än konventionell vård för personer över 65. För att besvara detta uppskattades kostnaderna för de båda vårdmodellerna med hjälp av parametrisk kostnadsuppskattning. Vårdkvaliteten samt kostnaden utvärderades med ”Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process” för att avgöra vilken av vårdmodellerna som lämpade sig bäst. Kostnadsestimeringen visade på att konventionell vård är billigare än hemsjukvård. Dock påvisar en känslighetsanalys på att en minimal effektivisering för antalet hembesök per patient är tillräckligt för att hemsjukvården ska övergå till att vara det mest fördelaktiga alternativet ur ekonomisk synpunkt. Utöver detta visar en känslighetsanalys dessutom på att hemsjukvård är att preferera i fem fall utav sex, när de framtagna vikterna från ”Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process” varieras. I detta preferenssystem viktas både kostnaden samt egenskaperna som utgör vårdkvalitet för att summeras till en övergripande allomfattande prioriteringslista av de båda vårdalternativen.  Huvudprocesskartor över de båda vårdmodellerna framställdes för att hitta betydliga kostnadsparametrar för de båda vårdmodellerna. Framställningen av huvudprocesskartorna utfördes genom att studera likande processkartor för att sammanställa två fullständiga övergripande processkartor. Dock hittades inga betydliga kostnadsparametrar när processkartorna studerades, men finns ändå med i studien för att visa läsaren en övergriplig skillnad mellan de två modellerna. Studien visar på att hemsjukvård vanligtvis är dyrare än vård på plats, men att hemsjukvård ur kvalitetssynpunkt är att föredra framför konventionell vård.

During the past ten years, the foreign direct investment in India has increased with 1828 percent which has led to more projects being initiated in India to improve the livestock industry. The World Bank is the foremost entity in such investments and an issue arises when translating western theories for project management in new cultures. Because of this, development projects tend to stagnate and become inefficient since project goals and templates cannot be applied. Previous studies conducted in Africa have created successful methods called SLMTA to make projects and processes more efficient. SLMTA is a framework to improve the capability and accreditation in laboratory environment. Total Quality Management is one of the methods used in this framework. This study examines how Total Quality Management and process mapping can improve the capability of a laboratory in Guwahati, Assam, India. The underlying theories of this study derives from project management and total quality management where role definition, project triangle, project process, process management and the pareto principle are used. The study is supported by methods from total quality management such as process mapping, affinity diagram, relationship diagram, and process decision program chart. The findings from the study indicate that the development project of the laboratory in central Guwahati is shaped as a project process where project management and process development are implemented in parallel which impairs the efficiency. The study also shows cultural knowledge is a key aspect to create efficient projects and processes in development countries. Finally, the study finds that culturally adapted quality management tools, process mapping and project management are vital for improved efficiency in laboratory environment. / De senaste tio åren har internationella direktinvesteringar i Indien ökat med 1 828 procent och detta har lett till att flera olika projekt initierats i Indien för att förbättra livsmedelsindustrin. Världsbanken är ledande i dessa investeringar och en problematik uppstår när deras västerländska teoretiska ramverk för projektplanering skall översättas i nya kulturer. På grund av detta tenderar utvecklingsprojekt att stagnera och bli ineffektiva eftersom projektmål och mallar inte kan appliceras i den kultur de verkar i. Framgångsrika metoder för att effektivisera projekt och processer har tagits fram i tidigare forskning utförda i Afrika vid namn SLMTA. SLMTA är ett ramverk för att effektivisera kapabilitetens och ansvarstagandet i utvecklandet av laboratorium. En del av de metoder som används är offensiv kvalitetsutveckling. Denna studie undersöker därför hur offensiv kvalitetsutveckling och processkartläggning kan effektivisera kapabiliteten i ett laboratorium i Guwahati, Assam, Indien. Teorin som understödjer studien är tagna från projektledning och offensiv kvalitetsutveckling där roll definitioner, projekttriangeln, process projekt, processledning och pareto principen används. Studien stödjs upp genom metoder från offensiv kvalitetsutveckling som processkartläggning, släktskaps-, relations- och processbesluts diagram. Studien finner att utvecklingsprojektet av laboratoriet i centrala Guwahati är utformat som ett projektprocess där projektledning och processutveckling sker parallellt vilket försvårar effektiviteten. Studien visar även att kulturellförståelse är en avgörande aspekt för att kunna skapa effektiva projekt och processer i ett utvecklingsland. Slutligen finner studien att offensiv kvalitetsutveckling och implementeringen av kulturellt anpassade kvalitetsverktyg, processkartläggning och projektledning är avgörande för att öka effektiviteten.