Les supercalculateurs utilisés dans le HPC sont constitués de plusieurs machines inter-connectées. Généralement, elles sont programmées à l'aide de MPI qui spécifie une interface de programmation échanger des messages entre les machines. Les opérations MPI non-bloquantes ont été proposées pour recouvrir les communications par du calcul afin d'en amortir le coût. Initialement, ces opérations étaient uniquement disponibles pour les opérations entre 2 processus MPI : les communications point-à-point. L'extension des communications non-bloquantes aux opérations impliquant plus de 2 processus MPI, les opérations collectives, est apparue dans la version 3.0 de la norme MPI en 2012. Cela a ouvert la possibilité de recouvrir les communications collectives non-bloquantes par du calcul. Cependant, ces opérations consomment plus de temps CPU que les opérations point-à-point. Nous proposons d'aborder ce problème sous plusieurs angles. D'une part, nous nous concentrons sur le placement des threads de progression générés par les collectives MPI non-bloquantes. Pour cela, nous proposons deux algorithmes de placement des threads de progression pour toutes les collectives MPI non-bloquantes. Le premier est de regrouper les threads de progression sur des cœurs libres. Le second est de placer les threads de progression sur les hyper-threads. Pour être plus efficace, nous nous concentrons ensuite sur l'optimisation de deux types d'algorithme utilisés pour les opérations collectives : les algorithmes en arbre et les algorithmes en chaîne. D'autre part, nous avons aussi étudié l'ordonnancement des threads de progression afin d'éviter l'exécution de threads inutiles à la progression de l'algorithme. Pour cela, nous proposons d'abord d'utiliser un mécanisme permettant de suspendre l'ordonnancement de ces threads, puis de forcer l'ordonnancement optimal des threads de progression de façon statique à l'aide de sémaphores. Enfin, une politique d'ordonnancement avec des priorités a été mise en place comme preuve de concept. / Supercomputers used in HPC are composed of severals inter-connected machines. Usually, they are programmed using MPI which specify an API for messages exchanges between machines. To amortize the cost of MPI collective operations, non-blocking collectives have been proposed so as to allow communications to be overlapped with computation. Initially, these operations were only available for communication between 2 MPI processes : point-to-point communications. Non-blocking communications were expanded to collective communications in 2012 with MPI 3.0. This opens up the possibility to overlap non-blocking collective communications with computation. However, these operations are more CPU-hungry than point-to-point communications. We propose to approach this problem from several angles. On the one hand, we focus on the placement of progress threads generated by the MPI non-blocking collectives. We propose two progress threads placements algorithms for all non-blocking collectives. We either bind them on free cores, or we bind them on the hyper-threads. Then, we focus on optimizing two types of algorithms used by collective operations: tree-based algorithms and chain-based algorithms. On the other hand, we also study the scheduling of progress threads to avoid their execution when it is unecessary to the advancement of the collective algorithm. For that, we propose first to use a mechanism to suspend the scheduling of these threads, and then we force their optimal scheduling statically by using semaphores. Finally, we introduce a proof of concept scheduling policy with priorities.

Fatores de restrição são as primeiras proteínas celulares envolvidas no combate a infecções virais, são considerados uma defesa intrínseca das células, constituindo-se em uma rápida resposta frente a invasão de patógenos. Essas moléculas são bastante diversas e são capazes de interferir em algum ponto do ciclo viral, atenuando ou bloqueando a evolução da infecção. Após a descoberta da existência desses fatores, alguns estudos têm direcionado o foco para as possíveis alterações genéticas que podem influenciar a estrutura dessas proteínas e, deste modo, interferir sobre suscetibilidade e progressão de doenças infecciosas, como a infecção pelo HIV/aids. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar três SNPs de três diferentes fatores de restrição (o TRIM5α – rs10838525, a APOBEC3F – rs2076101 e o CUL5 – rs7117111) e observar suas frequências em diferentes grupos étnicos, bem como a associação desses fatores com a suscetibilidade ao HIV e a progressão a aids, em um grupo de soronegativos e soropositivos. Foram selecionados 345 indivíduos HIV+ atendidos no setor de Infectologia do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição e 324 indivíduos HIV– doadores de sangue do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Os SNPs foram identificados através da técnica de PCR TaqManTM. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para a análise das frequências e por regressão logística univariada foi avaliado o OR com 95% de IC entre os modelos dominantes e recessivos. Entre os SNPs estudados apenas o rs7117111 apresentou resultado estatisticamente significativo para o genótipo GG em relação a proteção ao HIV-1 (OR 0,661, IC 95% 0,449-0,974, P=0,036) e esse mesmo genótipo, também, parece estar relacionado aos progressores rápidos, pois apresentou uma tendência nessa relação quando ajustado pela etnia (OR ajustado 2,115, IC 95% 0,990- 4,520, P=0,053). Tais achados demonstram que alterações genéticas, especificamente no gene CUL5, podem influenciar a suscetibilidade ao HIV-1 e podem, também, interferir na progressão a aids. Esses resultados geram questionamentos de grande valia para um maior entendimento da influência genética do sistema de defesa intrínseco celular no curso da infecção. / Host restriction factors are the first cellular proteins engaged in antiviral response, they are considerate an intrinsic cell defense with the aim to be a rapid answer against the invasion of pathogens. This molecules have a vary diversity in structure and each one act in a distinct stages of viral life cycle, however always with the same objective to attenuate or block the infection. After the discovery of this restriction factors, some researches focus in looking for genetic variation that can be influence in structure protein and with this way interfere in HIV susceptibility or progress to AIDS. The aim of present work was evaluate tree SNPs of tree different restrictions factors (TRIM5α – rs10838525, APOBEC3F – rs2076101 and CUL5 – rs7117111) and detect yours frequencies in different ethics group, as well as, evaluate the SNPs`s capacity in influence the susceptibility to HIV and progress to AIDS in a seronegative and seropositive groups. For this research was selected 345 samples of HIV+ individuals from the Infectology sector of Nossa Senhora da Conceição hospital and 324 HIV- samples from blood donors of Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre. Through PCR TaqManTM assay the SNPs was genotyping. The qui-square test was used to analyze the frequencies and by unvaried logistic regression was estimate the OR with 95% CI to dominant and recessive models. Between the tree SNPs chosen only rs7117111 was statistically significant the GG genotype with the HIV-1 protection (GG, OR: 0,661, 95% CI 0,449-0,974, P=0.036) and this same genotype seems to be to related with rapid progress to AIDS, because the result shows a tendency when adjusted for ethnicity in the recessive model (adjusted OR 2,115, IC 95% 0,990-4,520, P=0,053). This finds shows the genetics alterations, specify in the CUL5 gene, can alter the susceptibility to HIV-1 and can interfere in the progress to AIDS. Theses results are also important for the understanding of the genetic alterations in the host antiviral intrinsic mechanisms anti-HIV and can bring new insights for strategies against HIV pandemic.

Orientador: Sandra Aparecida Drigo Linde / Resumo: Introdução: Apesar dos avanços no tratamento, cerca da metade dos pacientes com câncer de reto (CR) desenvolverá metástase à distância. No entanto, as vias biológicas envolvidas na progressão do câncer não são totalmente conhecidas. Neste estudo, investigamos os perfis moleculares e imunológicos em adenocarcinomas de reto relacionados à progressão metastática visando identificar biomarcadores moleculares e/ou alvos terapêuticos. Pacientes e Métodos: O transcritoma de 15 tecidos de CR metastático (M) e não-metastático (NM) pré-tratamento e de duas amostras de tecido de reto normais foi avaliado utilizando a plataforma Clariom D. Os genes foram considerados diferencialmente expressos quando a alteração de expressão era maior que 2 vezes e o valor de p <0,05 e detectados com o pacote limma. As funções moleculares e vias biológicas foram determinadas com a ferramenta Enricher. Os achados foram validados utilizando dados do TCGA e o perfil imunológico determinado com o algorótimo xCell. Resultados: A comparação entre os grupos M e NM revelou 52 genes diferencialmente expressos, sendo 27 regulados positivamente e 25 regulados negativamente. O gene ANLN foi detectado com o maior valor de fold change nos tumores metastáticos. Além disso, expressão aumentada de ANLN foi associada com menor sobrevida em pacientes com CR. A via do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) foi detectada como alterada nos tumores M. Validação dos resultados com dados do TCGA confirmou o gene ANLN co... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Despite advances in treatment, about half of patients with rectal cancer (RC) will develop distant metastasis. However, the biological pathways underpinning the cancer progression are not fully understood. In this study, we sought to identify molecular and immunological profiles in rectal adenocarcinomas related to metastatic progression aiming to identify molecular biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Patients and Methods: Transcriptome analysis of 15 pre-treatment metastatic (M) and non-metastatic (NM) rectal cancer tissues and two normal rectal tissue samples was evaluated using Clariom D platform. Genes were considered differentially expressed when presenting 2-fold change and p<0.05 and were obtained with limma package . Molecular function and biological pathways with the Enricher package. Our findings were validated from the TCGA database and the immunological profile was determined using the xCell algorithm. Results: The comparison of M with NM groups revealed 52 differentially expressed genes, being 27 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated. ANLN gene was detected as the top gene upregulated in M tumours. Additionally, ANLN overexpression was associated with shorter survival in RC patients. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway was detected as altered in M tumours. Cross-study validation with TCGA dataset confirmed ANLN gene as associated with M tumours. Furthermore, KIF14, XRCC2 and GPX3 genes, which have important carcinogenesis functions, we... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

SammanfattningI den nya läroplanen, Lgr 11, har kommunikation en central plats i matematikundervisning. De senaste årens studier rörande matematisk kommunikation har främst behandlat språklig progression, interaktion och matematiska diskurser. Däremot saknas forskning kring hur lärare kan arbeta med matematisk kommunikation. I denna studie undersöks lärares skilda uppfattningar av hur de arbetar med uppdraget att utveckla elevernas kommunikations-förmåga i matematik. Uppsatsens empiriska del utgår från en enkätundersökning och tre intervjuer. Studien använder en fenomenografisk ansats och ett variationsteoretiskt perspektiv. Selanders och Kress designteoretiska multimodala perspektiv utgör ett teoretiskt ramverk. I resultatet framkommer tre olika metodiska förhållningssätt till kommunikation i matematikundervisning. En multimodal, en traditionell och en läroplansstyrd metodsyn utgör utfallsrummet i studien. Metodsynen påverkar lärares didaktiska design i arbetet med att utveckla elevers kommunikationsförmåga i matematik. Lärarnas uppfattningar om hur man som lärare på bästa sätt utvecklar elevers kommunikationsförmåga skiljer sig i flera avseenden. Studien visar att många lärare upplever sig ha otillräckligt med metoder och idéer för hur de kan utveckla elevers kommunikativa förmåga. Det framkommer att problemlösning i grupp samt lärarens genomgångar är de kommunikationsutvecklande metoder som dominerar i klassrummen, oavsett metodiskt förhållningssätt. Lärarna använder därutöver få kommunikationsutvecklande metoder som fokuserar på och tränar elevers begreppsförståelse, resonemangsförmåga och argumentationsförmåga. / Program: Masterprogram i pedagogiskt arbete

The purpose of this essay is to examine progression in user education atprimary and secondary school levels, specifically the role played byschool libraries, librarians and strategy documents in securingeducational progression. Progression is examined in the user educationprovided by the five schools, part of the same municipal schoolmanagement area which share the same strategy plan. The area, NorraFäladen, was awarded School Library of the Year in 2011 for its work,making it particularly interesting for this essay&apos;s purpose. The studycombines interviews with the area&apos;s three school librarians, who dividetheir time between the five schools, with an analysis of the strategydocuments that regulate user education within Norra Fäladen. Theanalytical framework is based on: AASL&apos;s model of progression in usereducation (Standards for the 21st-century learner); Ekström&apos;s model forsuccessful and active strategy documents; Kuhlthau&apos;s theory of thelibrarian&apos;s role in the information search process; and Limberg&apos;staxonomy of the role of the school library.The study shows how a number of concurrent factors and prerequisitesinfluence how goals for progression in user education are met. These are:clearly formulated joint goals which are adapted to local conditions andillustrate progression in a concrete plan of action, thus ensuring thatactivities are realised; a shared view of the importance of informationliteracy and how best to promote it; teacher and school librariancollaboration in user education and pedagogical development; and, activesupport from school leaders, who recognise the role of the school libraryin this work. / Program: Bibliotekarie

No description available.

O presente estudo parte da análise de uma amostra de 100 redações produzidas no exame de Vestibular da UERJ/2002. Tem por objetivo estabelecer critérios para o reconhecimento dos problemas de progressão argumentativa. Com base nas teorias propostas em Lingüística Textual e Análise do Discurso discutiram-se as noções de Cognição, Textualidade, Argumentação e coerência. Apresentou-se uma proposta metodológica de Produção Textual no Ensino Médio e exercícios didáticos. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de que os recentes estudos sobre Cognição, Textualidade, Argumentação, Progressão e Métodos de Produção Textual sejam divulgados, debatidos e absorvidos pelos profissionais que exercem o ensino da disciplina / The present study results from the analysis of one hundred compositions written by students taking the The Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UERJ entrance examination in 2002. These students were considered to have been above average. The purpose of the present study is to establish criteria to recognize problems in argumentative progression. Notions of Cognition, Textuality, Argumentation and Coherence were analyzed. The analysis was based upon the theories proposed in Textual Linguistics and Discourse Analysis. A methodological proposal of Textual Production and didactic exercises for senior high school students have been presented

Le contrôle post-transcriptionnel de l'expression des gènes représente un vaste ensemble de processus biologiques autour de la machinerie des ARNm, jouant un rôle majeur dans la création de la diversité du répertoire protéique. La dérégulation de ces processus, générant un phénotype altéré, pourrait contribuer à la progression tumorale dans les cancers du sein. Nos travaux se sont axés sur l'étude de l'épissage alternatif des pré-ARNm et la dérégulation de la machinerie de l'épissage dans la progression métastatique des cancers du sein. Dans un modèle murin de carcinome mammaire, nous avons identifié des variants d'épissage spécifiquement associés au potentiel métastatique. Dans une large cohorte de patientes, nous avons montré que l'expression de certains de ces variants dans des tumeurs est associée à un pronostic défavorable. Enfin, nous avons caractérisé le profil d'expression des protéines régulatrices de l'épissage dans plusieurs séries de cancer du sein. Cette étude offre de nouvelles connaissances et perspectives pour le développement de biomarqueurs de la progression tumorale. / Alternative RNA processing is a mechanism that plays a critical role for creation of protein diversity through selective inclusion or exclusion of RNA sequences during post-transcriptional control of gene expression. We hypothesized that alteration in this process might contribute greatly to tumour development and progression in breast cancer. The aim of our study was to identify and characterize defects in alternative splicing during breast tumour progression. In a murine model, we could identify specific mRNA splicing variants associated with metastatic development. In a large cohort of breast cancer patients, expression of a subset of these variants was correlated to poor prognosis. Finally, we characterised the expression profile of a large panel of proteins of the splicing machinery in breast cancer. Our study provides new insights in the understanding of mechanisms leading to tumour progression and perspectives for the development of new biomarkers and therapies.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar a percepção que as professoras têm de alunos e alunas encaminhados à recuperação paralela. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar se os motivos pelos quais meninos e meninas são encaminhados/as à recuperação paralela são semelhantes, ou se diferem de acordo com o sexo do/a estudante. A pesquisa baseou-se nos estudos sobre as relações de gênero e educação e em estudos sobre o fracasso e o sucesso escolar. As hipóteses iniciais eram de que os meninos seriam encaminhados por motivos não necessariamente ligados à sua real dificuldade de aprendizagem, seja por conta de indisciplina, seja por uma suposta culpabilização da família que não ajudaria o aluno nas tarefas escolares em casa, por exemplo. Já as meninas seriam encaminhadas por conta de dificuldades de aprendizagem geradas por timidez, apatia, deficiência mental, etc., ou seja, o motivo de encaminhamento das alunas seria por uma dificuldade intrínseca à menina, não havendo muita esperança de que a recuperação paralela contribuísse para que ela avançasse, já que sua dificuldade estaria atrelada a fatores psicointelectuais. A pesquisa de campo centrou-se em uma escola do Município do Embu que possuía um projeto de recuperação para alunos com dificuldades em leitura e escrita: o Projeto Letras e Livros e contou com observações e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as professoras regentes de classe (que encaminham as crianças) e as professoras atuantes no Projeto Letras e Livros, além de observações das reuniões de conselho de classe ao longo do ano letivo de 2006. Tanto o Projeto analisado quanto a escola que serviu como campo para a pesquisa foram escolhidos devido à boa estrutura e organização e aos bons resultados que vinham mostrando nos anos de 2002 a 2006. Os resultados apontaram para a confirmação de que, independentemente de um trabalho articulado e reflexivo por parte das professoras, ainda se culpabiliza a família e a pobreza de algumas crianças, numa maioria de meninos, pela sua dificuldade de aprendizagem. Porém, esta questão não se apresentou tão forte quanto a literatura acadêmica vem mostrando. Na escola pesquisada, os aspectos referentes à não adequação da criança a um ofício de aluno valorizado pelas professoras - este ofício de aluno é tomado aqui como um modelo da maneira como o aluno ou a aluna deve se comportar, agir e ser dentro das dinâmicas escolares, ou seja, o não ajuste de algumas crianças ao que é esperado delas no momento de se organizar, se concentrar na aula, se comportar diante dos colegas e da professora, etc., - pode fazer com que a criança seja percebida como um/a aluno/a com dificuldade de aprendizagem. Algumas dificuldades citadas pelas professoras, entretanto, são percebidas mais em meninos e outras em meninas, evidenciando que as construções sociais sobre o masculino e o feminino contam muito ao avaliar quem precisa ou não de apoio extra na aprendizagem escolar. / This study presents the results of a research aimed at analyzing how teachers perceive male and female students who were referred to parallel studies. It intended to verify if the reasons why students are sent to those activities differ or not between male and female students. The research was based on gender and educational studies as well as studies on school failure and success. The first hypothesis was that boys were referred to parallel studies not necessarily because of their learning difficulties, but mostly as a result of indiscipline or due to a blaming the family discourse, which claims the child has difficulties because the family does not help him with the schoolwork. On the other hand, girls learning difficulties seemed to result from shyness, apathy or mental illness, that is, the reasons why teachers referred girls to parallel studies were mostly based on inner difficulties. Thus, as their difficulties were connected to psycho-intellectual issues, there was almost no hope those activities could facilitate their learning process. The field work was developed at a municipal school in Embu. The chosen school had a parallel study project to students with reading and writing difficulties: Projeto Letras e Livros (Letters and Books Project). The research was carried out with both classroom teachers (who would refer students to the project) as well as with the teachers of the project. The professionals were interviewed and observed during school council meetings throughout the year 2006. Both project and school were chosen because of efficient organization and positive results they showed between the years 2002 and 2006. The results of this research points out that even when there is a reflexive and articulated work among teachers at a school, it is still possible to hear them blaming family and poverty as the ones responsible for learning difficulties, especially for boys. However, those aspects were not as relevant to the teachers of the investigated school as they usually are in the academic literature. For those teachers, most important was the adequate performance of an approved role of the student. Here, this role consists of the way girls and boys must behave, act and be at school. The inadequate performance of this role students not meeting the expected attitude when they are asked to organize themselves, to concentrate or to behave with their teachers and classmates may lead teachers to perceive students as having learning difficulties. Moreover, some difficulties mentioned by the teachers were most perceived among boys whereas others were particularly mentioned about girls. This difference is evidence that the social construction of male and female greatly support the evaluation process of those who need or not parallel studies.

Small vessel disease (SVD) is an important cause of stroke, cognitive decline, and age-related disability. The cause of SVD is unknown, increasing evidence from neuropathology and neuroimaging suggests that failure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) precipitates or worsens cerebral SVD progression and its failure is associated with SVD features such as white matter hyperintensities (WMH), perivascular spaces (PVS) and lacunar infarcts. The BBB change mechanism may also contribute to other common disorders of ageing such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionised our understanding of SVD features. The MRI contributes to better understanding of the SVD pathophysiology and their clinical correlates. The purpose of this project was to better understand the pathogenesis of SVD, which involves improved understanding of BBB structures and pathophysiology and accurate measurement of cerebral SVD imaging characteristics on MRI scans. We aimed to assess (1) structures related to the BBB and factors that affect the BBB; (2) efficient and consistent WMH measurement method; (3) effect of stroke lesions on WMH and cerebral atrophy progression; (4) development and optimisation of computational PVS measurement method; (5) the relationships between PVS and SVD, blood markers, and BBB permeability. Section one describes structures and pathophysiology of the BBB. I reviewed the BBB structural and functional components from the view of neurovascular unit, PVS, and junctional proteins. The PVS part was done in a systematic search. I also reviewed some common stimuli for BBB permeability including inflammation and ischemia. Ischemic triggers for the BBB permeability were summarized systematically. Based on the literatures above, I summarized changes in junctional proteins in ischemia, inflammatory pain and AD models. Section two describes accurate measurement of WMH progression and atrophy. I used data from 100 patients who participated in a stroke study about BBB permeability changes in lacunar versus cortical stroke. To find a most efficient and consistent WMH measurement method, we tested several computational methods and effect of common processing steps including bias field correction and intensity adjustment. To avoid the effect of artefacts, I did a systematic search about artefacts and tested methods of image segmentation to avoid WMH artefacts as much as possible. To investigate the effect of stroke lesions on WMH and atrophy progression, I did the WMH, atrophy segmentation and stroke lesion measurements in a subgroup of 46 patients with follow-up scans, and showed that stroke lesions distorted measurement of WMH and atrophy progression and should be excluded. Section three describes development and optimization of a computational PVS measurement method, which measures the count and volume for PVS based on a threshold method using AnalyzeTM software. We tested the observer variability and validated it by comparison with visual rating scores. We investigated the associations between PVS results with other SVD features (WMH, atrophy), risk factors (hypertension, smoking and diabetes), blood markers, and BBB permeability. In conclusion, MRI is a valuable tool for the investigation of cerebral SVD features and BBB permeability. Exclusions of artefacts and stroke lesions are important in accurate measurement of WMH. PVS are important features of BBB abnormalities, and they correlate and share risk factors with other SVD features, and they should be considered as a marker of SVD and BBB permeability. Further systematic histological and ultrastructural studies of BBB are desirable in understanding the BBB regarding to the different parts of the cerebral vascular tree.