This essay is a discourse analysis of preschool teachers' speeches about children's influence in connection with planned teaching opportunities. We chose to focus on the form of teaching that educators call ”project work” because we see that teaching is largely conducted through this form. To investigate the overall theme, we have also chosen to focus on the influence of younger children in relation to teaching with a project work form. The purpose of this study is to examine how preschool teachers talk about the importance of the balance between teaching and children's influence at a younger age. This study is based on structured interviews with preschool teachers. We have chosen to use discourse analysis that also adheres to the French philosopher, Foucault's theory of power and control, which we believe the preschool teacher can have towards children in planned teaching sessions. The result shows that preschool teachers believe that children's influence is an important aspect of teaching. According to them, you can get children's influence in project work by planning project work based on children's interest, but that it is a challenge as not all children share the same interest. It was also found in the study that the younger children cannot have the same influence because they lack the verbal language and one must therefore be able to interpret their body language. It was also revealed in our study that stronger individuals often take over project work, which may also be due to, among other things, the verbal language. To get all the children to the teaching opportunities, the preschool teachers use the method of attracting to create an interest in the children in project work. Based on a discourse analysis, we have been able to see in this study the concepts and discursive structures that express and motivate how children's influence is limited. In other words, we see the motivations and ways of talking about the attraction and lack of verbal language of the youngest that the preschool teachers use, which in practice characterize how their exercise of power is expressed. Even in children's environment, we have been able to see that it is the preschool teachers who possess the power and decide which material should be present and when.

<p>Projektanställningen är en av de atypiska anställningsformer som faller under begreppet tidsbegränsade anställningar och anses vara den mest gynnade gruppen inom samlingsnamnet. Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie baserad på 8 djupintervjuer ämnar uppsatsen ge en ökad bild av intervjupersonernas upplevelser av hur arbetslivets sfär och den privata sfären kombineras och inverkar på varandra. Analysen utgår från en teoretisk referensram bestående av sociologerna Sennett, Giddens, Castells, Beck, Berger & Luckmann samt Bauman. Resultaten tyder på att arbetslivet har en starkt identitetsskapande effekt och att anknytningen till arbetet, de sociala relationerna i individernas kontaktnät, upplevs som starka. I studien framkommer att intervjupersonerna som under lång tid arbetat som projektanställda inom mediebranschen upplever arbetet som givande, intressant och möjlighetsskapande. Dessutom identifieras en upplevd trygghet i de kontaktnät som intervjupersonerna skapat i arbetslivet, vilka prioriteras framför relationer i den privata sfären. Kontaktnäten har en arbetsgenererande funktion som kräver stort engagemang och ett ständigt underhåll för att bibehållas. För intervjupersonerna går den rörliga anställningsformen hand i hand med en ambulerande och flexibel livsstil och arbetets och den privata sfärens ramar visar sig bli allt otydligare liksom föreställningen om var gränserna mellan sfärerna går.</p> / <p>Project work is one of the atypical contracts that fall under the concept of temporary jobs and is considered the most privileged group in the name of the collection. Through a qualitative interview study with 8 project employees the paper will provide a better picture of the interview subject’s experiences of how <em>working life</em> and <em>private sphere</em> are combined and affect each other. The analysis is grounded in a theoretical framework based on the theories of the sociologists Sennett, Giddens, Castells, Berger & Luckmann, Beck and Bauman. The results suggest that the labour is strongly related to the interviewees’ conception of their identity, the attachment to the work and social relations that are related to the workplace is perceived as strong. The project employees consider their work as being rewarding, interesting and creative in the way that it creates opportunities, which are an explanation to why the interviewees have chosen to work as project employees for a long period of time. It’s also identified that the interviewees’ network of business contacts provides a form of security and feeling of safety. The networks have a work-generating function, which requires a great deal of commitment and a constant continuation to be maintained. For the interviewees the variable form of employment goes hand in hand with an ambulant and flexible lifestyle and the boundaries between the work life and the private spheres is becoming more diffuse.</p>

<p>This paper is a case study of a local labour market project. The aim of the study is to investigate the staff’s way of working with unemployed people, receiving social assistance, in order to reduce the payment of social assistance in four adjacent city districts of Stockholm. Other objectives of the study are to investigate which criteria the staff uses when selecting participants for the project, in which way the participants’ background affects the measures taken by the staff and how the staff experiences working as part of a project. A short summary of the social services development during the twentieth century and urban politics in the 1990’s in Sweden is used as a background for the local labour market project. The theories used deal with the social services strategies concerning unemployed receivers of social assistance, the participants’ background with particular emphasis on ethnicity and gender, project work and the special case of public projects. The study is based on interviews with four employees. Some of the conclusions are that the selection criteria are put up as criteria for not being selected as a participant and that the staff combines previously developed methods in order to reduce the payment of social assistance. The participants’ background is evaluated individually and the staff shows a certain reluctance to categorize the participants according to ethnicity and gender. The staff communicates an ambiguous image of working in a project by describing it partly as an inspiring challenge but also as involving some uncertainties regarding the terms of employment.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen är en fallstudie av ett kommunalt arbetsmarknadsprojekt och syftar till att undersöka hur personalen arbetar med arbetslösa socialbidragstagare för att minska socialbidragsuttaget i fyra närliggande stadsdelar i Stockholm. Syftet är därutöver att undersöka vilka kriterier personalen använder för urval av deltagare till projektet och hur deltagarnas bakgrund påverkar de åtgärder som personalen sätter in samt hur personalen uppfattar projektformen som arbetssätt. Det kommunala arbetsmarknadsprojektet förankras i socialtjänstens och storstadspolitikens historiska utveckling. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna tar fasta på socialtjänstens strategi gällande arbetslösa socialbidragstagare, deltagarnas etniska bakgrund och kön samt projekt som arbetsform och offentliga projekts speciella drag. I analysen används utsagor från djupintervjuer med fyra anställda. Några av slutsatserna är att urvalskriterierna formuleras som hinder för deltagande i projektet och att personalen kombinerar olika tidigare utvecklade metoder i sitt arbete för att minska socialbidragstagandet. Deltagarnas bakgrund bedöms individuellt och personalen visar en viss ovilja att kategorisera deltagarna efter etnicitet och kön. Personalen ger en ambivalent bild av projekt som arbetsform. Dels beskrivs arbetet i projektet som utmanande samtidigt som den tidsbegränsade projektanställningen upplevs som osäker.</p>

Projektanställningen är en av de atypiska anställningsformer som faller under begreppet tidsbegränsade anställningar och anses vara den mest gynnade gruppen inom samlingsnamnet. Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie baserad på 8 djupintervjuer ämnar uppsatsen ge en ökad bild av intervjupersonernas upplevelser av hur arbetslivets sfär och den privata sfären kombineras och inverkar på varandra. Analysen utgår från en teoretisk referensram bestående av sociologerna Sennett, Giddens, Castells, Beck, Berger &amp; Luckmann samt Bauman. Resultaten tyder på att arbetslivet har en starkt identitetsskapande effekt och att anknytningen till arbetet, de sociala relationerna i individernas kontaktnät, upplevs som starka. I studien framkommer att intervjupersonerna som under lång tid arbetat som projektanställda inom mediebranschen upplever arbetet som givande, intressant och möjlighetsskapande. Dessutom identifieras en upplevd trygghet i de kontaktnät som intervjupersonerna skapat i arbetslivet, vilka prioriteras framför relationer i den privata sfären. Kontaktnäten har en arbetsgenererande funktion som kräver stort engagemang och ett ständigt underhåll för att bibehållas. För intervjupersonerna går den rörliga anställningsformen hand i hand med en ambulerande och flexibel livsstil och arbetets och den privata sfärens ramar visar sig bli allt otydligare liksom föreställningen om var gränserna mellan sfärerna går. / Project work is one of the atypical contracts that fall under the concept of temporary jobs and is considered the most privileged group in the name of the collection. Through a qualitative interview study with 8 project employees the paper will provide a better picture of the interview subject’s experiences of how working life and private sphere are combined and affect each other. The analysis is grounded in a theoretical framework based on the theories of the sociologists Sennett, Giddens, Castells, Berger &amp; Luckmann, Beck and Bauman. The results suggest that the labour is strongly related to the interviewees’ conception of their identity, the attachment to the work and social relations that are related to the workplace is perceived as strong. The project employees consider their work as being rewarding, interesting and creative in the way that it creates opportunities, which are an explanation to why the interviewees have chosen to work as project employees for a long period of time. It’s also identified that the interviewees’ network of business contacts provides a form of security and feeling of safety. The networks have a work-generating function, which requires a great deal of commitment and a constant continuation to be maintained. For the interviewees the variable form of employment goes hand in hand with an ambulant and flexible lifestyle and the boundaries between the work life and the private spheres is becoming more diffuse.

This paper is a case study of a local labour market project. The aim of the study is to investigate the staff’s way of working with unemployed people, receiving social assistance, in order to reduce the payment of social assistance in four adjacent city districts of Stockholm. Other objectives of the study are to investigate which criteria the staff uses when selecting participants for the project, in which way the participants’ background affects the measures taken by the staff and how the staff experiences working as part of a project. A short summary of the social services development during the twentieth century and urban politics in the 1990’s in Sweden is used as a background for the local labour market project. The theories used deal with the social services strategies concerning unemployed receivers of social assistance, the participants’ background with particular emphasis on ethnicity and gender, project work and the special case of public projects. The study is based on interviews with four employees. Some of the conclusions are that the selection criteria are put up as criteria for not being selected as a participant and that the staff combines previously developed methods in order to reduce the payment of social assistance. The participants’ background is evaluated individually and the staff shows a certain reluctance to categorize the participants according to ethnicity and gender. The staff communicates an ambiguous image of working in a project by describing it partly as an inspiring challenge but also as involving some uncertainties regarding the terms of employment. / Uppsatsen är en fallstudie av ett kommunalt arbetsmarknadsprojekt och syftar till att undersöka hur personalen arbetar med arbetslösa socialbidragstagare för att minska socialbidragsuttaget i fyra närliggande stadsdelar i Stockholm. Syftet är därutöver att undersöka vilka kriterier personalen använder för urval av deltagare till projektet och hur deltagarnas bakgrund påverkar de åtgärder som personalen sätter in samt hur personalen uppfattar projektformen som arbetssätt. Det kommunala arbetsmarknadsprojektet förankras i socialtjänstens och storstadspolitikens historiska utveckling. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna tar fasta på socialtjänstens strategi gällande arbetslösa socialbidragstagare, deltagarnas etniska bakgrund och kön samt projekt som arbetsform och offentliga projekts speciella drag. I analysen används utsagor från djupintervjuer med fyra anställda. Några av slutsatserna är att urvalskriterierna formuleras som hinder för deltagande i projektet och att personalen kombinerar olika tidigare utvecklade metoder i sitt arbete för att minska socialbidragstagandet. Deltagarnas bakgrund bedöms individuellt och personalen visar en viss ovilja att kategorisera deltagarna efter etnicitet och kön. Personalen ger en ambivalent bild av projekt som arbetsform. Dels beskrivs arbetet i projektet som utmanande samtidigt som den tidsbegränsade projektanställningen upplevs som osäker.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta tese buscou analisar as possibilidades de o trabalho com projetos constituir estratÃgia de formaÃÃo continuada e contribuir para o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores da EducaÃÃo Infantil. Procurou-se identificar de que forma o trabalho com projetos tanto pode contribuir para que em sua prÃtica educativa, o professor se torne mais sensÃvel para atender melhor as crianÃas estimule mais adequadamente as suas aprendizagens e lhes propicie maior autonomia como tambÃm para que ele se torne mais sensÃvel Ãs suas prÃprias demandas desenvolva a sua autonomia e amplie os seus conhecimentos. TambÃm foi propÃsito deste trabalho investigar que fatores influenciam para que a realizaÃÃo do trabalho com projetos contribua para o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores de EducaÃÃo Infantil. As anÃlises sobre o desenvolvimento profissional e formaÃÃo de professores fundamentam-se nos estudos de Oliveira-Formosinho (1998, 2001, 2003, 2009); Dewey (1976, 1978) NÃvoa (1995) ImbernÃn (2009) e Gomes (2009) e sobre o trabalho com projetos baseiam-se em Dewey (1978) Kilpatrick (2005) Barbosa e Horn (2008) HernandÃz (1998) e Oliveira-Formosinho (2002, 2007). Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo pesquisa-aÃÃo tambÃm denominada intervenÃÃo (ANDRÃ, 1995) com professoras da rede pÃblica de Fortaleza que mediante intervenÃÃo realizada vivenciaram elas prÃprias um projeto e posteriormente desenvolveram projetos junto Ãs suas crianÃas. A coleta dos dados se deu por meio de tÃcnicas como observaÃÃes e entrevistas e de instrumentos como a Escala de Empenhamento do Adulto e questionÃrios. Os dados foram registrados no diÃrio de campo vÃdeo filmagens e fotos. Os achados desse estudo apontam que as oportunidades de formaÃÃo tÃm mais chance de acontecer quando o trabalho com projetos constitui um processo formativo. As professoras em diferentes nÃveis de envolvimento desenvolveram com relaÃÃo Ãs crianÃas atitudes de empenho referentes à sensibilidade no sentido de se esforÃarem para âprestar atenÃÃoâ e ouvir as crianÃas à estimulaÃÃo da aprendizagem das crianÃas na proposiÃÃo de atividades desafiadoras e à sua autonomia nas oportunidades de experimentaÃÃo oferecidas. TambÃm desenvolveram, com relaÃÃo a elas prÃprias atitudes de empenho relacionadas à sensibilidade, na atenÃÃo dada Ãs suas necessidades e desejos de aprender sobre projetos à estimulaÃÃo na intenÃÃo de se envolverem nas leituras na busca de informaÃÃes e ideias para as atividades e à autonomia nas ocasiÃes de escolher e decidir como realizar essas atividades. Reviram posiÃÃes acerca das expectativas de aprendizagem das crianÃas menores e as de escolas pÃblicas ao desenvolver projetos e repensaram sobre a participaÃÃo da famÃlia nos projetos. As professoras estranharam a postura protagonista exigida no planejamento e realizaÃÃo das aÃÃes referentes ao projeto. Fatores relacionados ao contexto de trabalho e Ãs condiÃÃes organizacionais como formaÃÃo na prÃpria instituiÃÃo participaÃÃo da coordenadora no grupo de formaÃÃo orientaÃÃo de uma formadora e disponibilidade de recursos materiais contribuÃram com os esforÃos de desenvolvimento das professoras. Ficou evidenciado que o pouco tempo destinado à formaÃÃo o descumprimento de acordos com relaÃÃo ao tempo e espaÃo destinados Ãs formaÃÃes e o distanciamento entre a gestÃo e as professoras desencorajaram esses esforÃos / This thesis investigates the possibilities of working with projects in order to provide training strategy and contribute to the continuous professional development for teachers of Early Childhood Education. It soughts to identify how the project work can contribute for making the teachers become more sensitive in their educational practice as to better serve children, stimulate their learning more effectively and allow them greater autonomy, but also for making them become more sensitive to their own needs, develop their autonomy and expand their knowledge. The purpose of this study was also to investigate what factors influence to the completion of project work to contribute to the professional development of kindergarten teachers. The analysis of professional development and teacher training are based on studies of Oliveira-Formosinho (1998, 2001, 2003, 2009), Dewey (1976, 1978), NÃvoa (1995), Imbernon (2009) and Gomes (2009) and of working with projects is based on Dewey (1978), Kilpatrick (2005), Barbosa & Horn (2008), HernandÃz (1998) and Oliveira-Formosinho (2002, 2007).This is a qualitative research, like action research, also called intervention (ANDRE 1995), with teachers from public schools in Fortaleza. Through intervention, these teachers experienced a project and later developed their own projects with their pupils. Data collection was done through techniques such as interviews and observations and instruments such as the Adult Engagement Scale and questionnaires. Data were recorded in the diary, video footage and pictures. Our findings indicate that training opportunities are more likely to happen when the project work is a formative process. The teachers, at different levels of involvement, developed, regarding the children, attitudes concerning the sensitivity of commitment, strove to âpay attention toâ and listen to the children, to stimulate their learning by the proposition of challenging activities and their independence, in the opportunities for experimentation offered. They also developed, to themselves, attitudes related to the sensitivity of commitment, by paying attention to their needs and desires to learn about projects; as well as attitudes related to stimulation, by intending to engage in readings, in search of information and ideas for activities; and to autonomy, on the occasions of choosing and deciding how to accomplish these activities. These teachers revised positions about the learning expectations of younger children and public schools in order to develop projects and rethought the family participation in projects. The teachers were surprised at the protagonist attitude required in the planning and implementation of actions for the project. Factors related to the workplace and organizational conditions, such as training in the institution, the participation of the coordinator in group training; guidance of a trainer and availability of material resources contributed to the development efforts of the teachers. It was evident that the little time for training, the breach of agreements with respect to time and space allocated to training and the gap between management and the teachers have discouraged such efforts.

Im Artikel wird ein fächerübergreifendes Service Learning Projekt der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität (FSU) Jena vorgestellt. Zunächst werden die Zielgruppe, die inhaltliche Gestaltung und die Rahmenbedingungen skizziert und im Anschluss die Struktur und Organisation aufgezeigt. Abschließend werden einige Erfolgsfaktoren für eine gelingende Implementation an der FSU genannt.

In this paper the project for 15-year-old students with the title Ancient Greece and Rome and the sub-title Is the Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome really the Cradle of European Civilization? is introduced. It shows how to connect mathematics with art, history, physics, geography and philosophy by studying ancient Greek scientists and their achievements. Collaborative teaching is introduced. The major aim of the project was to show mathematics as a part of human civilization and to follow its development through history. Some topics from theory of numbers and geometry were studied. One part of the project was also a theatre performance, which should make the students aware of the difficulties of many dedicated mathematicians to find the answers to some problems from the ancient times.

Contemporary organizations frequently employ projects to leverage work across organizational units, utilizing specialized knowledge from different niches of the organization to meet specific quality criteria in a defined time period, at a set cost. Project managers are integral to driving the success, often acting as hubs of knowledge both at the core within projects and towards the rest of an organization, as well as over time.       To realize this, project managers increasingly make use of technology to aid their knowledge sharing and drive digitalization in daily work, often with aspects of remote work to consider. To date little is known in how far a technology, and especially more recent technology, support this critical aspect of knowledge sharing as part of project management.              Thus, an interpretive qualitative approach was used to explore and interpret the ways in which a recent technology supports project managers’ knowledge sharing. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews with project managers who already use such a technology in their work, for which the 3 C’s approach of analysis was used to generate 6 concepts based on the data. The concepts were then reviewed in context of the research questions and the selected theoretical framework, including the informatics domain model by Beynon-Davies. Thus, a discussion of the findings in this context revealed that according to the project managers’ perceptions in the chosen research setting, such a technology largely enables knowledge sharing activities in the daily work, both presenting new opportunities to do so more efficiently as well as leading to more challenges. It seems that the introduction of, or increased used of, the technology is changing not only the modus of knowledge sharing but also individuals’ way of working with regards to knowledge sharing: what, when and how knowledge is shared. However, whether such a change is perceived as positive or negative by an individual project manager draws upon a range of factors such as technical proficiency, duration of use to date as well as personal preferences regarding structure and organization of their work.       That said, the technology is supporting the daily knowledge sharing activities of project managers in so far that those who have made a full transition to the technology, all employ it on a daily basis and in a range of knowledge sharing activities.

Mjukvaruutveckling kräver bra arbetsmetoder för att man ska kunna leverera effektivt och välfungerande mjukvara. För att lyckas med detta behöves en bra arbetsmetod som de kan arbeta efter. Agila metoder blir mer populära att arbeta med när det gäller mjukvaruutveckling i dagens teknikföretag. Fler företag går över att arbeta efter agila metoder med projekt istället för den traditionella vattenfallsmetoden. Anledningen till detta är att fler och fler företag misslyckas att leverera projekten i tid med vattenfallsmetoden vilket medför mer kostnader för företag. Agila metoder hjälper däremot företag att få struktur som leder till bättre arbetssätt som i sin tur resulterar i att projekten blir avslutade i tid. Denna studie undersökte användning och anpassningar av agila metoden Scrum på en bank och om detta har medfört några förbättringar i arbete med mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med Scrummästare, Agila coacher, produktägare samt chefer som arbetar med Scrum-metoden. Resultatet visar att agila metoden Scrum ger mer struktur samt transparens till projekt. Anpassningar till produktägarrollen på företaget har medfört att rätt uppdrag blir prioriterade och teamen får en tydlig backlogg att arbeta efter. Arbetet enligt Scrummetoden har hjälpt team att få en tydlig struktur och ökat leverans av projekt. / Software development requires good working methods to be to deliver efficient and effective software. To achieve this, companies require a good working method that they can work with. Agile methods are becoming more popular to work with when it comes to software development in today's technology companies. More companies are beginning to work with agile methods for project management instead of the traditional waterfall method. The reason for this is that more and more companies fail to deliver projects on time with the waterfall method, which means more costs for companies. The reason for this is that more and more companies fail to deliver projects on time with the waterfall method, which means more costs for companies. Agile methodologies however help companies to get structure that led to better work, which in turn results in that projects are completed on time. This study examined the usage and customization of agile method Scrum in a bank, and if this has led to some improvements in the work of software development projects. The investigation was conducted through interviews with Scrum Master, Agile coaches, product owners and managers who work with the Scrum method. The result shows that the agile method Scrum provides more structure and transparency to projects. Adaptations to the product owner role in the company has led to that right assignment are prioritized and teams get a clear backlog to work with. The work with the Scrum method has helped the team to have a clear structure and increased delivery of projects.