Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the developed countries and their incidence is not expected to decrease in the future. There is a lifetime risk of one in five of developing heart failure, which still has poor prognosis and current treatments only cover part of the pathophysiology behind this syndrome. Pathological processes contributing to heart failure include cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, which involves neurohumoral activation, reactivation of fetal genes, impaired Ca2+ cycling, increased apoptosis, and increased fibrosis. Intracellular signalling pathways and transcription factors mediating the response to various extracellular stresses have a key role in the regulation of myocardial remodeling and they are investigated in order to develop new approaches for the treatment of heart failure. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and transcription factor GATA-4 in the regulation of cardiomyocyte function in cell cultures, and in hearts ex vivo and in vivo. The main findings were that (i) Inhibition of p38α MAPK enhanced function of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase and thus cardiac contractility by increasing phosphorylation of protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 and phospholamban, (ii) p38 MAPK isoforms p38α and p38β regulated promoter activity of B-type natriuretic peptide via distinct pathways, (iii) p38α and p38β MAPKs also had different effects on gene expressions related to fibrosis and hypertrophy, and (iv) p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs mediated stretch-induced activation of GATA-4 by phosphorylation at Ser 105. GATA-4 also seems to be regulated by ubiquitination. This study provides novel data of p38 MAPK and GATA-4 in the regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Inhibition of p38α MAPK could be beneficial in the treatment of heart failure. Also GATA-4 is a potential target for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. / Tiivistelmä Sydän- ja verisuonisairaudet ovat yleisin kuolinsyy länsimaissa, eikä niiden ilmaantuvuus tule vähenemään lähitulevaisuudessa. Elinikäinen riski sairastua sydämen vajaatoimintaan on 20 %, ja sydämen vajaatoiminnan ennuste on edelleen huono. Nykyisillä hoitomuodoilla voidaan puuttua vain osittain sydämen vajaatoiminnan patofysiologisiin mekanismeihin. Sydämen vajaatoiminnan kehittymiseen liittyvät sydänlihaksen liikakasvu ja uudelleenmuovautumisprosessi, johon liittyy neurohumoraalinen aktivaatio, sikiöaikaisten geenien uudelleenilmentyminen, häiriöt solunsisäisessä Ca2+-viestinnässä sekä lisääntynyt ohjelmoitu solukuolema ja sidekudoksen muodostuminen sydämeen. Solunsisäisillä viestinvälitysketjuilla sekä transkriptiotekijöillä, jotka vastaavat solunulkoisten ärsykkeiden välittämisestä solun sisällä, on keskeinen rooli edellämainittujen prosessien säätelyssä. Uusien lähestymistapojen kehittäminen sydämen vajaatoiminnan hoitoon edellyttää myös solunsisäisen viestinvälityksen ja geenien säätelyn mekanismien selvittämistä. Tämän väitöstyön tavoite oli selvittää p38 mitogeeniaktivoituvan proteiinikinaasin (p38 MAPK) ja transkriptiotekijä GATA-4:n merkitystä sydämen vajaatoiminnan patogeneesissä soluviljelymalleissa. Päälöydöksiä olivat: (i) p38α MAPK -isoformin estäminen paransi kalsiumia solulimakalvostoon pumppaavan SERCA2a:n toimintaa ja sydänlihassolun supistumiskykyä lisäämällä fosfolambaanin ja proteiinifosfataasi-inhibiittori-1:n fosforylaatiota. (ii) p38 MAPK isoformit p38α ja p38β säätelivät B-tyypin natriureettisen peptidin geenin promoottorialuetta erillisten reittien kautta. (iii) p38α ja p38β isoformit vaikuttivat myös eri tavoin sydämen sidekudoksen muodostumiseen ja hypertrofiaan liittyvien geenien ilmentymiseen. (iv) p38 ja ERK1/2 välittävät venytyksen aiheuttaman GATA-4:n aktivaation fosforyloimalla seriini-105 fosforylaatiopaikan. Lisäksi GATA-4:n toimintaa säädellään ubiquitinaation avulla. Tämä tutkimus tuo uutta tietoa p38 MAPK:n ja GATA-4:n rooleista sydämen vajaatoiminnan kehittymisessä. p38α-isoformin toiminnan estäminen voisi olla hyödyllinen hoitomuoto sydämen vajaatoiminnassa. Myös GATA-4 on potentiaalinen lääkehoidon kohde sydänsairauksien hoidossa.

Human obesity is increasing globally at an impressive rate. The rise in obesity has led to an increase in diseases associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes. A major prerequisite for this disease is the development of insulin resistance in the muscle and adipose tissues. Interestingly, experiments in rodent models suggest that adipocytes and macrophages can profoundly influence the development of insulin resistance. Accordingly, the number of adipose tissue macrophages increases substantially during the development of obesity. Numerous research models have demonstrated that macrophages promote insulin resistance by secreting cytokines, like TNFα, which impair whole body insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue function. Additionally, enhancements of murine adipose function, particularly glucose disposal, prevent the development of insulin resistance in mice on a high fat diet. Thus, mechanisms which enhance adipose function or attenuate macrophage inflammation are of interest. Our lab previously identified mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) as a potent negative regulator of adipocyte function. In these studies, TNFα treatment increased the expression of adipocyte MAP4K4. Furthermore, the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) to block the increase in MAP4K4 expression protected adipocytes from some of the adverse effects of TNFα. Because MAP4K4 is a potent negative regulator of adipocyte function, an understanding of the mechanisms by which TNFα regulates MAP4K4 expression is of interest. Thus, for the first part of this thesis, I characterized the signaling pathways utilized by TNFα to regulate MAP4K4 expression in cultured adipocytes. Here I show that TNFα increases MAP4K4 expression through a pathway requiring the transcription factors activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and the JUN oncogene (cJUN). Through TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1), but not TNFR2, TNFα increases MAP4K4 expression. This increase is highly specific to TNFα, as the inflammatory agents IL-1β, IL-6 and LPS did not affect MAP4K4 expression. In agreement, the activation of cJUN and ATF2 by TNFα is sustained over a longer period of time than by IL-1β in adipocytes. Finally, MAP4K4 is unique as the expression of other MAP kinases tested fails to change substantially with TNFα treatment. For the second part of this thesis, I assessed the role of MAP4K4 in macrophage inflammation in vitro and in vivo. To accomplish this task, pure β1,3-D-glucan shells were used to encapsulate siRNA. Glucan shells were utilized because they are effectively taken up by macrophages which express the dectin-1 receptor and they survive oral delivery. I demonstrate that these β1,3-D-glucan encapsulated RNAi particles (GeRPs) are efficiently phagocytosed and capable of mediating the silencing of multiple macrophage genes in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, oral treatment of mice with GeRPs fails to increase plasma IFNγ and TNFα or alter serum AST and ALT levels. Orally administered GeRPs are found in macrophages isolated from the spleen, liver, lung and peritoneal cavity and mediate macrophage gene silencing in these tissues. Utilizing this technology, I reveal that MAP4K4 augments the expression of TNFα in macrophages following LPS treatment. Oral delivery of MAP4K4 siRNA in GeRPs silences MAP4K4 expression by 70% and reduces basal TNFα and IL-1β expression significantly. The depletion of MAP4K4 in macrophages protects 40% of mice from death in the LPS/D- galactosamine (D-GalN) model of septicemia, compared to less than 10% in the control groups. This protection associates with significant decreases in serum TNFα concentrations following LPS/D-GalN challenge. Consistent with reduced macrophage inflammation, hepatocytes from mice treated orally with GeRPs targeting MAP4K4 present less apoptosis following LPS/D-GalN treatment. Thus, MAP4K4 is an important regulator of macrophage TNFα production in response to LPS. The results presented here add to the knowledge of MAP4K4 action in adipocyte and macrophage inflammation substantially. Prior to these studies, the mechanism by which TNFα controlled MAP4K4 expression in adipocytes remained unknown. Considering that MAP4K4 is a negative regulator of adipocyte function, identifying the mechanisms that control MAP4K4 expression was of interest. Furthermore, the role of macrophage MAP4K4 in LPS stimulated TNFα production was also unknown. To address this question in vivo, new technology specifically targeting macrophages was needed. Thus, we developed a technology for non toxic and highly specific macrophage gene silencing in vivo. Considering that macrophages mediate numerous diseases, the application of GeRPs to these disease models is an exciting new possibility.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In mammalian cells DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are highly variable with respect to sequence and structure all of which are recognized by the DNA- dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a critical component for the resolution of these breaks. Previously studies have shown that DNA-PK does not respond the same way to all DSBs but how DNA-PK senses differences in DNA substrate sequence and structure is unknown. Here we explore the enzymatic mechanism by which DNA-PK is activated by various DNA substrates. We provide evidence that recognition of DNA structural variations occur through distinct protein-protein interactions between the carboxy terminal (C-terminal) region of Ku80 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). Discrimination of terminal DNA sequences, on the other hand, occurs independently of Ku 80 C-terminal interactions and results exclusively from DNA-PKcs interactions with the DNA. We also show that sequence differences in DNA termini can drastically influence DNA repair through altered DNA-PK activation. Our results indicate that even subtle differences in DNA substrates influence DNA-PK activation and ultimately Non-homologous End Joining (NHEJ) efficiency.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Autonomic innervation of the heart begins in utero and continues during the neonatal phase of life. A balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system is required to regulate heart rate as well as the force of each contraction. Our lab studies the development of sympathetic innervation of the early postnatal heart in a conditional knockout (cKO) of Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2). Shp2 is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor phosphatase involved in a variety of cellular functions including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. We targeted Shp2 in post-migratory neural crest (NC) lineages using our novel Periostin-Cre. This resulted in a fully penetrant mouse model of diminished cardiac sympathetic innervation and concomitant bradycardia that progressively worsen. Shp2 is thought to mediate its basic cellular functions through a plethora of signaling cascades including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2. We hypothesize that abrogation of downstream ERK1/2 signaling in NC lineages is primarily responsible for the failed sympathetic innervation phenotype observed in our mouse model. Shp2 cKOs are indistinguishable from control littermates at birth and exhibit no gross structural cardiac anomalies; however, in vivo electrocardiogram (ECG) characterization revealed sinus bradycardia that develops as the Shp2 cKO ages. Significantly, 100% of Shp2 cKOs die within 3 weeks after birth. Characterization of the expression pattern of the sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) revealed a loss of functional sympathetic ganglionic neurons and reduction of cardiac sympathetic axon density in Shp2 cKOs. Shp2 cKOs exhibit lineage-specific suppression of activated pERK1/2 signaling, but not of other downstream targets of Shp2 such as pAKT (phosphorylated-Protein kinase B). Interestingly, restoration of pERK signaling via lineage-specific expression of constitutively active MEK1 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1) rescued TH-positive cardiac innervation as well as heart rate. These data suggest that the diminished sympathetic cardiac innervation and the resulting ECG abnormalities are a result of decreased pERK signaling in post-migratory NC lineages.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Posttraumatic epilepsy, the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) following traumatic brain injury, accounts for 20% of symptomatic epilepsy. Reorganization of mossy fibers within the hippocampus is a common pathological finding of TLE. Normal mossy fibers project into the CA3 region of the hippocampus where they form synapses with pyramidal cells. During TLE, mossy fibers are observed to innervate the inner molecular layer where they synapse onto the dendrites of other dentate granule cells, leading to the formation of recurrent excitatory circuits. To date, the molecular mechanisms contributing to mossy fiber sprouting are relatively unknown. Recent focus has centered on the involvement of tropomycin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB), which culminates in glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inactivation. As the neurite outgrowth promoting collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is rendered inactive by GSK3β phosphorylation, events leading to inactivation of GSK3β should therefore increase CRMP2 activity. To determine the involvement of CRMP2 in mossy fiber sprouting, I developed a novel tool ((S)-LCM) for selectively targeting the ability of CRMP2 to enhance tubulin polymerization. Using (S)-LCM, it was demonstrated that increased neurite outgrowth following GSK3β inactivation is CRMP2 dependent. Importantly, TBI led to a decrease in GSK3β-phosphorylated CRMP2 within 24 hours which was secondary to the inactivation of GSK3β. The loss of GSK3β-phosphorylated CRMP2 was maintained even at 4 weeks post-injury, despite the transience of GSK3β-inactivation. Based on previous work, it was hypothesized that activity-dependent mechanisms may be responsible for the sustained loss of CRMP2 phosphorylation. Activity-dependent regulation of GSK3β-phosphorylated CRMP2 levels was observed that was attributed to a loss of priming by cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which is required for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3β. It was confirmed that the loss of GSK3β-phosphorylated CRMP2 at 4 weeks post-injury was likely due to decreased phosphorylation by CDK5. As TBI resulted in a sustained increase in CRMP2 activity, I attempted to prevent mossy fiber sprouting by targeting CRMP2 in vivo following TBI. While (S)-LCM treatment dramatically reduced mossy fiber sprouting following TBI, it did not differ significantly from vehicle-treated animals. Therefore, the necessity of CRMP2 in mossy fiber sprouting following TBI remains unknown.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has proven to be an important signaling molecule both as an extracellular primary messenger and as an intracellular second messenger. Extracellular S1P acts through a family of five S1P receptors, S1PR1-5, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors associated with different G proteins. Previous work from our laboratory shows that externally applied S1P increases the excitability of small-diameter sensory neurons by enhancing the action potential firing. The increased neuronal excitability is mediated primarily, but not exclusively, through S1PR1. This raises the question as to which other S1PRs mediate the enhanced excitability in sensory neurons. To address this question, the expression of different S1PR subtypes in small-diameter sensory neurons was examined by single-cell quantitative PCR. The results show that sensory neurons express the mRNAs for all five S1PRs, with S1PR1 mRNA level significantly greater than the other subtypes. To investigate the functional contribution of other S1PRs in augmenting excitability, sensory neurons were treated with a pool of three individual siRNAs targeted to S1PR1, R2 and R3. This treatment prevented S1P from augmenting excitability, indicating that S1PR1, R2 and/or R3 are essential in mediating S1P-induced sensitization. To study the role of S1PR2 in S1P-induced sensitization, JTE-013, a selective antagonist at S1PR2, was used. Surprisingly, JTE-013 by itself enhanced neuronal excitability. Alternatively, sensory neurons were pretreated with FTY720, which is an agonist at S1PR1/R3/R4/R5 and presumably downregulates these receptors. FTY720 pretreatment prevented S1P from increasing neuronal excitability, suggesting that S1PR2 does not mediate the S1P-induced sensitization. To test the hypothesis that S1PR1 and R3 mediate S1P-induced sensitization, sensory neurons were pretreated with specific antagonists for S1PR1 and R3, or with siRNAs targeted to S1PR1 and R3. Both treatments blocked the capacity of S1P to enhance neuronal excitability. Therefore my results demonstrate that the enhanced excitability produced by S1P is mediated by S1PR1 and/or S1PR3. Additionally, my results indicate that S1P/S1PR1 elevates neuronal excitability through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. The data from antagonism at S1PR1 to regulate neuronal excitability provides insight into the importance of S1P/S1PR1 axis in modulating pain signal transduction.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chronic inflammatory disorders are characterized by an increase in excitability of small diameter sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). This sensitization of neurons is a mechanism for chronic inflammatory pain and available therapies have poor efficacy and severe adverse effects when used chronically. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is an inflammatory mediator that plays an important role in sensitization by activating G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as E-series prostaglandin receptors (EPs) coupled to the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. EPs are known to downregulate upon prolonged exposure to PGE₂ or in chronic inflammation, however, sensitization persists and the mechanism for this is unknown. I hypothesized that persistence of PGE₂-induced hypersensitivity is associated with a switch in signaling caused by prolonged exposure to PGE₂ or the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), also a crucial inflammatory mediator. DRG cultures grown in the presence or absence of either PGE₂ or NGF were used to study whether re-exposure to the eicosanoid is able to cause sensitization and activate PKA. When cultures were grown in the presence of NGF, PGE₂-induced sensitization was not attenuated by inhibitors of PKA. Activation of PKA by PGE₂ was similar in DRG cultures grown in the presence or absence of NGF when phosphatase inhibitors were added to the lysis and assay buffers, but significantly less in cultures grown in the presence of NGF when phosphatase inhibitors were not added. In DRG cultures exposed to PGE₂ for 12 hours-5 days, sensitization after re-exposure to PGE₂ is maintained and resistant to PKA inhibition. Prolonged exposure to the eicosanoid caused complete loss of PKA activation after PGE₂ re-exposure. This desensitization was homologous, time dependent, reversible, and insurmountable by a higher concentration of PGE₂. Desensitization was attenuated by reduction of expression of G-protein receptor kinase 2 and was not mediated by PKA or protein kinase C. The presented work provides evidence for persistence of sensitization by PGE₂ as well as switch from the signaling pathway mediating this sensitization after long-term exposure to NFG or PGE₂.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). / Tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 6 (TSG-6) has been shown to mitigate inflammation. Its presence in the secretome of adipose stem / stromal cells (ASC) and its role in activities of ASC have been overlooked. This thesis described for the first time the release of TSG-6 from ASC, and its modulation by endothelial cells. It also revealed that protection of endothelial barrier function was a novel mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of both ASC and TSG-6. Moreover, TSG-6 was found to inhibit mitogen-activated lymphocyte proliferation, extending the understanding of its pleiotropic effects on major cell populations involved in inflammation. Next, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were established to quantify secretion of TSG-6 from human and murine ASC. To study the importance of TSG-6 to specific activities of ASC, TSG-6 was knocked down in human ASC by siRNA. Murine ASC from TSG-6-/- mice were isolated and the down-regulation of TSG-6 was verified by ELISA. The subsequent attempt to determine the efficacy of ASC in ameliorating ischemic limb necrosis and the role of TSG-6, however, was hampered by the highly variable ischemic tissue necrosis in the BALB/c mouse strain. Afterwards in a mouse model of cigarette smoking (CS), in which inflammation also plays an important role, it was observed, for the first time, that 3-day CS exposure caused an acute functional exhaustion and cell cycle arrest of hematopoietic progenitor cells; and that 7-week CS exposure led to marked depletion of phenotypic bone marrow stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Moreover, a dynamic crosstalk between human ASC and murine host inflammatory signals was described, and specifically TSG-6 was identified as a necessary and sufficient mediator accounting for the activity of the ASC secretome to ameliorate CS-induced myelotoxicity. These results implicate TSG-6 as a key mediator for activities of ASC in mitigation of inflammation and protection of HSPC from the myelotoxicity of cigarette smoke. They also prompt the notion that ASC and TSG-6 might potentially play therapeutic roles in other scenarios involving myelotoxicity.

Les performances reproductrices des espèces d’intérêt agronomique sont dépendantes d’une régulation minutieuse de la folliculogenèse ovarienne. Parmi les régulateurs impliqués, il y a les facteurs de croissance fibroblastiques (FGFs), stimulant notamment la phosphorylation des protéines kinases activées par des agents mitogènes (MAPKs), afin de contrôler le devenir du follicule mais aussi les évènements qui y sont associés tels que la stéroïdogenèse, l’angiogenèse, la formation du corps jaune. Dans plusieurs types cellulaires non ovariens, des phosphatases à double spécificité (DUSPs), dont l’expression est induite en réponse à des facteurs de croissance, déphosphorylent les MAPKs. La présence et la régulation des DUSPs dans l’ovaire des mammifères est cependant peu documentée. Ces travaux de thèse avaient ainsi pour objectifs, (1) de déterminer la présence des DUSPs, (2) leur régulation par les FGFs et (3) leur rôle dans les cellules de granulosa de vache et de brebis. Dans la première étude effectuée chez la brebis, les ARNm codant pour 16 DUSPs ont été détectés, et leur profil d’expression a été dressé dans des cellules de granulosa issues de follicules antraux. Puis, les niveaux d’ARNm pour DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP5 et DUSP6, ainsi que les niveaux de protéines pour DUSP1 et DUSP6 ont été augmentés par FGF2 mais pas par FGF8 ou FGF18. L’inhibition de DUSP1/6 et DUSP1 a également suggéré un rôle pour DUSP6 dans la déphosphorylation de MAPK8 chez la brebis. Avec la deuxième étude chez la vache, il ressort que la régulation de ces trois DUSPs semble bien conservée car les niveaux d’ARNm pour DUSP1, DUSP5 et DUSP6 et de protéines pour DUSP5 et DUSP6 ont été augmentés en réponse à FGF2. De plus, en s’intéressant au contrôle de l’expression de DUSP1, DUSP5 et DUSP6, il est ressorti que l’accumulation d’ARNm pour DUSP5 et DUSP6 nécessitait l’activation de MAPK3/1, et la signalisation calcique pour les ARNm pour DUSP6. D’après l’ensemble de ces données, DUSP1, DUSP5 et DUSP6 sont régulées de manière complexe dans les cellules de granulosa, et peuvent être désignées comme des phosphatases participant à la signalisation des FGFs ; cela contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulatoires de la folliculogenèse chez les ruminants. / The reproductive performance of species of agronomic interest is dependent on the careful regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis. Among the regulators involved are fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that stimulate the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) to control the fate of the follicle and associated events such as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis and corpus luteum formation. In several non-ovarian cell types, dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), whose expression is induced in response to growth factors, dephosphorylate MAPKs. However, the presence and regulation of DUSPs in the mammalian ovary are poorly documented. The objectives of this thesis were (1) to determine the presence of DUSPs, (2) their regulation by FGFs and (3) their role in cow and sheep granulosa cells. In the first study in sheep, mRNAs encoding 16 DUSPs were detected and profiled in granulosa cells from antral follicles. Subsequently, DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNA levels, as well as proteins for DUSP1 and DUSP6, were increased by FGF2 but not FGF8 or FGF18. Inhibition of DUSP1/6 and DUSP1 also suggested a role for DUSP6 in the dephosphorylation of MAPK8 in sheep. In the second study in the cow, the regulation of these three DUSPs appeared to be well conserved as DUSP1, DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNA levels and DUSP5, DUSP6 protein levels were increased in response to FGF2. In addition, by focusing on the control of DUSP1, DUSP5 and DUSP6 expression, it was found that the accumulation of DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNAs required the activation of MAPK3/1, and calcium signaling for DUSP6 mRNA. Taken together, these data suggest that DUSP1, DUSP5 and DUSP6 are regulated in a complex manner in granulosa cells, and can be designated as phosphatases involved in FGF signaling, thus contributing to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of folliculogenesis in ruminants.

No / Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling modulates platelet function at sites of vascular injury. Here we show that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) prevents cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling through a CD36-dependent mechanism. Prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) induced a robust inhibition of both platelet aggregation and platelet arrest under physiologic conditions of flow. Exogenous TSP-1 reduced significantly PGE(1)-mediated inhibition of both platelet aggregation and platelet arrest. TSP-1 prevented PGE(1)-stimulated cAMP accrual and phosphorylation of PKA substrates, through a mechanism requiring phosphodiesterase3A. TSP-1 also inhibited VASP phosphorylation stimulated by the nonhydrolyzable cAMP analog, 8-bromo-cAMP, indicating that it may regulate cAMP-mediated activation of PKA. The inhibitory effect of TSP-1 on cAMP signaling could be reproduced with a peptide possessing a CD36 binding sequence of TSP-1, while the effects of TSP-1 were prevented by a CD36 blocking antibody. TSP-1 and the CD36 binding peptide induced phosphorylation of Src kinases, p38 and JNK. Moreover, inhibition of Src kinases blocked TSP-1-mediated regulation of cAMP concentrations and the phosphorylation of VASP, indicating that TSP-1 modulated the cAMP/PKA signaling events through a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway downstream of CD36. These data reveal a new role for TSP-1 in promoting platelet aggregation through modulation of the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.