Negative health effects on an unborn fetus have been related to cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Very little research examines stress, self-esteem, depression, and disordered eating in pregnant women who smoke. A study, Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS), recruited pregnant women from five prenatal practices to help them quit smoking before giving birth. Using an expanded 5A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) model and motivational interviewing, the intervention was implemented by trained health educators over the course of 4 prenatal visits. Women in the study who successfully stopped smoking before delivery had significantly healthier infants than the women who did not. A subset of the sampled 1063 pregnant women with complete data on measures of interest will be analyzed for the current study. We hypothesize that the following factors will differ significantly among pregnant women who never smoked, women who smoked but quit prior to birth, and women who smoked and did not quit prior to birth: stress, as indicated by the stress subscale of the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP); self-esteem, as indicated by the self-esteem subscale of the PPP; depressive symptoms, as indicated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10); and disordered eating, as indicated by the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Additionally, we hypothesize that the odds of pregnant women quitting smoking prior to birth will be predicted by stress, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and disordered eating. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests will be conducted to compare scores on respective measures for the three groups based on smoking status. A logistic regression will be conducted to assess the degree to which aforementioned variables predict odds of smoking cessation in pregnant smokers. The implications of this research can be used to improve future intervention programs to reduce the adverse health effects of children born to mothers who smoke.

The Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) illustrates the underlying mechanisms of internalizing problems in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), indicating that the relationship between DCD and internalizing problems could be influenced by numerous physical and psychosocial consequences. However, the potential pathways described in this conceptual framework have not been comprehensively examined. Furthermore, given that child development is a dynamic process, these pathways have not been investigated from a developmental perspective. In order to address these gaps in knowledge, this dissertation sought to advance our understanding of the ESH by examining the underlying mediating pathways connecting DCD and internalizing problems in three age groups: early childhood, late childhood/early adolescence, and young adulthood. Study 1 showed that preschool children at risk for DCD (rDCD) experience more internalizing problems than typically developing children. However, physical activity and BMI do not mediate the relationship between rDCD and internalizing problems. Overall, our findings confirm that rDCD and internalizing problems co-occur in early childhood. Nevertheless, as there is no mediation of physical activity or BMI, the underlying mechanisms may be more related to other psychosocial outcomes (e.g., self-concept or perceived social support), suggested in the ESH. Study 2 examined school-aged children and included global self-worth, one of the psychological outcomes identified in the ESH, to address one of the limitations in Study 1. Findings support the ESH by showing a sequential mediating pathway from probable DCD (pDCD), through physical activity/BMI and global self-worth, to self-reported internalizing problems. Sex was found to moderate the underlying mechanisms of internalizing problems, altering the pathways from pDCD to internalizing problems. Study 3 was conducted to test the full ESH in emerging adults. Results support the mediating effects of psychosocial well-being, including stress, global relationships, perceived social support, and self-concept, on the relationship between poor motor coordination and self-reported psychological distress in young adults. However, in this age group, physical inactivity and higher BMI, did not mediate the relationship between motor coordination and internalizing problems. In conclusion, this dissertation highlights the co-occurrence of motor difficulties and internalizing problems across three developmental stages. The underlying mechanisms of internalizing problems may differ by age and sex. It is also worth noting that compared to physical health, psychosocial well-being may play a more important role as a mediator in the relationship between motor coordination and internalizing problems. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) or poor motor coordination has been linked to the higher levels of internalizing problems, such as anxiety and/or depression. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Although the Environmental Stress Hypothesis (ESH) provides a theoretical framework illustrating that physical and psychosocial consequences of DCD may play important roles, this model has not been comprehensively examined. Therefore, this dissertation tested different components of the ESH in three age groups (i.e., preschool age, school age, and young adulthood) in an attempt to provide a better understanding of why motor difficulties cause more internalizing problems from a developmental perspective. Findings confirm that children with DCD and adults with poor motor coordination are at greater risk for internalizing problems, and that perceptions of self may play a more important role explaining the relationship. However, the potential pathways from motor difficulties to internalizing problems may differ by sex and age. In summary, it is recommended that, in order to prevent or improve mental health problems, interventions should target improvements in self-concept, such as self-esteem, through participation in physical activity or weight control, while taking into account sex and age.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore how participants' language use during counseling (overall emotional expression, positive emotional expression, and communal coping, or "we-talk") was associated with superior adjustment, as measured by four psychosocial outcome variables (depression, positive affect, negative affect, and relationship satisfaction); as well as to identify the key concerns of dyads with cancer, how concerns differed by role and sex, and if they were associated with participants' well-being. The present study was a content analysis of the counseling sessions of 43 dyads (N = 86) with breast and prostate cancer. Using a multi-method approach, the audio recordings of 228 counseling sessions were transcribed and analyzed linguistically (quantitatively) and thematically (qualitatively).Results of the linguistic analyses revealed that participant's use of "we-talk" had the most consistent and beneficial effect on outcomes; specifically improved depression, negative affect, and relationship satisfaction. These findings suggest that it might not be as important how much a person expresses themselves emotionally, but rather, whether they have a close relational partner that they see as an instrumental part of their coping process and significantly intertwined in their life, which is reflected in their language use of communal coping.Results of the thematic analyses revealed that survivors' concerns were more focused on cancer and treatment related issues, whereas partners' concerns centered on the well-being of their spouse/partner with cancer, and what they were doing to help their loved one cope with his/her illness. The overarching key concern that was intertwined in participants' discourse was frequent discussion of relationship maintenance, negotiation, and communication issues. In addition, discussion of these concerns showed greatest benefits for women with breast cancer.The findings of this study has implications for counselors and clinicians in that language use and topics discussed during counseling have the potential to increase psychosocial adjustment for dyads coping with cancer. The general discourse of survivors mirrored that of their partners, which indicates that helping to modify or change how one person speaks, has the potential to influence how their partner talks as well; which has implications for the well-being of both dyad members.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka rektorers uppfattningar gällande trygghet och elevers psykosociala välbefinnande i grundskolor belägna i utsatta områden runt om i Sverige. En kvalitativ induktiv metod användes baserad på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Två kvinnor och två män – som var rektorer i grundskolor, deltog i denna studie. En kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys genomfördes. Resultaten av studien identifierade fem huvudkategorier och tolv underkategorier: trygghet, med underkategorierna ; kränkning och diskriminering samt fysisk och psykisk trygghet. Trygghetsarbete med underkategorierna; rutiner med kränkningar, trygghetsenkäter/samtal, förebyggande språkbruk och raster, värdegrundsarbete. Huvudkategorin relationer med underkategorierna; relation mellan elever och skolpersonal, relation mellan eleverna. Struktur har underkategorierna; regler och tydlighet i skolan och adaptiv skola. För huvudkategorin välbefinnande identifierades underkategorierna; psykisk hälsa , självförtroende och självkänsla.  Slutsats: Studien tyder på att trygghet var en viktig indikator som kunde ha en inverkan på det psykosociala välbefinnandet i skolan. Utsatta områden har en lägre socioekonomisk status vilket gör att man bör arbeta för att främja tryggheten i dessa områden. Relationer och struktur i skolan spelade också en viktig roll för elevernas välmående. Trygghetsundersökningar är en utrustning som användes för att arbeta mot kränkning och diskriminering, vilket är två faktorer som kan påverka det psykosociala välbefinnandet. Det fanns också värdegrundsarbete som ingick i trygghetsarbetet. Värdegrundsarbete var också ett pågående arbete på några av skolorna, värdegrundsarbete kan ha en positiv effekt på välbefinnandet. Det visades också att hälsa och välbefinnande kunde påverkas beroende på den upplevda tryggheten.

<p>Children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and children with specific language impairment (SLI) may be affected emotionally and psychosocially by their disorders. Thus, it is important to investigate the psychosocial risk factors that these children are exposed to. The aim of this study was to examine how parents assess the emotional and psychosocial well-being of children with CLP and children with SLI, and if the two parental groups differ in their assessments using the standardized instrument Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Participants in the study were the parents of ten children with unilateral and bilateral CLP between ages 6;7-9;0 (mean age 7;5) and the parents of 13 children between ages 6;4-8;8 (mean age 7;3) who are attending preschools and schools for children with SLI. These parents were asked to complete the questionnaires CBCL and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ).</p><p> </p><p>The children with CLP had lower scores than the children with SLI in all domains of the CBCL, indicating that these children with CLP had better emotional and psychosocial well-being. The scores in the domains "withdrawn" and "delinquent behaviour" were significantly lower for the group of children with CLP who also had lower total mean scores of CBCL compared to the standardization group. The children with SLI had significantly higher mean scores for all domains compared to this group, indicating that these children with SLI were more emotionally and psychosocially affected than the other groups. Correlations between CBCL and CHQ were found for the children with CLP and the children with SLI.<strong> </strong></p> / <p>Barn med läpp-käk-gomspalt (LKG) och barn med språkstörning kan påverkas emotionellt och psykosocialt på grund av sina avvikelser. Det föreligger därför ett behov av att undersöka vilka aspekter som kan utgöra psykosociala riskfaktorer hos dessa grupper. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur föräldrar skattar emotionellt och psykosocialt välbefinnande hos barn med LKG och barn med språkstörning samt om dessa föräldragruppers skattningar skiljer sig åt. Vidare var syftet att undersöka hur studiens skattningar är relaterat till skattningarna i standardiseringen av instrumentet Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Föräldrar till tio barn med unilateral och bilateral spalt mellan 6;7-9;0 år (medelålder 7;5) samt föräldrar till 13 barn på språkförskola eller språkskola mellan 6;4-8;8 år (medelålder 7;3) fick fylla i frågeformulären CBCL samt Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ).</p><p> </p><p>Resultaten visade att gruppen barn med LKG hade lägre medelvärden än gruppen barn med språkstörning för samtliga domäner i CBCL, vilket indikerar att gruppen barn med LKG hade större emotionellt och psykosocialt välbefinnande. Medelvärdena för domänerna ”tillbakadragenhet” och ”asocialt beteende” var signifikant lägre för gruppen barn med LKG som också hade lägre totalt medelvärde jämfört med aktuella normeringsvärden för CBCL. Medelvärdena för gruppen barn med språkstörning var högre än normeringsvärdena för samtliga domäner, vilket indikerar att gruppen barn med språkstörning hade sämre emotionellt och psykosocialt välbefinnande än de andra grupperna. Slutligen visade korrelationsberäkningar ett signifikant samband mellan CBCL och CHQ för båda deltagargrupperna.</p>

Children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and children with specific language impairment (SLI) may be affected emotionally and psychosocially by their disorders. Thus, it is important to investigate the psychosocial risk factors that these children are exposed to. The aim of this study was to examine how parents assess the emotional and psychosocial well-being of children with CLP and children with SLI, and if the two parental groups differ in their assessments using the standardized instrument Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Participants in the study were the parents of ten children with unilateral and bilateral CLP between ages 6;7-9;0 (mean age 7;5) and the parents of 13 children between ages 6;4-8;8 (mean age 7;3) who are attending preschools and schools for children with SLI. These parents were asked to complete the questionnaires CBCL and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ).   The children with CLP had lower scores than the children with SLI in all domains of the CBCL, indicating that these children with CLP had better emotional and psychosocial well-being. The scores in the domains "withdrawn" and "delinquent behaviour" were significantly lower for the group of children with CLP who also had lower total mean scores of CBCL compared to the standardization group. The children with SLI had significantly higher mean scores for all domains compared to this group, indicating that these children with SLI were more emotionally and psychosocially affected than the other groups. Correlations between CBCL and CHQ were found for the children with CLP and the children with SLI. / Barn med läpp-käk-gomspalt (LKG) och barn med språkstörning kan påverkas emotionellt och psykosocialt på grund av sina avvikelser. Det föreligger därför ett behov av att undersöka vilka aspekter som kan utgöra psykosociala riskfaktorer hos dessa grupper. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur föräldrar skattar emotionellt och psykosocialt välbefinnande hos barn med LKG och barn med språkstörning samt om dessa föräldragruppers skattningar skiljer sig åt. Vidare var syftet att undersöka hur studiens skattningar är relaterat till skattningarna i standardiseringen av instrumentet Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Föräldrar till tio barn med unilateral och bilateral spalt mellan 6;7-9;0 år (medelålder 7;5) samt föräldrar till 13 barn på språkförskola eller språkskola mellan 6;4-8;8 år (medelålder 7;3) fick fylla i frågeformulären CBCL samt Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ).   Resultaten visade att gruppen barn med LKG hade lägre medelvärden än gruppen barn med språkstörning för samtliga domäner i CBCL, vilket indikerar att gruppen barn med LKG hade större emotionellt och psykosocialt välbefinnande. Medelvärdena för domänerna ”tillbakadragenhet” och ”asocialt beteende” var signifikant lägre för gruppen barn med LKG som också hade lägre totalt medelvärde jämfört med aktuella normeringsvärden för CBCL. Medelvärdena för gruppen barn med språkstörning var högre än normeringsvärdena för samtliga domäner, vilket indikerar att gruppen barn med språkstörning hade sämre emotionellt och psykosocialt välbefinnande än de andra grupperna. Slutligen visade korrelationsberäkningar ett signifikant samband mellan CBCL och CHQ för båda deltagargrupperna.

Objective The aim of this study firstly, was to translate and test the validity and reliability of two diabetes-specific self-efficacy instruments (the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale; DMSES and the Perceived Therapeutic Efficacy Scale; PTES) in a Taiwanese population. The main aim of this study was then to develop an intervention based on self-efficacy theory that was appropriate for the Taiwanese population and to examine the effects of a self-efficacy enhancing intervention program (SEEIP). Background In Taiwan, the prevalence, mortality rate and healthcare cost of diabetes has dramatically increased. People with diabetes have low participation rates in performing self-care activities, with some two-thirds of diabetic patients not controlling their disease appropriately. Moreover, few studies in Taiwan have conducted randomised controlled trials or had improvement in patient self-care or self-management as their primary goal and no instruments that measure self-efficacy related to the management of diabetes (especially for outcome expectations) have yet been found and appropriately used to measure the effectiveness of self-management. Therefore, there is a particular need for research on self-efficacy enhancing intervention programs for people with type 2 diabetes. Design A convenience sample survey (n=230) was used in order to test the validity and reliability of C-DMSES and C-PTES in a Taiwanese population. Moreover, a randomised controlled trial (RCT) (n=145; the intervention group (72); the control group (73)) design was conducted in the main study with pre (baseline) and post-testing (undertaken at 3 months and 6 months following baseline collection). Intervention Both the control group and intervention group received the standard diabetic educational program in the outpatient clinic. The intervention group participants received the standard diabetic educational program and the following additional interventions: (1) viewed a 10-minute DVD (2) received a &quotDiabetes Self-Care" booklet (3) participated in four efficacy- enhancing counselling intervention sessions, and (4) participated in telephone follow-up. The self-efficacy model was adapted from Shortridge-Baggett & van der Bijl (1996). Diabetes self-management principles were used in program development and evaluation. Main outcome measures Instruments used in data collection included 1) Self-efficacy towards management of type 2 diabetes (as measured by the Chinese version of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale; C-DMSES and the Chinese version of the Perceived Therapeutic Efficacy Scale; C-PTES); 2) self management behavior (as measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities; SDSCA); 3) health-related quality of life for diabetes (as measured by the Short Form-12; SF-12); 4) psychosocial well-being (as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), Social Support Survey (SSS) tool and the Center for Epidemiology Studies Short Depression Scale; CES-D) and 5) health care utilisation (as measured by health care utilisation self report instrument). Data analysis Data were double-entered for verification using SPSS® statistical software. Study I: Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, Pearson's correlation, Cronbach's alpha-coefficients, factor analysis and Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were performed to evaluate validity and reliability of C-DMSES and C-PTES. Study II: Descriptive analysis was used to examine demographic variables and outcome variables. T-tests were used to analyse differences on continuous data between mean scores for the intervention and control groups. Categorical data were analysed using Chi-square statistics to test the significance of different proportions. To assess the group differences of dependent variable changes, repeated measures ANOVA/ ANCOVA were used. Results Study I: Convergent validity showed that C-DMSES correlated well with the validated measure of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) in measuring self-efficacy. Criterion-related validity showed that the C-DMSES was a significant predictor of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) scores. Factor analysis supported the C-DMSES being composed of four subscales with good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=.77 to .93) and stability (ICC=.82). Similarly, significant criterion-related validity was demonstrated between the C-PTES and SDSCA scores. Convergent validity was confirmed as the C-PTES converged well with the GSE Scale in measuring self-efficacy. Construct validity of the C-PTES was confirmed through factor analysis and a single subscale formed. Internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha was .95 and the test-retest reliability (ICC) was .77 and a Bland-Altman plot showed 97% of the subjects were within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Study II: The 3- and 6-month benefits of the intervention over usual care were increases in self-efficacy, outcome expectation, self-care activities, and social support. However, the results of the health-related quality of life and depression scores indicated that the change over time was not different in the two groups. A smaller proportion of the participants significantly in the intervention group, had been hospitalised and visited the emergency room than participants who were in the control group at the 6-month period. However, health-related quality of life and depression were not significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3- and 6-month compared to the control group. Conclusion Results of Study I support the psychometric properties of C-DMSES and C-PTES in providing a measure for self-efficacy specific to persons with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. The main study revealed that the SEEIP for type 2 diabetes based on self-efficacy theory was culturally acceptable to Taiwanese people with diabetes and that the SEEIP was effective in the self-management of people with type 2 diabetes.

Contexte. La croissance du temps d'écran dans notre société, plus spécifiquement l’attrait grandissant à l’endroit des jeux vidéo est fulgurant. Ce passe-temps peut-il avoir des conséquences négatives sur l’ajustement psychosocial des enfants un an plus tard ?Objectif. Identifier les associations prospectives entre l’engagement dans les jeux vidéo à 12 anset le bien-être psychosocial à l’âge de 13 ans.Méthode. Cette étude comprend 1344 sujets dont 702 filles et 642 garçons provenant de l’ÉtudeLongitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ). À 12 ans, l’enfant a rapporté le nombre d’heures par semaine durant lesquelles il s’engageait dans les jeux vidéo. Puis, à l’aide d’échelles fidèles et valides, celui-ci a rapporté ses comportements d’agressivité réactive, d’inattention et d’impulsivité ainsi que sa détresse émotionnelle à 13 ans. Pour mesurer les associations prospectives entre les jeux vidéo et le bien-être à 13 ans, des régressions multiples ont été effectuées tout en contrôlant les variables confondantes et concurrentes pertinentes.Résultats. L’engagement dans les jeux vidéo à 12 ans est associé à une augmentation des comportements d’agressivité réactive (β= 0,13), des symptômes de détresse émotionnelle (β = 0,10) ainsi que des comportements d’inattention et d’impulsivité (β = 0,15) à 13 ans chez les garçons. Quant aux filles, l’engagement dans les jeux vidéo à 12 ans est associé à une augmentation des comportements d’agressivité réactive (β= 0,16) ainsi que des comportements d’inattention et d’impulsivité (β = 0,09) à 13 ans. Aucune association entre les jeux vidéo et la détresse émotionnelle ne fut avérée pour cette population.Conclusion. Les jeux vidéo peuvent présenter un facteur de risque quant au développement ultérieur de difficultés, soit plus de comportements d’agression réactive, d’inattention et d’impulsivité, ainsi que davantage de détresse émotionnelle. Il est important d’agir de manière préventive quant à la quantité de temps alloué à ce passe-temps. / Context. The growth of screen time in our society, as well as the growing appeal for video games is dazzling. However, can this hobby have negative consequences on the psychosocial adjustment of children a year later? Objective. Identify the prospective associations between engagement in video games at age 12 and psychosocial well-being at age 13. Method. This study includes 1344 subjects including 702 girls and 642 boys from the Longitudinal Study of the Development of Children in Quebec (ÉLDEQ). At 12 years old, the child selfreported the number of hours he engaged in video games per week. Then, using loyal and valid scales, he reported reactive aggression, inattention and impulsivity and emotional distress at 13 years of age. To measure the prospective associations between video games and well-being at 13, multiple regressions were studied while controlling for the relevant confounding and competing variables. Results. Engaging in video games at 12 is associated with an increase in reactive aggression (β=0.13), symptoms of emotional distress (β = 0.10), and inattentiveness and impulsivity (β = 0.15) at 13 for boys. Engaging in video games at 12 is associated with an increase in reactive aggression (β=0.16) and inattentiveness and impulsivity (β = 0.09) at 13 for girls. They were no association between video games and emotional distress for this population. Conclusion. Video games can be a risk factor for developing difficulties later, more reactive aggression, more attention and impulsiveness, and more emotional distress. In this sense, it is important to act in prevention as to the number of times allocated to this hobby.

Introduktion: Digital teknik har gjort det möjligt att kunna arbeta hemifrån under pandemin. Världshälsoorganisationen [WHO] rekommenderade att hålla social distans, vilket medförde att många människor övergick till distansarbete. Denna förändring innebar att vanor förändrades och nya beteenden anammades. Arbetet är en av de viktigaste hälsodeterminanterna för hälsan och dess effekt går åt båda hållen med både hälsa och ohälsa som följd. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka påverkan av distansarbete på arbetsrelaterad hälsa och välbefinnande till följd av pandemin. Metod: Metoden som tillämpades var en strukturerad litteraturstudie och data samlades in via databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och Web of Science. Det resulterade i 11 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen av resultaten genererade fyra teman: arbetslivsbalans, sociala relationer, arbetsmiljö, hälsa och välmående. Resultatet visade att distansarbete påverkar arbetsrelaterad hälsa och välbefinnande både positivt och negativt. Upplevelserna varierade och de flesta distansarbetare hittade egna taktiker för att skapa en balans mellan arbete och privatliv. Slutsats: Under pandemin hade arbetare inget val än att följa restriktionerna för att minska smittspridning. De positiva aspekterna med distansarbete visade sig vara större flexibilitet och autonomi, besparingar i pendlingstid och ekonomi samt mer tid med familjen och minskad risk för att bli smittad av covid-19. De negativa aspekterna var bland annat den bristande interaktionen med kollegor, isolering och sämre arbetsförhållanden. / Introduction: Digital techonology has made it possible to work from home during the pandemic. World Health Organization recommended keeping social distance, which directed many people to switch to telework. This meant that habits changed and new behaviours were adopted. Work is one of the most important health determinants. The effects of work goes in both directions with both health promoting and deteriorating outcomes. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of teleworking on work-related health and well-being as a result of the pandemic. Methods: The method used was a structured literature review with data collected from the databases CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science. This resulted in 11 scientific articles that were analyzed trough a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: The analysis of the results generated four themes: work life balance, relationships, work environment, health and well-being. The results showed that teleworking affects health and well-being both positively and negatively. The experiences varied and most teleworkers found their own tactics to create a balance between work and private life. Conclusion: During the pandemic, workers had no choice but to follow the restrictions to reduce the spread of infection. The positive aspects of teleworking during the pandemic turned out to be greater flexibility and autonomy, savings in commuting time and finances as well as more time with the family and reduced risk of becoming infected with covid-19. The negative aspects included the lack of interaction with colleagues, isolation and poorer working conditions.

No description available.